新型絮凝—杀菌双效高分子的合成及其絮凝、杀菌性能研究
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摘要
水资源短缺和水环境污染已成为制约我国国民经济和社会发展的重要因素。传统的水处理方法是通过絮凝方法去除水中污染物,加入杀菌剂消除生物性污染,且絮凝和杀菌两个环节是分开进行的,造成工艺流程和操作复杂化,以及絮凝、杀菌两个工序前后不能兼顾等问题。
本文通过分子设计,以甲胺、烯丙基氯和氯化苄为原料合成单体二烯丙基甲基苄基氯化铵,以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂合成了聚二烯丙基甲基苄基氯化铵(PDAMABC);以二烯丙基胺、氯乙酸丁酯、K2CO3和盐酸为原料合成单体N, N-二烯丙基-N-羰丁氧甲基氯化铵(DACBMAC),以APS为引发剂合成了聚(N,N-二烯丙基-N-羰丁氧甲基氯化铵)(PDACBMAC);以二烯丙基甲基胺和盐酸为原料合成二烯丙基甲基胺盐酸盐,以APS为引发剂先合成聚二烯丙基甲基胺盐酸盐(PDAMAC),再在水-乙醇混合溶剂中与3-氯-2-羟丙基-二甲基十二烷基氯化铵(CHPDDAC)反应,合成了含十二烷基的二烯丙基季铵盐聚合物(PDAMADC),确定了适宜的合成条件,采用IR、1HNMR和元素分析等手段对中间产物和产物的结构进行了表征。
以浊度为201NTU的硅藻土模拟悬浊液为对象,研究了合成产物的除浊性能,并与聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)进行比较。结果表明,合成产物的特性粘数越大,对悬浊液的除浊效果越好;PDAMABC和PDAMADC具有较宽的pH适用范围:4~10;PDACBMAC适合在中性和弱酸性条件下使用。处理硅藻土悬浊液时,当PDAMABC用量为0.3mg/L时,浊度去除率达87.72%,PDAMADC和PDACBMAC的用量为0.4mg/L时,浊度去除率分别达93.13%和90.58%,好于PDMDAAC的最佳去除率82.55%。
采用平皿计数法和MPN法分别研究了合成产物对大肠杆菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的杀菌性能,并与PDMDAAC和十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(1227)进行比较;通过细菌的β-半乳糖苷酶的活性测定,探讨了合成产物的杀菌(抗菌)机理。结果表明,杀菌效果均随投加量的增加而增加,用量为50mg/L时,PDAMADC和PDACBMAC的杀菌率分别为98.31%和97.52%,高于1227的95.91%, PDAMABC的杀菌率为达86.70%,略高于PDMDAAC的85.40%;在相同投加量时,杀菌率均随特性粘数的增大而增大;PDACBMAC的杀菌效果在pH值为5.7~7.2时最好,pH值大于7.5时,杀菌率下降很快,PDAMADC和PDAMABC受pH值影响较小,在pH值大于6.7,杀菌率随pH值的增加而变化不大。对硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌杀菌结果表明,PDAMADC>PDACBMAC≈1227>PDAMABC>PDMDAAC。通过对细菌的β-半乳糖苷酶的活性测定,表明合成产物的抗菌机理是基于杀菌作用。
将合成产物用于处理含菌量为3×103cfu/mL,浊度和COD分别为113NTU和203mg/L的生活污水。结果表明,合成产物在用量为11mg/L时,絮凝效果最佳,PDAMADC、PDACBMAC和PDAMABC对生活污水中腐生菌杀菌率分别为96.31%、93.42%和87.78%,对浊度的去除率分别为89.13%、87.28%和85.31%,对COD的去除率分别为72.80%、70.94%和68.12%,处理效果均好于PDMDAAC和PAM。
因此,PDAMADC和PDACBMAC是兼具良好的絮凝和杀菌性能的双效高分子,可在絮凝工序实现絮凝和杀菌两种功能,使絮凝和杀菌协同作用,提高水处理的效果、简化水处理工艺和降低水处理的成本,具有良好的应用前景。
The shortage of water resources and the pollution of water environment have become the important factors that restrict national economic and social development of our country. Traditional method of water treatment is to remove pollutants by flocculation and to eliminate biological contamination by adding fungicide, but the two steps are always conducted separately, resulting in a series of problems, such as process and operation complicating, and incompatibility of flocculation and sterilization, etc.
