中国东北中生代象甲和花蚤化石研究（昆虫纲：鞘翅目：象甲总科，花蚤科）
|
摘要
中国东北辽宁省西部和内蒙古自治区东部中生代地层盛产数量丰富、保存精美的化石，包括广为人知的古鸟类、带毛恐龙、原始兽类以及被子植物等珍贵化石。其中昆虫化石的数量大、种类繁多，在世界古昆虫学研究中占有重要地位。与其它数量众多的昆虫化石相比，中生代的象甲与花蚤化石数量相对较少，研究比较薄弱。我们实验室在近几十年时间里收集了大量昆虫化石，其中包括一批保存精美的象甲与花蚤化石。这些宝贵的材料为研究象甲与花蚤的起源和早期演化、昆虫与植物之间相互作用等多方面问题提供了重要的依据。
本论文主要研究对象为中国东北中生代地层中象甲与花蚤化石，共包括6大部分。
第一部分：概括象甲和花蚤成虫解剖特征，现生类群的生物学。
第二部分：回顾象甲和花蚤的地质历史、研究现状，讨论象甲和花蚤在鞘翅目系统演化中的地位。介绍已收集的象甲和花蚤化石的情况，以及对象甲和花蚤化石进行分类的主要鉴定特征。
第三部分：简介本文描述化石的主要产地：辽宁省西部义县组和内蒙古自治区东部九龙山组地层的划分。
第四部分：对辽宁省西部和内蒙古自治区东部的象甲和花蚤化石进行了较全面的研究。描述象甲总科中毛象科、Eccoptarthridae科、矛象科3个科中7属16种(包括7新种)：Brenthorrhinoides latipecteris Ldu，Ren and Tan，2006；Brenthorrhinoides angustipecteris Ldu，Ren and Tan，2006；Brenthorrhinoides magnoculi Liu，Ren and Tan，2006；Brenthorrhinoidesopimus sp．nov．；Cretonanophyes zherikhini Liu and Ren，2006；Cretonanophyes punctatus Liuand Ren，2007；Cretonanophyes physematosus sp．nov．；Abrocar brachyorhinos Liu and Ren，2006；Abrocar macilentus Liu and Ren，2007；Abrocar amoena sp．nov．；Abrocar ooidea sp．nov．；Leptocar polychaetus Liu and Ren，2007；Microprobelus liuae Liu and Ren，2006；Microprobelus strenus sp．nov．；Probelopsis laevis sp．nov．；Belonotaris angusta sp．nov．。描述花蚤科先花蚤亚科6属12种(包括5新属11新种)：Mirimordella gracilicruralis Ldu，Luand Ren，2007；Bellimordella capitulifera gen．et sp．nov．；Bellimordella robusta gen．et sp．nov．；Bellimordella longispina gen．et sp．nov．；Robustipraemordella striata gen．et sp．nov．；Serripraemordella opima gen．et sp．nov．；Serripraemordella collaris gen．et sp．nov．；Serripraemordella rigida gen．et sp．nov．；Longipraemordella muricata gen．et sp．nov．；Longipraemordella amoena gen．et sp．nov．；Gracilipraemordella angustiventer gen．et sp．nov．；Gracilipraemordella levigata gen．et sp．nov．。亚科未定3新属3新种：Originipraemordellabiloba gen．et sp．nov．；Dentipraemordella ovoidea gen．et sp．nov．Globipraemordella peregrinagen．et sp．nov．。绘制构造特征线条图39幅，化石图版23个，化石照片53张。其中象甲总科中Eccoptarthridae科级单元在我国是首次发现。
第五部分：昆虫与植物的相互作用。介绍可用来研究各种关系起源与发展的古生物学方法。同时结合所研究的象甲与花蚤化石，探讨这两大植食性类群在地质历史上与各种植物之间的取食关系，以及在与植物的相互作用中各种身体结构的演化趋势。
第六部分：通过对全球性中生代象甲化石的分布情况以及伴生植物特点，探讨象甲起源地、扩散问题。
Eastern Inner Mongolia and Western Liaoning are located in the northeast part of China. Its non-marine sedimentary strata, especially in Jiulongshan Formation of Middle Jurassic and Yixian Formation of Late Jurassic, yield a mass of notable fossils including abounded insects which providing important evidence for the study of the origin and early evolution of insects. However, the record of fossil weevils and mordellids are rare. Owing to the hard field work during the past decades, we have collected many well preserved fossil weevils and mordellids. These valuable materials are the important supplement to the record of world fossil weevils and mordellids and may aid study of their origin as well as their interactions between insects and plants.
This dissertation is about the study of fossil weevils and mordellids collected from Yixian Formation and Jiulongshan Formation. It consists of following six parts.
In Part one, the biology, anatomy of weevils and mordellids are reviewed.
In Part two, a brief researching history of fossil weevils and mordellids and discussed their phylogeny are provided.
In Part three, the geological sections of Jiulongshan Formation and Yixian Formation where fossil weevils and mordellids study in this dissertation were collected are introduced.
In Part four, a comprehensive taxonomic work on Mesozoic weevils and mordellids are presented. 7 genera and 16 species including 7 new species among three familes (Nemonychidae, Eccoptarthridae, Belidae) within Curculionoidea are described and illustrated: Brenthorrhinoides latipecteris Liu, Ren and Tan, 2006; Brenthorrhinoides angustipecteris Liu, Ren and Tan, 2006; Brenthorrhinoides magnoculi Liu, Ren and Tan, 2006; Brenthorrhinoides opimus sp. nov.; Cretonanophyes zherikhini Liu and Ren, 2006; Cretonanophyes punctatus Liu and Ren, 2007; Cretonanophyes physematosus sp. nov.; Abrocar brachyorhinos Liu and Ren, 2006; Abrocar macilentus Liu and Ren, 2007; Abrocar amoena sp. nov.; Abrocar ooidea sp. nov.; Leptocar polychaetus Liu and Ren, 2007; Microprobelus liuae Liu and Ren, 2006; Microprobelus strenus
sp. nov.; Probelopsis laevis sp. nov.; Belonotaris angusta sp. nov.. 9 genera and 15 species within Mordellidae including 8 new genera 14 new species are are described and illustrated: Mirimordella gracilicruralis Liu, Lu and Ren, 2007; Bellimordella capitulifera gen. et sp. nov.; Bellimordella robusta gen. et sp. nov.; Bellimordella longispina gen. et sp. nov.; Robustipraemordella striata gen. et sp. nov.; Serripraemordella opima gen. et sp. nov.; Serripraemordella collaris gen. et sp. nov.; Serripraemordella rigida gen. et sp. nov.; Longipraemordella muricata gen. et sp. nov.; Longipraemordella amoena gen. et sp. nov.; Gracilipraemordella angustiventer gen. et sp. nov.; Gracilipraemordella levigata gen. et sp. nov.; Originipraemordella biloba gen. et sp. nov.; Dentipraemordella ovoidea gen. et sp. nov.; Globipraemordella peregrina gen. et sp. nov.. Totally 39 line drawings and 53 photos are presented. Eccoptarthridae is the first recorded from China.
In Part five, the interactions between insects and plants are discussed. The principle, method of the study of geological interactions between insects and plants are introduced. The possible host plants to these ancient weevils and mordellids as well as the interactions between their characters and the plants are discussed.
In Part six, the possible diffusing route of the weevils is discussed according to their distributed character.
