河北承德盆地大北沟组火山岩地球化学和年代学研究
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摘要
华北克拉通中生代发生了大规模的岩石圈减薄作用，造成了本区大规模的岩浆活动和其下部地幔性质的转变。承德盆地位于华北克拉通东部带，燕山造山带中段，中生代火山始于早侏罗世，但强度不大，直到晚侏罗世-早白垩世，火山活动才达到鼎盛时期。区内广泛出露中生代火山岩及地层。中生代出露的地层从侏罗系九龙山组-髫髻山组-白垩系张家口组-大北沟组-西瓜园组。前人已对髫髻山岩、张家口组及其它沉积地层做过地球化学和年代学研究，但对于其上的大北沟组火山岩却未见报导。大北沟组火山岩主要出露于承德盆地袁家庄-大北沟剖面，火山岩厚约600m，与下部张家口组紫红色安山岩呈整合接触。该组火山岩从下至上岩性变化显著，底部为黑色安山岩，气孔、杏仁体极为发育，厚约60m；其上为柱状节理玄武岩，含橄榄石和辉石斑晶，厚约60m，上覆巨厚(约500m)紫红色、灰白色含辉石、长石斑晶的安山岩。大北沟组火山岩被西瓜园组泥岩和粉砂岩整合覆盖。
笔者沿头道沟-铁路桥剖面、袁家庄-大北沟剖面系统采集82件样品并着重分析大北沟组32件火山岩样品，结果表明大北沟底部显示为高Ti安山岩，其上为玄武岩，最上部为安山岩。通过对大北沟组火山岩详细的岩石学、地球化学(主量、微量、同位素)和锆石U-Pb原位定年，得出以下认识：
1、对玄武岩上部安山岩(DBG-06)的精确锆石原位定年分析，其年龄分三组，131Ma，122Ma，114Ma，其中最小的114Ma代表着火山岩形成年龄，而131和122Ma则可能是继承锆石，与140～120Ma的底侵作用有关。
2、大北沟组火山岩总要由三类火山岩组成，即底部的高Ti安山岩，中部的柱状含橄榄石斑晶玄武岩和上部巨厚安山岩。
3、底部高Ti安山岩表现为高TiO_2(＞2.1％)，富P_2O_5(＞1.3％)，低MgO(0.99％～1.65％)和Mg#(10～29)，富集REE(∑REE=396～439μg／g)等非正常安山岩的地球化学特征，从野外地质和主微量元素特征上可以认为其与软流圈地幔作用有关，而且受地幔流体作用影响。
4、上部安山岩与下部玄武岩和高Ti安山岩可能来自不同的源区，尽管其同位素上有着相似的特征(相对高的~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(～0.707)和低的ε_(Nd)(＜-11))，其可能是软流圈的上涌使发生于140～120Ma由底侵作用形成的新生基性下地壳部分熔融后喷发形成。
5、通过总结华北克拉通内部出露报道的所有玄武岩Nd同位素和Nb／U比值，认为114Ma华北克拉通岩石圈已发生减薄作用。这时软流圈已达到下地壳深度，并与新生的基性下地壳发生了反应。通过三个端元(富集岩石圈地幔、亏损软流圈地幔、新生的基性下地壳)混合模拟可以很好的解决微量元素与同位素之间的解偶问题。
Considerable magmatic activities and lithospheric mantle change were triggered by lithospheric mantle thinning in the North China Craton (NCC) which is generally thought to have occured mainly in Meso-Cenozoic. The Chengde basin is located in the middle Yanshan orogeny of the eastern part of NCC. It is documented by the emplacement of voluminous Mesozoic volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks which reached a peak in the late Jurassic-early Cretaceous. The stratas in late Mesozoic are developed well and from the bottom upward, they are Jiulongshan Formation, Tiaojishan Formation, Zhangjiakou Formation, Dabeigou Formation and Xiguayuan Formation, respectively. Previous geochemistry and geochronologic studies in the Chengde basin are mainly about the volcanics in Tiaojishan and Zhangjiakou Formations, and rare about Dabeigou Formation, which overlies the Zhangjiagou Formation. Volcanics of Dabeigou Formation mainly cropped out near the Yuanjia village of the Chengde basin and is about 600m thick, which conformably overlies the amaranthine andesite of the Zhangjiakou Formation. The lithologies of this suit of volcanics are obviously different from the bottom upward: there is black andesite with highly developed vesicular and amygdaloidal structures about 60m at the bottom; and basalt with columnar joint and occurrence of olivine pyroxene phenocrysts, about 60m in thickness, overlies the andesite, which underlies the huge amaranthine and grey-white andesite with pyroxene and peldspar phenocrysts. Volcanic rocks of the Dabeigou Formation are conformably overlied by mudrocks and siltstones of the Xiguayuan Formation.