In this paper, Three kinds of flocculation-sterilization double-effect polymers were designed and synthesised as the followings: (1) The monomer diallylmethylbenzylammonium chloride (DAMABC) was synthesized using methylamine, allyl chloride and NaOH as raw materials, then initiated by ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) to prepare poly(diallylmethylbenzylammonium chloride) (PDAMABC); (2) N,N-diallyl-N-carbobutoxymethylammoniumchloride (DACBMAC) was synthesized using diallylamine, butyl chloroacetate, K2CO3 and hydrochloric acid as raw materials, next Poly(N,N-diallyl-N-carbobutoxymethylammonium chloride) (PDACBMAC) was prepared using DACBMAC as monomer and APS as initiator in aqueous solution; (3) Poly(N,N-diallyl-N-carbobutoxymethylammonium chloride) (PDAMAC) was synthesized using diallylmethylamine hydrochloride (DAMAC) which was prepared from diallylmethylamine and hydrochloric acid as monomer and APS as initiator, then reacted with (dodecyldimethyl-2-hydroxypropane)ammonium chloride (CHPDDAC) in mixed water-alcohol solvent to synthesize a kind of polymer with dodecyl (PDAMADC). The suitable conditions were determined and the structures of in-process products and products were characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR and elementary analysis.
Diatomite suspension with the turbidity of 201 NTU was chosen as the object to test the flocculation property of the synthetic products, which was compared with poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC). The results show that the higher the intrinsic viscosity of the products is, the better the effects of the turbidity removal are; PDAMABC and PDAMADC are applied in a wide pH range from 4 to 10, while PDACBMAC is suitable to be used under neutral or weakly acidic conditions. The removal rate of turbidity is up to 87.72% when the dosage of PDAMABC at 0.3 mg/L, and the removal rates reach 93.13% and 90.58%, respectively, when the dosage of PDAMADC and PDACBMAC is at 0.4mg/L separately, which are better than the optimal removal rate 82.55% of PDMDAAC.
The methods of plate counting and MPN were used to study the sterilization property against Escherichia coli (E.coli), sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron bacteria (IB), respectively, and compared with PDMDAAC and dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (1227). Antimicrobial mechanism of the products was explored though theβ-D-galactosidase enzyme activity assay. The results show that, the bactericidal rate increases with the increasing of dosage. When the dosage is 50mg/L, bactericidal rates of PDAMADC and PDACBMAC against E.coli are 98.31% and 97.52%, respectively, better than 95.91% of 1227, while the bactericidal rate of PDAMABC is up to 86.70%, slightly higher than 85.40% of PDMDAAC. The bactericidal rate increases with increasing intrinsic viscosity at the same dosage. The optimum bactericidal effect of PDACBMAC reveals when pH in a range of 5.7～7.2, and bactericidal rate decreases rapidly when pH>7.5, but PDAMADC and PDAMABC are less affected by the pH value, whose bactericidal rates change little with increasing pH when pH>6.7. The sterilization effects of the products against SRB and IB show as the following order: PDAMADC>PDACBMAC≈1227>PDAMABC>PDMDAAC. The results of measuring activities of the enzyme ofβ-D-galactosidase indicate that the antimicrobial mechanism of the products is based on a sterilization action.
The products had been applied in the treatment of sewage with a bacterial capacity of 3×103 cfu/mL, turbidity of 113 NTU and COD of 203 mg/L. The results show that satisfactory effect can be achieved when the dosage of the products is at 11mg/L, and the bactericidal rates of PDAMADC, PDACBMAC and PDAMABC are 96.31%, 93.42% and 87.78%, respectively, the corresponding turbidity removal rates are 89.13%, 87.28% and 85.31%, and the COD removal rates are 72.80%, 70.94% and 68.12%, which are better than those of PDMDAAC and PAM.