本论文主要研究对象为中国东北中生代地层中象甲与花蚤化石，共包括6大部分。
第一部分：概括象甲和花蚤成虫解剖特征，现生类群的生物学。
第二部分：回顾象甲和花蚤的地质历史、研究现状，讨论象甲和花蚤在鞘翅目系统演化中的地位。介绍已收集的象甲和花蚤化石的情况，以及对象甲和花蚤化石进行分类的主要鉴定特征。
第三部分：简介本文描述化石的主要产地：辽宁省西部义县组和内蒙古自治区东部九龙山组地层的划分。
第四部分：对辽宁省西部和内蒙古自治区东部的象甲和花蚤化石进行了较全面的研究。描述象甲总科中毛象科、Eccoptarthridae科、矛象科3个科中7属16种(包括7新种)：Brenthorrhinoides latipecteris Ldu，Ren and Tan，2006；Brenthorrhinoides angustipecteris Ldu，Ren and Tan，2006；Brenthorrhinoides magnoculi Liu，Ren and Tan，2006；Brenthorrhinoidesopimus sp．nov．；Cretonanophyes zherikhini Liu and Ren，2006；Cretonanophyes punctatus Liuand Ren，2007；Cretonanophyes physematosus sp．nov．；Abrocar brachyorhinos Liu and Ren，2006；Abrocar macilentus Liu and Ren，2007；Abrocar amoena sp．nov．；Abrocar ooidea sp．nov．；Leptocar polychaetus Liu and Ren，2007；Microprobelus liuae Liu and Ren，2006；Microprobelus strenus sp．nov．；Probelopsis laevis sp．nov．；Belonotaris angusta sp．nov．。描述花蚤科先花蚤亚科6属12种(包括5新属11新种)：Mirimordella gracilicruralis Ldu，Luand Ren，2007；Bellimordella capitulifera gen．et sp．nov．；Bellimordella robusta gen．et sp．nov．；Bellimordella longispina gen．et sp．nov．；Robustipraemordella striata gen．et sp．nov．；Serripraemordella opima gen．et sp．nov．；Serripraemordella collaris gen．et sp．nov．；Serripraemordella rigida gen．et sp．nov．；Longipraemordella muricata gen．et sp．nov．；Longipraemordella amoena gen．et sp．nov．；Gracilipraemordella angustiventer gen．et sp．nov．；Gracilipraemordella levigata gen．et sp．nov．。亚科未定3新属3新种：Originipraemordellabiloba gen．et sp．nov．；Dentipraemordella ovoidea gen．et sp．nov．Globipraemordella peregrinagen．et sp．nov．。绘制构造特征线条图39幅，化石图版23个，化石照片53张。其中象甲总科中Eccoptarthridae科级单元在我国是首次发现。
第五部分：昆虫与植物的相互作用。介绍可用来研究各种关系起源与发展的古生物学方法。同时结合所研究的象甲与花蚤化石，探讨这两大植食性类群在地质历史上与各种植物之间的取食关系，以及在与植物的相互作用中各种身体结构的演化趋势。
第六部分：通过对全球性中生代象甲化石的分布情况以及伴生植物特点，探讨象甲起源地、扩散问题。
Eastern Inner Mongolia and Western Liaoning are located in the northeast part of China. Its non-marine sedimentary strata, especially in Jiulongshan Formation of Middle Jurassic and Yixian Formation of Late Jurassic, yield a mass of notable fossils including abounded insects which providing important evidence for the study of the origin and early evolution of insects. However, the record of fossil weevils and mordellids are rare. Owing to the hard field work during the past decades, we have collected many well preserved fossil weevils and mordellids. These valuable materials are the important supplement to the record of world fossil weevils and mordellids and may aid study of their origin as well as their interactions between insects and plants.
This dissertation is about the study of fossil weevils and mordellids collected from Yixian Formation and Jiulongshan Formation. It consists of following six parts.
In Part one, the biology, anatomy of weevils and mordellids are reviewed.
In Part two, a brief researching history of fossil weevils and mordellids and discussed their phylogeny are provided.
In Part three, the geological sections of Jiulongshan Formation and Yixian Formation where fossil weevils and mordellids study in this dissertation were collected are introduced.
In Part four, a comprehensive taxonomic work on Mesozoic weevils and mordellids are presented. 7 genera and 16 species including 7 new species among three familes (Nemonychidae, Eccoptarthridae, Belidae) within Curculionoidea are described and illustrated: Brenthorrhinoides latipecteris Liu, Ren and Tan, 2006; Brenthorrhinoides angustipecteris Liu, Ren and Tan, 2006; Brenthorrhinoides magnoculi Liu, Ren and Tan, 2006; Brenthorrhinoides opimus sp. nov.; Cretonanophyes zherikhini Liu and Ren, 2006; Cretonanophyes punctatus Liu and Ren, 2007; Cretonanophyes physematosus sp. nov.; Abrocar brachyorhinos Liu and Ren, 2006; Abrocar macilentus Liu and Ren, 2007; Abrocar amoena sp. nov.; Abrocar ooidea sp. nov.; Leptocar polychaetus Liu and Ren, 2007; Microprobelus liuae Liu and Ren, 2006; Microprobelus strenus
sp. nov.; Probelopsis laevis sp. nov.; Belonotaris angusta sp. nov.. 9 genera and 15 species within Mordellidae including 8 new genera 14 new species are are described and illustrated: Mirimordella gracilicruralis Liu, Lu and Ren, 2007; Bellimordella capitulifera gen. et sp. nov.; Bellimordella robusta gen. et sp. nov.; Bellimordella longispina gen. et sp. nov.; Robustipraemordella striata gen. et sp. nov.; Serripraemordella opima gen. et sp. nov.; Serripraemordella collaris gen. et sp. nov.; Serripraemordella rigida gen. et sp. nov.; Longipraemordella muricata gen. et sp. nov.; Longipraemordella amoena gen. et sp. nov.; Gracilipraemordella angustiventer gen. et sp. nov.; Gracilipraemordella levigata gen. et sp. nov.; Originipraemordella biloba gen. et sp. nov.; Dentipraemordella ovoidea gen. et sp. nov.; Globipraemordella peregrina gen. et sp. nov.. Totally 39 line drawings and 53 photos are presented. Eccoptarthridae is the first recorded from China.
In Part five, the interactions between insects and plants are discussed. The principle, method of the study of geological interactions between insects and plants are introduced. The possible host plants to these ancient weevils and mordellids as well as the interactions between their characters and the plants are discussed.
In Part six, the possible diffusing route of the weevils is discussed according to their distributed character.
引文
1. Alonso-Zarazaga, M.A. and Lyal. C.H.C. 1999. A world Catalogue of families and genera Curculionoidea (Insecta: Coleoptera) (Excepting Scolytidae and Platypodidae). Entomopraxis, Barcelona. 315 pp.
2. Arnoldi, L.V. 1977. Eobelidae. In: Arnoldi, L.V., Zhedkhin, V.V., Nikrtin L.N. and Ponomarenko, A.G.(eds.) Mezozoiskie Zhestkokrylye. Nauka Press, Moscow. pp. 144-176. (English translation: 1992.Mesozoic Coleoptera. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington,D.C.)
3. Banks, H.P and Colthart, B.J. 1993. Plant-animal-fungal interactions in Early Devonian trimerophytes from Gaspe, Canada. American Journal of Botany, 80: 992-1001.
4. Beck, A. L. and Labandeira, C.C. 1998. Early Permian insect folivory on a gigantopterid-dominated riparian flora from north-central Texas. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 142:139-173.
5． Cai,B.H.1973.Insect Taxology.Vol 2.Science Press,Beijing.pp.58-59.[蔡邦华．1973．昆虫分类学中册．北京：科学出版社．pp．58-59．]
6．Cai,W.Z.,Pang,X.F.,Hua,B.Z.,et al.,2001.Entomology.Chinese Agricultural University Press,Beijing.503 pp.[彩万志，庞雄飞，花保祯等．2001．普通昆虫学．北京：中国农业大学出版社．503 PP．]
7. Cicero, J.M. 1994. Composite, haustellate mouthparts in netwinged beetles and firefly larvae (Coleoptera, Cantharoidea: Lycidae, Lampyridae). Journal of morphology, 219: 183-192.
8. Chen, P.J., Wang, Q.E, Zhang, H.C., Cao, M.Z., Li, W.B., Wu, S.Q. and Shen, Y.B. 2004. Discussion on the stratotype of Jianshangou of Yixian Formation. Science in China Series D, 34, 883-895.
9. Crichton, M.I. 1957. The structure and function of the mouthparts of adult caddisflies (Trichoptera). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 241: 45-91.