82 samples were collected systematically from the Toudaogou-Tieluqiao profile and Yuanjiazhuang-Dabeigou profile and 32 samples from the Dabeigou Formation were collected and studied. Geochemical data of analyzed samples classify the Dabeigou Formation into three parts: high Ti andesite at the bottom, basalt in the middle part and andesite at the top. Integrated detailed petrological, geochemical and geochronological studies of Dabeigou rocks lead to the following conclusions:
1. Following 3 age groups of zircon are recognized by precise in-situ zircon dating of andesite sample DBG-06, which overlies the basalt: 131Ma, 122Ma, 114Ma. The age of 114Ma is thought as the age of formation of the volcanic rocks, while the other two age groups might be related to the underplating event in 140～120Ma in NCC.
2. Abnormal characteristics of Hihg Ti andesite( high TiO_2(>2.1%), P_2O_5(>1.3%), low MgO(0.99%～1.65%) and Mg# (10.02～29.27), enriched REE(ΣREE=396～439μg/g) et al) should be related to the asnospheric mantle and mantle fluid.
3. Andesite at the top may have been related to the asthenospheric mantle upwelling leading to partial metling of the basaltic underplates which intruded at between 120 to 140Ma.
4. Available data on Nd isotopes and Nb/U ratios of Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts from the NCC suggest that the lithospheric mantle might have been thinned at 114Ma. Simple three-component (enriched lithospheric mantle, depleted asthenospheric mantle and basaltic lower crust) mixing calculations can interpret the apparent decoupling between Nb/U ratios and Nd isotopic compositions.
笔者沿头道沟-铁路桥剖面、袁家庄-大北沟剖面系统采集82件样品并着重分析大北沟组32件火山岩样品，结果表明大北沟底部显示为高Ti安山岩，其上为玄武岩，最上部为安山岩。通过对大北沟组火山岩详细的岩石学、地球化学(主量、微量、同位素)和锆石U-Pb原位定年，得出以下认识：
1、对玄武岩上部安山岩(DBG-06)的精确锆石原位定年分析，其年龄分三组，131Ma，122Ma，114Ma，其中最小的114Ma代表着火山岩形成年龄，而131和122Ma则可能是继承锆石，与140～120Ma的底侵作用有关。
2、大北沟组火山岩总要由三类火山岩组成，即底部的高Ti安山岩，中部的柱状含橄榄石斑晶玄武岩和上部巨厚安山岩。
3、底部高Ti安山岩表现为高TiO_2(＞2.1％)，富P_2O_5(＞1.3％)，低MgO(0.99％～1.65％)和Mg#(10～29)，富集REE(∑REE=396～439μg／g)等非正常安山岩的地球化学特征，从野外地质和主微量元素特征上可以认为其与软流圈地幔作用有关，而且受地幔流体作用影响。
4、上部安山岩与下部玄武岩和高Ti安山岩可能来自不同的源区，尽管其同位素上有着相似的特征(相对高的~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(～0.707)和低的ε_(Nd)(＜-11))，其可能是软流圈的上涌使发生于140～120Ma由底侵作用形成的新生基性下地壳部分熔融后喷发形成。
5、通过总结华北克拉通内部出露报道的所有玄武岩Nd同位素和Nb／U比值，认为114Ma华北克拉通岩石圈已发生减薄作用。这时软流圈已达到下地壳深度，并与新生的基性下地壳发生了反应。通过三个端元(富集岩石圈地幔、亏损软流圈地幔、新生的基性下地壳)混合模拟可以很好的解决微量元素与同位素之间的解偶问题。
Considerable magmatic activities and lithospheric mantle change were triggered by lithospheric mantle thinning in the North China Craton (NCC) which is generally thought to have occured mainly in Meso-Cenozoic. The Chengde basin is located in the middle Yanshan orogeny of the eastern part of NCC. It is documented by the emplacement of voluminous Mesozoic volcanic rocks and sedimentary rocks which reached a peak in the late Jurassic-early Cretaceous. The stratas in late Mesozoic are developed well and from the bottom upward, they are Jiulongshan Formation, Tiaojishan Formation, Zhangjiakou Formation, Dabeigou Formation and Xiguayuan Formation, respectively. Previous