In short, PDAMADC and PDACBMAC are efficient dual-effect polymers with excellent flocculation and sterilization properties, which could achieve two functions only by flocculation, in addition, making the flocculation and sterilization work in coordination with each other, improving the efficiency of water treatment and simplifying process flow and reducing costs, therefore, they have a good application prospect in water treatment.
本文通过分子设计,以甲胺、烯丙基氯和氯化苄为原料合成单体二烯丙基甲基苄基氯化铵,以过硫酸铵(APS)为引发剂合成了聚二烯丙基甲基苄基氯化铵(PDAMABC);以二烯丙基胺、氯乙酸丁酯、K2CO3和盐酸为原料合成单体N, N-二烯丙基-N-羰丁氧甲基氯化铵(DACBMAC),以APS为引发剂合成了聚(N,N-二烯丙基-N-羰丁氧甲基氯化铵)(PDACBMAC);以二烯丙基甲基胺和盐酸为原料合成二烯丙基甲基胺盐酸盐,以APS为引发剂先合成聚二烯丙基甲基胺盐酸盐(PDAMAC),再在水-乙醇混合溶剂中与3-氯-2-羟丙基-二甲基十二烷基氯化铵(CHPDDAC)反应,合成了含十二烷基的二烯丙基季铵盐聚合物(PDAMADC),确定了适宜的合成条件,采用IR、1HNMR和元素分析等手段对中间产物和产物的结构进行了表征。
以浊度为201NTU的硅藻土模拟悬浊液为对象,研究了合成产物的除浊性能,并与聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(PDMDAAC)进行比较。结果表明,合成产物的特性粘数越大,对悬浊液的除浊效果越好;PDAMABC和PDAMADC具有较宽的pH适用范围:4~10;PDACBMAC适合在中性和弱酸性条件下使用。处理硅藻土悬浊液时,当PDAMABC用量为0.3mg/L时,浊度去除率达87.72%,PDAMADC和PDACBMAC的用量为0.4mg/L时,浊度去除率分别达93.13%和90.58%,好于PDMDAAC的最佳去除率82.55%。
采用平皿计数法和MPN法分别研究了合成产物对大肠杆菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的杀菌性能,并与PDMDAAC和十二烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵(1227)进行比较;通过细菌的β-半乳糖苷酶的活性测定,探讨了合成产物的杀菌(抗菌)机理。结果表明,杀菌效果均随投加量的增加而增加,用量为50mg/L时,PDAMADC和PDACBMAC的杀菌率分别为98.31%和97.52%,高于1227的95.91%, PDAMABC的杀菌率为达86.70%,略高于PDMDAAC的85.40%;在相同投加量时,杀菌率均随特性粘数的增大而增大;PDACBMAC的杀菌效果在pH值为5.7~7.2时最好,pH值大于7.5时,杀菌率下降很快,PDAMADC和PDAMABC受pH值影响较小,在pH值大于6.7,杀菌率随pH值的增加而变化不大。对硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌杀菌结果表明,PDAMADC>PDACBMAC≈1227>PDAMABC>PDMDAAC。通过对细菌的β-半乳糖苷酶的活性测定,表明合成产物的抗菌机理是基于杀菌作用。
将合成产物用于处理含菌量为3×103cfu/mL,浊度和COD分别为113NTU和203mg/L的生活污水。结果表明,合成产物在用量为11mg/L时,絮凝效果最佳,PDAMADC、PDACBMAC和PDAMABC对生活污水中腐生菌杀菌率分别为96.31%、93.42%和87.78%,对浊度的去除率分别为89.13%、87.28%和85.31%,对COD的去除率分别为72.80%、70.94%和68.12%,处理效果均好于PDMDAAC和PAM。
因此,PDAMADC和PDACBMAC是兼具良好的絮凝和杀菌性能的双效高分子,可在絮凝工序实现絮凝和杀菌两种功能,使絮凝和杀菌协同作用,提高水处理的效果、简化水处理工艺和降低水处理的成本,具有良好的应用前景。
The shortage of water resources and the pollution of water environment have become the important factors that restrict national economic and social development of our country. Traditional method of water treatment is to remove pollutants by flocculation and to eliminate biological contamination by adding fungicide, but the two steps are always conducted separately, resulting in a series of problems, such as process and operation complicating, and incompatibility of flocculation and sterilization, etc.