10. Crosskey, R.W. 1994. The fossil pupa Simulimima and the evidence it provides for the Jurassic origin of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Systemic Entomology, 16: 401-406.
11. Crowson, R.A. 1953. The Classification of the families of British Coleoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 89, 56-57.
12. Crowson, R.A. 1960. The phylogeny of Coleoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 5: 111-134.
13. Crowson, R.A. 1981. The biology of the Coleoptera. Academic Press, New York. 802 pp.
14. Duan, S.Y. 2000. Several Fossil Woods from Mesozoic of Western Liaoning Province, Northeast, China.Acta Botanica Sinica，42(2)：207-213．[段淑英．2000．中国东北辽宁省西部几种中生代化石木．植物学 报，42(2)：207-213．]
15. Engel, M.S. and Grimaidi, D.A. 2004. New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature, 427: 627-630.
16. Ermisch, K. 1941. Mordelliden und Scraptiiden aus baltischem Bernstein. Entomologische Blatter, 37:177-184.
17. Falin, Z.H. 2002. Family 102. Ripiphoridae Gemminger and Harold 1870 (1853). In: Arnett, R.H., Thomas, M.C. and Frank, J.H. (eds.) American Beetles. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 431-444.
18. Farrel, B.D and Mitter, C.C. 1998. The timing of insect/plant diversification: might Tetraopes and Asclepias have co-evolved? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 63: 553-577.
19. Farrel, B.D. 1998. "Inordinate fondness" explained: why are there so many beetles? Science, 281:555-558.
20. Farrel, B.D. and Mitter, C.C. 1992. Diversification at the insect-plant interface: insights from phylogenies.Bioscience, 42: 34-42.
21. Franciscolo, M.E. 1954. On two species of Anaspidinae (Coleoptera: Seraptiidae) taken on flowers of Protea abyssinica in Natal. The Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, 23:63-73.
22. Franciscolo, M.E. 1957. Chapter V. Coleoptera: Mordellidae. A monograph of the South African genera and species 1. Morphology, subfamily Ctenidiinae and tribe Stenaliini. South African Animal Life, 4:207-291.
23. Frost, S.W. 1959. Insect life and Insect Natural History, 2nd edn. Dover Publications, New York.
24. Gratshev, V. G. 1999. Ulyanidae, an extinct family of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Proceedings of the first Palaeoentomological Conference, Moscow, 1998. AMBA projects International, Bratislava. pp. 41-47.
25. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 1995. A revision of the Late Jurassic nemonychid weevils of the genera Distenorrhinus and Procurculio (Insecta, Coleoptera: Nemonychidae). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 2:83-94 (in Russian with English summary).
26. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 1996. A revision of the nemonychid weevil subfamily Brenthorrhininae (Insecta, Coleoptera: Nemonychidae). Paleontological Journal, 29: 112-127.
27. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 1999. Gobicar (Insecta, Coleoptera: Eccoptarthridae), a new Late Jurassic genus of Eccoptarthrid weevils from Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 33, 163-165.
28. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 2000a. New Early Creaceous weevil taxa from Spain (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Acta Geologica Hispanica, 35: 37-46.
29. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 2000b. The weevils from the Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber (Coleoptera, Curculioniodea). In: Grimaldi, D. (eds.) Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretacous of New Jersey. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. pp. 241-254.
30. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 2003. The fossil record of weevils and related beetle families (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Acta Zoological Cracoviensia, 46: 129-138.
31. Gratshev, V.G., Zherikhin, V.V. and Jarzembrowski, E.A. 1998. A new genus and species of weevil from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England (Insecta: Coleoptera Curculionoidea). Cretaceous Research, 19: 323-327.
32. Grimaldi, D.A. 1990. Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 195: 1-191.
33. Grimaldi, D.A., Engel, M.S. and Nascimbene, P.C. 2002. Fossiliferous Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma): Its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. American Museum Novitates, 3361: 1-72.
34. Grimaldi, D.A., Shedrinsky, A. and Wampler, T.P. 2000. A remarkable deposit of fossiliferous amber from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Jersey. In: Grimaldi, D. A. (eds.) Studies on fossils in amber with particular reference to the Cretacous of New Jersey. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 241-254.
35. Grimaldi, D.A. and Engel, M.S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 361.
36. Grogan, W.L. and Szadziewski, R. 1988. A new biting midge from Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) amber of New Jersey (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Paleontology, 62: 808-812.
37. Gromov, V.V., Dmitriev, V.Yu., Zherikhin, V.V., Lebedev, E.L., Ponomarenko, A.G., Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Sukatsheva, I.D. 1993. Cretaceous insect faunas of the Ulya River basin, West Okhotsk Region. In: Ponomarenko, A.G (eds.) Mesozoic insects and ostracods from Asia. Nauka Press, Moscow. pp. 5-60 (in Russian).
38. Guo, S.X. 1991. A Miocene trace fossil of insect from Shanwang Formation in Linqu, Shandong. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica，30：739-742．[郭双兴．1991．山东临朐中新世山旺组昆虫蛀蚀遗迹．古生物学报，30：739-742．]
39. Handlirsch, A. 1906-1908. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
40. Hirst, S. and Maulik, S. 1926. On some arthropod remains from the Rhynie Chert (Old Red Sandstone). Geological Magazine, 63: 69-71.
41. Hong, Y.C. 1982. Mesozoic Fossil Insets of Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province. Geological Publishing House，Beijing．pp．71-80．[洪友崇．1982．酒泉盆地昆虫化石．北京：地质出版社．pp．71-80．]
42．Hong,Y．C．1983．Fossil insects in the diatoms of Shanwang．Bulletin Tianjin Institute Geol．Min．Res．，8：1-15．[洪友崇．1983．山东山旺硅藻土矿中的昆虫化石．中国地质科学院天津地质矿产研究所所刊，8：1-15．]
43．Hong，Y．C．1984．Insecta．In：Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources(eds．)Palaeontological Atlas of North China Ⅱ．Mesozoic Volume．Geological Publishing House,Beijing．PP．171-172．[洪友崇．1984．昆虫纲．见：天津地质勘探队主编．华北地区古生物图册．(二)中生代分册．北京：地质出版社．pp．171-172．]
44．Hong，Y．C．2002．Amber insect of China．Beijing Technological Press，Beijing．[洪友崇．2002．中国琥珀昆虫志．北京：北京科学技术出版社．]
45．Huang，D．Y．and Yang，J．1999．Early Cretaceous fossil Mordellidae(Inseeta，Coleoptera)from western Beijing．Acta Palaeontologica Sinica，38(1)：125-132．[黄迪颖，杨俊．1999．京西早白垩世花蚤化石(昆虫纲，鞘翅目．古生物学报，38：125-132．]
46. Janzen, D. H. 1988. Ecological characterization of a Costa Rica fry forest caterpillar fauna. Biotropica, 20:120-135.
47. Jell, P.A. and Duncan, P.M. 1986. Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Korumburra Group), South Gippsland, Victoria. In: Plants and invertebrates from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed South Gippsland Victoria. Watson Ferguson and Co. pp. 157-159.
48. Kevan, P.G., Chalouer, W.G. and Savile, D.B.O. 1975. Interrelationships of early terrestrial arthropods and plants. Palaeontology, 18: 391-417.
49. Kozlov, M.V. 1989. New Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Lepidoptera (Papilionida). Paleontological Journal, 23: 34-39.
50. Krassilov, V.A. and Rasnitsyn, A.P. 1997. Pollen in the guts of Permian insects: first evidence of pollinivory and its evolutionary significance. Lethaia, 29: 369-372.
51. Kukalova-Peck, J. 1985. Ephemeroid wing.venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63: 933-955.
52. Kukalova-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of Hexapod structures. In: Naumann, I.D., Carne, P.B., Lawrence, J.F, et al., (eds.) The Insects of Australia. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. pp. 141-179.
53. Kukalova-Peck, J. and Braukman, C. 1992. Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70:2452-2473.
54. Kuschel, G. 1983. Past and Present of the Relic Family Nemonychidae (Coleoptera, Curculioniodea).GeoJournal, 7: 499-504.
55. Kuschel, G. 1992. Reappraisal of the Baltic amber Curculionoidea described by E. Voss. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut der Universitat Hamburg, 73: 191-215.
56. Kuschel, G. 1994. Appendix: Nemonychidae of Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. In: Zimmerman, E.C. (eds.) Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Vol I. Orthoceri. Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The primitive weevils. CSIRO, East Melbourne. pp. 563-637.
57. Kuschel, G. and Poinar, Jr. G. O. 1993. Libanorhinus succinus gen. & sp. n. (Coleoptera: Nemonychidae) from Lebanese amber. Entomologica Scandinavica, 24: 143-146.
58. Kuschel, G., Oberprieler, R.G. and Rayner, R.J. 1994. Cretaceous weevils from southern Africa, with description of a new genus and species and phylogenetic and zoogeographical comments (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Entomologica Scandinavica, 25: 137-149.
59. Labandeira, C. C. 1988. Early insect diversification: evidence from a lower Devonian bristletail from Que bec. Science, 242: 913-916.
60. Labandeira, C.C. 1997. Insect mouthparts: Ascertaining the paleobiology of insect feeding strategies. Annual review of Ecology System, 28: 153-193.
61. Labandeira, C.C. 1998a. Early history of arthropod and vascular plant associations. Annual review of Earth and Planetay Sciences, 26: 329-377.
62. Labandeira, C.C. 1998b. Plant-insect associations from the fossil record. Geotimes, 43: 18-24.
63. Labandeira, C.C. 2002. The history of associations between plants and animals. In: Plant-Animal interactions an evolutionary approach. Blackwell Science.
64. Labandeira, C.C. and Phillips, T.L. 1996a. Insect fluid-feeding on upper Pennsylvanian tree ferns and the early history of the piercing-and-sucking functional feeding group. Annals of the entomological society of America, 89: 157-183.
65. Labandeira, C.C. and Phillips, T.L 1996b. A carboniferous insect gall: insight into early ecologic history of the holometsbola. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA, 93: 8470-8474.
66. Labandeira, C.C. and Sepkoski, J.J. 1993. Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science, 261: 310-315.
67. Labandeira, C.C., Dilcher, D.L, Davis, D.R., et al. 1994. Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiologicai insights into the meaning of coevolution. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA, 91: 12278-12282.
68. Lawrence, J.F. and Britton, E.B. 1991. Coleoptera. In: Naumann, I.D., Carne, P.B., Lawrence, J.F, et al., (eds.) The Insects of Australia. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. pp. 661-663.
69. Legalov, A.A. 2003. Taxonomy, Classification and Phylogeny of the leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera:Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) of the world fauna. ISiEZh SO RAN, Novosibirsk (in Russian with English summary).
70. Legalov, A.A. 2005. Modelling of phylogeny of the Rhynchitid-bettles (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae). In:Proceedings on Taxonomy and Faunistics of beetles (Coleoptera) dedicated to the 100th birthday of the Latvian entomologist Mihails Stiprais (1905-1990). pp. 37-45.
71. Li, H.X., Sui, J.Z., Zhou, S.X., et al., 1986. Key to the Insects. Agricultural Press, Beijing. [李鸿兴，隋敬之，周士秀等，1986．昆虫分类检索．北京：农业出版社．]
72. Liu, M. and Ren, D. 2006. First fossil Eccoptarthridae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from the Mesozoic of China. Zootaxa, 1176: 59-68.
73. Liu, M. and Ren, D. 2007. New fossil eccoptarthrids (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences, 50 (5): 641-648.
74. Liu, M., Lu, W.H. and Ren, D. 2007. A new Fossil Mordellid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning Province, China. Zootaxa, 1415: 49-56.
75. Liu, M., Ren, D. and Shih, C.K. 2006. A new fossil weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Belidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Progress in natural science, 16 (8): 102-105.
76. Liu, M., Ren, D. and Tan, J.J. 2006. New fossil weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Nemonychidae) from the Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China. Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 56 (4): 605-612.
77. Martynov, A.V. 1926. To the knowledge of the fossil insects of the Jurassic states of Turkestan, 5. Some new forms of beetles. Annales de la Societe Paleontologie de Russie, 5:1-38 (in Russian).
78. Medvedev, L.N. 1969. New Mesozoic Coleoptera (Cucujoidea) of Asia. Paleontological Journal, 1: 108-113.
79. Mohammad, A. 1964. New heteromerous beetles (Coleoptera) farm the Baltic amber of easterm Prussia and gumcopal of Zanzibar. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 116 (13): 329-346.
80. Northrop, S.A. 1928. Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota. American Journal of Science, 15: 28-38.
81. Pierre, J. 1996. Ants and plants: an example of coevolution. Backhuys publishers, pp. 167-188.
82．Qin，J．D．1987．The interaction between insects and plants．Science Press，Beijing．pp．1-35．[钦俊德．1987．昆虫与植物的关系：论昆虫与植物的相互作用与演化．北京：科学出版社．pp．1-35．]
83. Rasnitsyn, A.E 1988. An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects (Order Vespida). Oriental Insects, 22: 115-145.
84. Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.L 2002. History of insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
85. Ren, D. 1998. Flower-associated brachycera flies as fossil evidence for Jurassic angiosperm origins. Science, 280: 85-88.
86. Ren, D., Gao, K.Q., Guo, Z.G., Ji, S.A., Tan, J. J. and Song, Z. 2002. Stratigraphic division of the Jurassic
in the Daohugou area，Ningcheng，Inner Mongolia．Geological Bulletin D，China，21(8-9)：584-591．[任东，高克勤，郭子光等．2002．内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区侏罗纪地层划分．中国地质，21(8-9)：584-591．]
87. Ren, D., Guo, Z.G., Lu, L.W., Ji, S.A., Tang, E, Jin, Y.G., Fang, X.S.and Ji, Q. 1997. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Upper Jurassic Yixian Formation in Western Liaoning. Geological Review, 43: 449-459.
88. Ren, D., Lu, L.W., Guo, Z.G. and Ji, S. A. 1995. Faunae and stratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous in Beijing and the Adjacent Areas．Seismic Publishing House，Beijing．pp．61-65-[任东，卢立伍，郭子光等．1995．北京与邻区侏罗—白垩纪动物群及其地层．北京：地震出版社．pp．61-65．]
89．Ren，GD．1999．Tenebrionoidea．In：Zheng，L．Y and Gui，H．(eds．)Insect Classification．pp．639-640．[任国栋．1999．拟步甲总科．见：郑乐怡，归鸿主编．昆虫分类．南京：南京师范大学出版社．pp．639-640．]
90. Rozefelds, A.C. 1988. Lepidoptera mines in Pachypteris leaves (Corystospermaceae: Pteridospermophyta) from the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous Battle camp formation, North Queensland. Proceeding of Royal Society, 99: 77-81.
91. Scegoleva-Barovskaja, T. I. 1929. Earliest representative of the Family Mordellidae (Coleoptera) from Jurassic sediments of Turkestan. Doklady Akademia Nauk SSSR, 27-29 (in German).
92. Shear, W.A. and Kukalova-Peck, J. 1990. The ecology of Paleozoic terrestrial arthropods: the fossil evidence. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68: 1807-1834.
93. Soriano, C., Gratshev, V.G and Delclos, X. 2006. New Early Cretaceous weevils (Insecta, Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) from El Montsec, Spain. Cretaceous Research, 27: 555-564.
94. Sdvastava, R.P. and Bogawat, J.K. 1969. Feeding mechanism of a fruit-sucking moth Othreis maternal (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Natural History, 3: 165-181.
95. Statz, G. 1952. Fossile Mordellidae end Lamellicornia (Coleoptera) aus dem oberoligozaen von Rott. Paleozologie Stratigraphie, 102:1-17 (in German).
96. Sun, G., David, L.D. and Zheng, S.L., et al. 1998. In search of the first flower Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science, 282: 1692-1695.