In this paper, Three kinds of flocculation-sterilization double-effect polymers were designed and synthesised as the followings: (1) The monomer diallylmethylbenzylammonium chloride (DAMABC) was synthesized using methylamine, allyl chloride and NaOH as raw materials, then initiated by ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) to prepare poly(diallylmethylbenzylammonium chloride) (PDAMABC); (2) N,N-diallyl-N-carbobutoxymethylammoniumchloride (DACBMAC) was synthesized using diallylamine, butyl chloroacetate, K2CO3 and hydrochloric acid as raw materials, next Poly(N,N-diallyl-N-carbobutoxymethylammonium chloride) (PDACBMAC) was prepared using DACBMAC as monomer and APS as initiator in aqueous solution; (3) Poly(N,N-diallyl-N-carbobutoxymethylammonium chloride) (PDAMAC) was synthesized using diallylmethylamine hydrochloride (DAMAC) which was prepared from diallylmethylamine and hydrochloric acid as monomer and APS as initiator, then reacted with (dodecyldimethyl-2-hydroxypropane)ammonium chloride (CHPDDAC) in mixed water-alcohol solvent to synthesize a kind of polymer with dodecyl (PDAMADC). The suitable conditions were determined and the structures of in-process products and products were characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR and elementary analysis.
Diatomite suspension with the turbidity of 201 NTU was chosen as the object to test the flocculation property of the synthetic products, which was compared with poly (dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC). The results show that the higher the intrinsic viscosity of the products is, the better the effects of the turbidity removal are; PDAMABC and PDAMADC are applied in a wide pH range from 4 to 10, while PDACBMAC is suitable to be used under neutral or weakly acidic conditions. The removal rate of turbidity is up to 87.72% when the dosage of PDAMABC at 0.3 mg/L, and the removal rates reach 93.13% and 90.58%, respectively, when the dosage of PDAMADC and PDACBMAC is at 0.4mg/L separately, which are better than the optimal removal rate 82.55% of PDMDAAC.
The methods of plate counting and MPN were used to study the sterilization property against Escherichia coli (E.coli), sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and iron bacteria (IB), respectively, and compared with PDMDAAC and dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (1227). Antimicrobial mechanism of the products was explored though theβ-D-galactosidase enzyme activity assay. The results show that, the bactericidal rate increases with the increasing of dosage. When the dosage is 50mg/L, bactericidal rates of PDAMADC and PDACBMAC against E.coli are 98.31% and 97.52%, respectively, better than 95.91% of 1227, while the bactericidal rate of PDAMABC is up to 86.70%, slightly higher than 85.40% of PDMDAAC. The bactericidal rate increases with increasing intrinsic viscosity at the same dosage. The optimum bactericidal effect of PDACBMAC reveals when pH in a range of 5.7～7.2, and bactericidal rate decreases rapidly when pH>7.5, but PDAMADC and PDAMABC are less affected by the pH value, whose bactericidal rates change little with increasing pH when pH>6.7. The sterilization effects of the products against SRB and IB show as the following order: PDAMADC>PDACBMAC≈1227>PDAMABC>PDMDAAC. The results of measuring activities of the enzyme ofβ-D-galactosidase indicate that the antimicrobial mechanism of the products is based on a sterilization action.
The products had been applied in the treatment of sewage with a bacterial capacity of 3×103 cfu/mL, turbidity of 113 NTU and COD of 203 mg/L. The results show that satisfactory effect can be achieved when the dosage of the products is at 11mg/L, and the bactericidal rates of PDAMADC, PDACBMAC and PDAMABC are 96.31%, 93.42% and 87.78%, respectively, the corresponding turbidity removal rates are 89.13%, 87.28% and 85.31%, and the COD removal rates are 72.80%, 70.94% and 68.12%, which are better than those of PDMDAAC and PAM.
In short, PDAMADC and PDACBMAC are efficient dual-effect polymers with excellent flocculation and sterilization properties, which could achieve two functions only by flocculation, in addition, making the flocculation and sterilization work in coordination with each other, improving the efficiency of water treatment and simplifying process flow and reducing costs, therefore, they have a good application prospect in water treatment.
引文
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