97. Sun, G., Zheng, S.L, Dilcher, D.L, Wang, Y.D. and Mei, S.W. 2001. Early angiosperms and their associated plants from western Liaoning, China. Shanghai scientific and technological education publishing house，Shanghai，227pp．[孙革，郑少林，Dilcher，D．L等．2001．辽西早期被子植物及伴生植物群．上海：上海科技教育出版社．227pp．]
98. Swisher, C.C., Wang, Y.Q., Wang, X.L., Xu, X. and Wang, Y. 1999. Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature, 400: 58-61.
99．Tan,JJ.1980.Geological history of insect.Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,5(1):1-12.[谭娟杰．1980．昆虫的地质历史．动物分类学报，5(1)：1-12．]
100. Tan, J.J., Ren, D. and Liu, M. 2005. New ommatids from the Late Jurassic of western Liaoning, China (Coleoptera: Archostemata). Insect Science, 12: 207-216.
101. Thompson, R. T. 1992. Observation on the morphology and classification of weevils with a key to major groups. Journal of Nature History, 26: 835-891.
102. Tomlinson, P.B. 1991. Pollination drop in relation to cone morphology in Podocarpaceae:a novel reproductive mechanism. American Journal of Botany, 78: 1289-1303.
103. Vrsansky, P., Vishniakova, V.N. and Rasnitsyn, A.P. 2002. Oder Blattida. In: History of insects. Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Ouicke, D.L.J. (eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 263-270.
104. Vrsansky, P. 2003. Umenocoleoidea- an amazing lineage of aberrant insects (Insecta, Blattaria). AMBA projekty, 7(1): 1-32.
105. Wang, W.L. 1993. Study of Liaoximordellidae fam. nov. (Coleoptera) from Jurassic, west Liaoning Province，China．Acta Geologica Sinica,67，86-94．[王文利．1993．辽西侏罗系鞘翅目辽西花蚤科的研究．地质学报，67，86-94．]
106. Wang, W.L., Zhang, L.J., Zheng, S.L., Ren, D., Zheng, Y. J., Ding, O.H., Zhang, H., Li, Z.T. and Yang, F.L. 2005. The age of the Yixian stage and the boundary of Jurassic-Cretaceous—the establishment and study of stratotypes of the Yixian stages. Geological Review, 51(3): 234-242.
107. Wang, W.L., Zhang, L.J., Zheng, S.L., Zheng, Y.J., Zhang, H., Li, Z.T. and Yango F.L. 2004. A new study on the stratotype and biostratigraphy of the Yixian stage in Yixian-Beipiao region, Liaoning—establishment and study of stratotypes of the Yixian stage.Acta Geologica Sinica, 78 (4): 433-447.
108. Whalley, P.E.S. and Jaraembowski, E.A. 1985. Fossil insects from the lithographic limestone of Montsech (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous), Lerida Province, Spain. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 38:381-412.
109. Wickham, H.F. 1914. New species of fossil beetles from Florissant Colorado. Proceedings of the National Museum, 52: 463-472.
110. Will, P. and Labandeira, C.C. 1999. Response of plant-insect associations to Paleocene-Eocene warming. Science, 284: 2153-2156.
111. Will, E, Labandeira, C.C., Johnson, K.R., et al. 2001. Insect herbivory, plant defense, and early Cenozoic climate change. Pnas, 98: 6221-6226.
112. Yang, X.K. 1999. Order Coleoptera. In: Zheng, L.Y. and Gui, H. (eds.) Insect Classification. pp. 564-584.[杨星科．1999．见：郑乐怡，归鸿主编．昆虫分类．南京：南京师范大学出版社．pp．564-584．]
113. Zhang, H.C. 1997. Early Cretaceous insects from the Dalazi formation of the Zhixin Basin, Jilin Province, China. Palaeoworld, 7: 75-103.
114. Zhao, Y.C, and Chen, Y.Q. 1981. Economic Insect Fauna of Chian. Fasc. 20. Coleoptera: Curculionidae.pp．1-56．[赵养昌，陈元清．1980．鞘翅目象虫科．《中国经济昆虫志(第20册)，鞘翅目：象虫科(一)》．北京：科学出版社．pp．1-56．]
115. Zheng, S.L., Zheng, Y.J. and Xing, D.H. 2003. Characteristics, age and climate of Late Jurassic Yixian flora from western Liaoning. Journal of Stratigraphy, 27(3): 233-241.
116. Zherikhin, V.V. 1977. Rhynchophora (in part). In: Arnoldi, L.V., Zherikhin, V.V., Nikritin L.N. and Ponomarenko, A.G. (eds.) Mezozoiskie Zhestkokrylye. Nauka Press, Moscow. pp. 176-180. (English translation: 1992. Mesozoic Coleoptera. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.)
117. Zherikhin, V.V. 1986. Weevils, Scarabaeida, Curculionoidea. Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, 28:105-108 (in Russian).
118. Zherikhin, V.V. 2002. Insect trace fossils. In: History of insects. Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. (eds.)Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 303-324.
119. Zherikhin, V.V. and Gratshev V.G. 2003. A new weevil-beetle (Insecta, Coleoptera, Nemonychidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Paleontological Journal, 37(4): 70-71.
120. Zberikhin, V.V. and Gratshev, V.G. 1995. A comparative study of the hind wing venation of the superfamily Cureulionoidea, with phylogenetie implications. In: Pakaluk, J. and Slipiuski, S.A. (eds.) Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera: Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa. pp. 634-777.
121. Zherikhin, V.V. and Gratshev, V.G. 1997. The Early Cretaceous weevils from Sierra del Montsee, Spain (Insecta: Coleoptera, Cureulionoidea). Cretaceous Research, 18: 625-632.
122. Zherikhin, V.V. and Gratshev, V.G. 2004. Fossil Curculionoid Beeries (Coleoptera, Cureulionoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Paleontological Journal, 38 (5): 528-537.
123. Zhou, Z.H., Barrett, P.M. and Hilton, J. 2003. An exceptionally preserved lower Cretaceous ecosystem. Nature, 421:807-814.
124. Zimmerman, E.C. 1994. Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Vol I. Orthoceri. Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The primitive weevils. CSIRO, East Melbourne. 741pp.
2. Arnoldi, L.V. 1977. Eobelidae. In: Arnoldi, L.V., Zhedkhin, V.V., Nikrtin L.N. and Ponomarenko, A.G.(eds.) Mezozoiskie Zhestkokrylye. Nauka Press, Moscow. pp. 144-176. (English translation: 1992.Mesozoic Coleoptera. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington,D.C.)
3. Banks, H.P and Colthart, B.J. 1993. Plant-animal-fungal interactions in Early Devonian trimerophytes from Gaspe, Canada. American Journal of Botany, 80: 992-1001.
4. Beck, A. L. and Labandeira, C.C. 1998. Early Permian insect folivory on a gigantopterid-dominated riparian flora from north-central Texas. Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 142:139-173.
5． Cai,B.H.1973.Insect Taxology.Vol 2.Science Press,Beijing.pp.58-59.[蔡邦华．1973．昆虫分类学中册．北京：科学出版社．pp．58-59．]
6．Cai,W.Z.,Pang,X.F.,Hua,B.Z.,et al.,2001.Entomology.Chinese Agricultural University Press,Beijing.503 pp.[彩万志，庞雄飞，花保祯等．2001．普通昆虫学．北京：中国农业大学出版社．503 PP．]
7. Cicero, J.M. 1994. Composite, haustellate mouthparts in netwinged beetles and firefly larvae (Coleoptera, Cantharoidea: Lycidae, Lampyridae). Journal of morphology, 219: 183-192.
8. Chen, P.J., Wang, Q.E, Zhang, H.C., Cao, M.Z., Li, W.B., Wu, S.Q. and Shen, Y.B. 2004. Discussion on the stratotype of Jianshangou of Yixian Formation. Science in China Series D, 34, 883-895.
9. Crichton, M.I. 1957. The structure and function of the mouthparts of adult caddisflies (Trichoptera). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 241: 45-91.
10. Crosskey, R.W. 1994. The fossil pupa Simulimima and the evidence it provides for the Jurassic origin of the Simuliidae (Diptera). Systemic Entomology, 16: 401-406.
11. Crowson, R.A. 1953. The Classification of the families of British Coleoptera. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 89, 56-57.
12. Crowson, R.A. 1960. The phylogeny of Coleoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 5: 111-134.
13. Crowson, R.A. 1981. The biology of the Coleoptera. Academic Press, New York. 802 pp.
14. Duan, S.Y. 2000. Several Fossil Woods from Mesozoic of Western Liaoning Province, Northeast, China.Acta Botanica Sinica，42(2)：207-213．[段淑英．2000．中国东北辽宁省西部几种中生代化石木．植物学 报，42(2)：207-213．]
15. Engel, M.S. and Grimaidi, D.A. 2004. New light shed on the oldest insect. Nature, 427: 627-630.
16. Ermisch, K. 1941. Mordelliden und Scraptiiden aus baltischem Bernstein. Entomologische Blatter, 37:177-184.
17. Falin, Z.H. 2002. Family 102. Ripiphoridae Gemminger and Harold 1870 (1853). In: Arnett, R.H., Thomas, M.C. and Frank, J.H. (eds.) American Beetles. CRC Press, Boca Raton. pp. 431-444.
18. Farrel, B.D and Mitter, C.C. 1998. The timing of insect/plant diversification: might Tetraopes and Asclepias have co-evolved? Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 63: 553-577.
19. Farrel, B.D. 1998. "Inordinate fondness" explained: why are there so many beetles? Science, 281:555-558.
20. Farrel, B.D. and Mitter, C.C. 1992. Diversification at the insect-plant interface: insights from phylogenies.Bioscience, 42: 34-42.
21. Franciscolo, M.E. 1954. On two species of Anaspidinae (Coleoptera: Seraptiidae) taken on flowers of Protea abyssinica in Natal. The Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series B, 23:63-73.
22. Franciscolo, M.E. 1957. Chapter V. Coleoptera: Mordellidae. A monograph of the South African genera and species 1. Morphology, subfamily Ctenidiinae and tribe Stenaliini. South African Animal Life, 4:207-291.
23. Frost, S.W. 1959. Insect life and Insect Natural History, 2nd edn. Dover Publications, New York.
24. Gratshev, V. G. 1999. Ulyanidae, an extinct family of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Proceedings of the first Palaeoentomological Conference, Moscow, 1998. AMBA projects International, Bratislava. pp. 41-47.
25. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 1995. A revision of the Late Jurassic nemonychid weevils of the genera Distenorrhinus and Procurculio (Insecta, Coleoptera: Nemonychidae). Paleontologicheskiy Zhurnal, 2:83-94 (in Russian with English summary).
26. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 1996. A revision of the nemonychid weevil subfamily Brenthorrhininae (Insecta, Coleoptera: Nemonychidae). Paleontological Journal, 29: 112-127.
27. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 1999. Gobicar (Insecta, Coleoptera: Eccoptarthridae), a new Late Jurassic genus of Eccoptarthrid weevils from Mongolia. Paleontological Journal, 33, 163-165.
28. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 2000a. New Early Creaceous weevil taxa from Spain (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Acta Geologica Hispanica, 35: 37-46.
29. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 2000b. The weevils from the Late Cretaceous New Jersey amber (Coleoptera, Curculioniodea). In: Grimaldi, D. (eds.) Studies on fossils in amber, with particular reference to the Cretacous of New Jersey. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. pp. 241-254.
30. Gratshev, V.G. and Zherikhin, V.V. 2003. The fossil record of weevils and related beetle families (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Acta Zoological Cracoviensia, 46: 129-138.
31. Gratshev, V.G., Zherikhin, V.V. and Jarzembrowski, E.A. 1998. A new genus and species of weevil from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England (Insecta: Coleoptera Curculionoidea). Cretaceous Research, 19: 323-327.
32. Grimaldi, D.A. 1990. Insects from the Santana Formation, Lower Cretaceous, of Brazil. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 195: 1-191.
33. Grimaldi, D.A., Engel, M.S. and Nascimbene, P.C. 2002. Fossiliferous Cretaceous amber from Myanmar (Burma): Its rediscovery, biotic diversity, and paleontological significance. American Museum Novitates, 3361: 1-72.
34. Grimaldi, D.A., Shedrinsky, A. and Wampler, T.P. 2000. A remarkable deposit of fossiliferous amber from the Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) of New Jersey. In: Grimaldi, D. A. (eds.) Studies on fossils in amber with particular reference to the Cretacous of New Jersey. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 241-254.
35. Grimaldi, D.A. and Engel, M.S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge University Press, New York. pp. 361.
36. Grogan, W.L. and Szadziewski, R. 1988. A new biting midge from Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian) amber of New Jersey (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Paleontology, 62: 808-812.
37. Gromov, V.V., Dmitriev, V.Yu., Zherikhin, V.V., Lebedev, E.L., Ponomarenko, A.G., Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Sukatsheva, I.D. 1993. Cretaceous insect faunas of the Ulya River basin, West Okhotsk Region. In: Ponomarenko, A.G (eds.) Mesozoic insects and ostracods from Asia. Nauka Press, Moscow. pp. 5-60 (in Russian).
38. Guo, S.X. 1991. A Miocene trace fossil of insect from Shanwang Formation in Linqu, Shandong. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica，30：739-742．[郭双兴．1991．山东临朐中新世山旺组昆虫蛀蚀遗迹．古生物学报，30：739-742．]
39. Handlirsch, A. 1906-1908. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
40. Hirst, S. and Maulik, S. 1926. On some arthropod remains from the Rhynie Chert (Old Red Sandstone). Geological Magazine, 63: 69-71.
41. Hong, Y.C. 1982. Mesozoic Fossil Insets of Jiuquan Basin in Gansu Province. Geological Publishing House，Beijing．pp．71-80．[洪友崇．1982．酒泉盆地昆虫化石．北京：地质出版社．pp．71-80．]
42．Hong,Y．C．1983．Fossil insects in the diatoms of Shanwang．Bulletin Tianjin Institute Geol．Min．Res．，8：1-15．[洪友崇．1983．山东山旺硅藻土矿中的昆虫化石．中国地质科学院天津地质矿产研究所所刊，8：1-15．]
43．Hong，Y．C．1984．Insecta．In：Tianjin Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources(eds．)Palaeontological Atlas of North China Ⅱ．Mesozoic Volume．Geological Publishing House,Beijing．PP．171-172．[洪友崇．1984．昆虫纲．见：天津地质勘探队主编．华北地区古生物图册．(二)中生代分册．北京：地质出版社．pp．171-172．]
44．Hong，Y．C．2002．Amber insect of China．Beijing Technological Press，Beijing．[洪友崇．2002．中国琥珀昆虫志．北京：北京科学技术出版社．]
45．Huang，D．Y．and Yang，J．1999．Early Cretaceous fossil Mordellidae(Inseeta，Coleoptera)from western Beijing．Acta Palaeontologica Sinica，38(1)：125-132．[黄迪颖，杨俊．1999．京西早白垩世花蚤化石(昆虫纲，鞘翅目．古生物学报，38：125-132．]
46. Janzen, D. H. 1988. Ecological characterization of a Costa Rica fry forest caterpillar fauna. Biotropica, 20:120-135.
47. Jell, P.A. and Duncan, P.M. 1986. Invertebrates, mainly insects, from the freshwater Lower Cretaceous, Koonwarra Fossil Bed (Korumburra Group), South Gippsland, Victoria. In: Plants and invertebrates from the Lower Cretaceous Koonwarra Fossil Bed South Gippsland Victoria. Watson Ferguson and Co. pp. 157-159.
48. Kevan, P.G., Chalouer, W.G. and Savile, D.B.O. 1975. Interrelationships of early terrestrial arthropods and plants. Palaeontology, 18: 391-417.
49. Kozlov, M.V. 1989. New Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Lepidoptera (Papilionida). Paleontological Journal, 23: 34-39.
50. Krassilov, V.A. and Rasnitsyn, A.P. 1997. Pollen in the guts of Permian insects: first evidence of pollinivory and its evolutionary significance. Lethaia, 29: 369-372.
51. Kukalova-Peck, J. 1985. Ephemeroid wing.venation based upon new gigantic Carboniferous mayflies and basic morphology, phylogeny, and metamorphosis of pterygote insects (Insecta, Ephemerida). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 63: 933-955.
52. Kukalova-Peck, J. 1991. Fossil history and the evolution of Hexapod structures. In: Naumann, I.D., Carne, P.B., Lawrence, J.F, et al., (eds.) The Insects of Australia. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. pp. 141-179.
53. Kukalova-Peck, J. and Braukman, C. 1992. Most Paleozoic Protorthoptera are ancestral hemipteroids: major wing braces as clues to a new phylogeny of neoptera (Insecta). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70:2452-2473.
54. Kuschel, G. 1983. Past and Present of the Relic Family Nemonychidae (Coleoptera, Curculioniodea).GeoJournal, 7: 499-504.
55. Kuschel, G. 1992. Reappraisal of the Baltic amber Curculionoidea described by E. Voss. Mitteilungen aus dem Geologisch-Palaontologischen Institut der Universitat Hamburg, 73: 191-215.
56. Kuschel, G. 1994. Appendix: Nemonychidae of Australia, New Guinea and New Caledonia. In: Zimmerman, E.C. (eds.) Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Vol I. Orthoceri. Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The primitive weevils. CSIRO, East Melbourne. pp. 563-637.
57. Kuschel, G. and Poinar, Jr. G. O. 1993. Libanorhinus succinus gen. & sp. n. (Coleoptera: Nemonychidae) from Lebanese amber. Entomologica Scandinavica, 24: 143-146.
58. Kuschel, G., Oberprieler, R.G. and Rayner, R.J. 1994. Cretaceous weevils from southern Africa, with description of a new genus and species and phylogenetic and zoogeographical comments (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Entomologica Scandinavica, 25: 137-149.
59. Labandeira, C. C. 1988. Early insect diversification: evidence from a lower Devonian bristletail from Que bec. Science, 242: 913-916.
60. Labandeira, C.C. 1997. Insect mouthparts: Ascertaining the paleobiology of insect feeding strategies. Annual review of Ecology System, 28: 153-193.
61. Labandeira, C.C. 1998a. Early history of arthropod and vascular plant associations. Annual review of Earth and Planetay Sciences, 26: 329-377.
62. Labandeira, C.C. 1998b. Plant-insect associations from the fossil record. Geotimes, 43: 18-24.
63. Labandeira, C.C. 2002. The history of associations between plants and animals. In: Plant-Animal interactions an evolutionary approach. Blackwell Science.
64. Labandeira, C.C. and Phillips, T.L. 1996a. Insect fluid-feeding on upper Pennsylvanian tree ferns and the early history of the piercing-and-sucking functional feeding group. Annals of the entomological society of America, 89: 157-183.
65. Labandeira, C.C. and Phillips, T.L 1996b. A carboniferous insect gall: insight into early ecologic history of the holometsbola. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA, 93: 8470-8474.
66. Labandeira, C.C. and Sepkoski, J.J. 1993. Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science, 261: 310-315.
67. Labandeira, C.C., Dilcher, D.L, Davis, D.R., et al. 1994. Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiologicai insights into the meaning of coevolution. Proceeding of the National Academy of Science USA, 91: 12278-12282.
68. Lawrence, J.F. and Britton, E.B. 1991. Coleoptera. In: Naumann, I.D., Carne, P.B., Lawrence, J.F, et al., (eds.) The Insects of Australia. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. pp. 661-663.
69. Legalov, A.A. 2003. Taxonomy, Classification and Phylogeny of the leaf-rolling weevils (Coleoptera:Rhynchitidae, Attelabidae) of the world fauna. ISiEZh SO RAN, Novosibirsk (in Russian with English summary).
70. Legalov, A.A. 2005. Modelling of phylogeny of the Rhynchitid-bettles (Coleoptera: Rhynchitidae). In:Proceedings on Taxonomy and Faunistics of beetles (Coleoptera) dedicated to the 100th birthday of the Latvian entomologist Mihails Stiprais (1905-1990). pp. 37-45.
71. Li, H.X., Sui, J.Z., Zhou, S.X., et al., 1986. Key to the Insects. Agricultural Press, Beijing. [李鸿兴，隋敬之，周士秀等，1986．昆虫分类检索．北京：农业出版社．]
72. Liu, M. and Ren, D. 2006. First fossil Eccoptarthridae (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from the Mesozoic of China. Zootaxa, 1176: 59-68.
73. Liu, M. and Ren, D. 2007. New fossil eccoptarthrids (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences, 50 (5): 641-648.
74. Liu, M., Lu, W.H. and Ren, D. 2007. A new Fossil Mordellid (Coleoptera: Tenebrionoidea: Mordellidae) from the Yixian Formation of Western Liaoning Province, China. Zootaxa, 1415: 49-56.
75. Liu, M., Ren, D. and Shih, C.K. 2006. A new fossil weevil (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Belidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Progress in natural science, 16 (8): 102-105.
76. Liu, M., Ren, D. and Tan, J.J. 2006. New fossil weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea, Nemonychidae) from the Jehol Biota of western Liaoning, China. Annales Zoologici (Warszawa), 56 (4): 605-612.
77. Martynov, A.V. 1926. To the knowledge of the fossil insects of the Jurassic states of Turkestan, 5. Some new forms of beetles. Annales de la Societe Paleontologie de Russie, 5:1-38 (in Russian).
78. Medvedev, L.N. 1969. New Mesozoic Coleoptera (Cucujoidea) of Asia. Paleontological Journal, 1: 108-113.
79. Mohammad, A. 1964. New heteromerous beetles (Coleoptera) farm the Baltic amber of easterm Prussia and gumcopal of Zanzibar. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 116 (13): 329-346.
80. Northrop, S.A. 1928. Beetles from the Fox Hills Cretaceous strata of South Dakota. American Journal of Science, 15: 28-38.
81. Pierre, J. 1996. Ants and plants: an example of coevolution. Backhuys publishers, pp. 167-188.
82．Qin，J．D．1987．The interaction between insects and plants．Science Press，Beijing．pp．1-35．[钦俊德．1987．昆虫与植物的关系：论昆虫与植物的相互作用与演化．北京：科学出版社．pp．1-35．]
83. Rasnitsyn, A.E 1988. An outline of evolution of the hymenopterous insects (Order Vespida). Oriental Insects, 22: 115-145.
84. Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.L 2002. History of insects. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
85. Ren, D. 1998. Flower-associated brachycera flies as fossil evidence for Jurassic angiosperm origins. Science, 280: 85-88.
86. Ren, D., Gao, K.Q., Guo, Z.G., Ji, S.A., Tan, J. J. and Song, Z. 2002. Stratigraphic division of the Jurassic
in the Daohugou area，Ningcheng，Inner Mongolia．Geological Bulletin D，China，21(8-9)：584-591．[任东，高克勤，郭子光等．2002．内蒙古宁城道虎沟地区侏罗纪地层划分．中国地质，21(8-9)：584-591．]
87. Ren, D., Guo, Z.G., Lu, L.W., Ji, S.A., Tang, E, Jin, Y.G., Fang, X.S.and Ji, Q. 1997. A further contribution to the knowledge of the Upper Jurassic Yixian Formation in Western Liaoning. Geological Review, 43: 449-459.
88. Ren, D., Lu, L.W., Guo, Z.G. and Ji, S. A. 1995. Faunae and stratigraphy of Jurassic-Cretaceous in Beijing and the Adjacent Areas．Seismic Publishing House，Beijing．pp．61-65-[任东，卢立伍，郭子光等．1995．北京与邻区侏罗—白垩纪动物群及其地层．北京：地震出版社．pp．61-65．]
89．Ren，GD．1999．Tenebrionoidea．In：Zheng，L．Y and Gui，H．(eds．)Insect Classification．pp．639-640．[任国栋．1999．拟步甲总科．见：郑乐怡，归鸿主编．昆虫分类．南京：南京师范大学出版社．pp．639-640．]
90. Rozefelds, A.C. 1988. Lepidoptera mines in Pachypteris leaves (Corystospermaceae: Pteridospermophyta) from the Upper Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous Battle camp formation, North Queensland. Proceeding of Royal Society, 99: 77-81.
91. Scegoleva-Barovskaja, T. I. 1929. Earliest representative of the Family Mordellidae (Coleoptera) from Jurassic sediments of Turkestan. Doklady Akademia Nauk SSSR, 27-29 (in German).
92. Shear, W.A. and Kukalova-Peck, J. 1990. The ecology of Paleozoic terrestrial arthropods: the fossil evidence. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68: 1807-1834.
93. Soriano, C., Gratshev, V.G and Delclos, X. 2006. New Early Cretaceous weevils (Insecta, Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) from El Montsec, Spain. Cretaceous Research, 27: 555-564.
94. Sdvastava, R.P. and Bogawat, J.K. 1969. Feeding mechanism of a fruit-sucking moth Othreis maternal (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Journal of Natural History, 3: 165-181.
95. Statz, G. 1952. Fossile Mordellidae end Lamellicornia (Coleoptera) aus dem oberoligozaen von Rott. Paleozologie Stratigraphie, 102:1-17 (in German).
96. Sun, G., David, L.D. and Zheng, S.L., et al. 1998. In search of the first flower Jurassic angiosperm, Archaefructus, from northeast China. Science, 282: 1692-1695.
97. Sun, G., Zheng, S.L, Dilcher, D.L, Wang, Y.D. and Mei, S.W. 2001. Early angiosperms and their associated plants from western Liaoning, China. Shanghai scientific and technological education publishing house，Shanghai，227pp．[孙革，郑少林，Dilcher，D．L等．2001．辽西早期被子植物及伴生植物群．上海：上海科技教育出版社．227pp．]
98. Swisher, C.C., Wang, Y.Q., Wang, X.L., Xu, X. and Wang, Y. 1999. Cretaceous age for the feathered dinosaurs of Liaoning, China. Nature, 400: 58-61.
99．Tan,JJ.1980.Geological history of insect.Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica,5(1):1-12.[谭娟杰．1980．昆虫的地质历史．动物分类学报，5(1)：1-12．]
100. Tan, J.J., Ren, D. and Liu, M. 2005. New ommatids from the Late Jurassic of western Liaoning, China (Coleoptera: Archostemata). Insect Science, 12: 207-216.
101. Thompson, R. T. 1992. Observation on the morphology and classification of weevils with a key to major groups. Journal of Nature History, 26: 835-891.
102. Tomlinson, P.B. 1991. Pollination drop in relation to cone morphology in Podocarpaceae:a novel reproductive mechanism. American Journal of Botany, 78: 1289-1303.
103. Vrsansky, P., Vishniakova, V.N. and Rasnitsyn, A.P. 2002. Oder Blattida. In: History of insects. Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Ouicke, D.L.J. (eds.) Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 263-270.
104. Vrsansky, P. 2003. Umenocoleoidea- an amazing lineage of aberrant insects (Insecta, Blattaria). AMBA projekty, 7(1): 1-32.
105. Wang, W.L. 1993. Study of Liaoximordellidae fam. nov. (Coleoptera) from Jurassic, west Liaoning Province，China．Acta Geologica Sinica,67，86-94．[王文利．1993．辽西侏罗系鞘翅目辽西花蚤科的研究．地质学报，67，86-94．]
106. Wang, W.L., Zhang, L.J., Zheng, S.L., Ren, D., Zheng, Y. J., Ding, O.H., Zhang, H., Li, Z.T. and Yang, F.L. 2005. The age of the Yixian stage and the boundary of Jurassic-Cretaceous—the establishment and study of stratotypes of the Yixian stages. Geological Review, 51(3): 234-242.
107. Wang, W.L., Zhang, L.J., Zheng, S.L., Zheng, Y.J., Zhang, H., Li, Z.T. and Yango F.L. 2004. A new study on the stratotype and biostratigraphy of the Yixian stage in Yixian-Beipiao region, Liaoning—establishment and study of stratotypes of the Yixian stage.Acta Geologica Sinica, 78 (4): 433-447.
108. Whalley, P.E.S. and Jaraembowski, E.A. 1985. Fossil insects from the lithographic limestone of Montsech (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous), Lerida Province, Spain. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology, 38:381-412.
109. Wickham, H.F. 1914. New species of fossil beetles from Florissant Colorado. Proceedings of the National Museum, 52: 463-472.
110. Will, P. and Labandeira, C.C. 1999. Response of plant-insect associations to Paleocene-Eocene warming. Science, 284: 2153-2156.
111. Will, E, Labandeira, C.C., Johnson, K.R., et al. 2001. Insect herbivory, plant defense, and early Cenozoic climate change. Pnas, 98: 6221-6226.
112. Yang, X.K. 1999. Order Coleoptera. In: Zheng, L.Y. and Gui, H. (eds.) Insect Classification. pp. 564-584.[杨星科．1999．见：郑乐怡，归鸿主编．昆虫分类．南京：南京师范大学出版社．pp．564-584．]
113. Zhang, H.C. 1997. Early Cretaceous insects from the Dalazi formation of the Zhixin Basin, Jilin Province, China. Palaeoworld, 7: 75-103.
114. Zhao, Y.C, and Chen, Y.Q. 1981. Economic Insect Fauna of Chian. Fasc. 20. Coleoptera: Curculionidae.pp．1-56．[赵养昌，陈元清．1980．鞘翅目象虫科．《中国经济昆虫志(第20册)，鞘翅目：象虫科(一)》．北京：科学出版社．pp．1-56．]
115. Zheng, S.L., Zheng, Y.J. and Xing, D.H. 2003. Characteristics, age and climate of Late Jurassic Yixian flora from western Liaoning. Journal of Stratigraphy, 27(3): 233-241.
116. Zherikhin, V.V. 1977. Rhynchophora (in part). In: Arnoldi, L.V., Zherikhin, V.V., Nikritin L.N. and Ponomarenko, A.G. (eds.) Mezozoiskie Zhestkokrylye. Nauka Press, Moscow. pp. 176-180. (English translation: 1992. Mesozoic Coleoptera. Smithsonian Institution Libraries and National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.)
117. Zherikhin, V.V. 1986. Weevils, Scarabaeida, Curculionoidea. Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition, 28:105-108 (in Russian).
118. Zherikhin, V.V. 2002. Insect trace fossils. In: History of insects. Rasnitsyn, A.P. and Quicke, D.L.J. (eds.)Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 303-324.
119. Zherikhin, V.V. and Gratshev V.G. 2003. A new weevil-beetle (Insecta, Coleoptera, Nemonychidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Paleontological Journal, 37(4): 70-71.
120. Zberikhin, V.V. and Gratshev, V.G. 1995. A comparative study of the hind wing venation of the superfamily Cureulionoidea, with phylogenetie implications. In: Pakaluk, J. and Slipiuski, S.A. (eds.) Biology, Phylogeny, and Classification of Coleoptera: Papers Celebrating the 80th Birthday of Roy A. Crowson. Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii PAN, Warszawa. pp. 634-777.
121. Zherikhin, V.V. and Gratshev, V.G. 1997. The Early Cretaceous weevils from Sierra del Montsee, Spain (Insecta: Coleoptera, Cureulionoidea). Cretaceous Research, 18: 625-632.
122. Zherikhin, V.V. and Gratshev, V.G. 2004. Fossil Curculionoid Beeries (Coleoptera, Cureulionoidea) from the Lower Cretaceous of Northeastern Brazil. Paleontological Journal, 38 (5): 528-537.
123. Zhou, Z.H., Barrett, P.M. and Hilton, J. 2003. An exceptionally preserved lower Cretaceous ecosystem. Nature, 421:807-814.
124. Zimmerman, E.C. 1994. Australian weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea). Vol I. Orthoceri. Anthribidae to Attelabidae. The primitive weevils. CSIRO, East Melbourne. 741pp.