geochemistry and geochronologic studies in the Chengde basin are mainly about the volcanics in Tiaojishan and Zhangjiakou Formations, and rare about Dabeigou Formation, which overlies the Zhangjiagou Formation. Volcanics of Dabeigou Formation mainly cropped out near the Yuanjia village of the Chengde basin and is about 600m thick, which conformably overlies the amaranthine andesite of the Zhangjiakou Formation. The lithologies of this suit of volcanics are obviously different from the bottom upward: there is black andesite with highly developed vesicular and amygdaloidal structures about 60m at the bottom; and basalt with columnar joint and occurrence of olivine pyroxene phenocrysts, about 60m in thickness, overlies the andesite, which underlies the huge amaranthine and grey-white andesite with pyroxene and peldspar phenocrysts. Volcanic rocks of the Dabeigou Formation are conformably overlied by mudrocks and siltstones of the Xiguayuan Formation.
82 samples were collected systematically from the Toudaogou-Tieluqiao profile and Yuanjiazhuang-Dabeigou profile and 32 samples from the Dabeigou Formation were collected and studied. Geochemical data of analyzed samples classify the Dabeigou Formation into three parts: high Ti andesite at the bottom, basalt in the middle part and andesite at the top. Integrated detailed petrological, geochemical and geochronological studies of Dabeigou rocks lead to the following conclusions:
1. Following 3 age groups of zircon are recognized by precise in-situ zircon dating of andesite sample DBG-06, which overlies the basalt: 131Ma, 122Ma, 114Ma. The age of 114Ma is thought as the age of formation of the volcanic rocks, while the other two age groups might be related to the underplating event in 140～120Ma in NCC.
2. Abnormal characteristics of Hihg Ti andesite( high TiO_2(>2.1%), P_2O_5(>1.3%), low MgO(0.99%～1.65%) and Mg# (10.02～29.27), enriched REE(ΣREE=396～439μg/g) et al) should be related to the asnospheric mantle and mantle fluid.
3. Andesite at the top may have been related to the asthenospheric mantle upwelling leading to partial metling of the basaltic underplates which intruded at between 120 to 140Ma.
4. Available data on Nd isotopes and Nb/U ratios of Mesozoic and Cenozoic basalts from the NCC suggest that the lithospheric mantle might have been thinned at 114Ma. Simple three-component (enriched lithospheric mantle, depleted asthenospheric mantle and basaltic lower crust) mixing calculations can interpret the apparent decoupling between Nb/U ratios and Nd isotopic compositions.
引文
a 李晓勇，2003．燕山地区中生代火山作用成因及其对深部过程的制约，中国科学院研究生院博士学位论文，p5～7
b 据河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所承德市幅地质图1：25万修改。
e ~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr和~(147)Sm/~(144)Nd比值由Rb，Sr，Sm，Nd含量计算获得。方城玄武岩和碱锅玄武岩来自(Zhang，et al，2002：2003)。
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b 据河北省区域地质矿产调查研究所承德市幅地质图1：25万修改。
e ~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr和~(147)Sm/~(144)Nd比值由Rb，Sr，Sm，Nd含量计算获得。方城玄武岩和碱锅玄武岩来自(Zhang，et al，2002：2003)。
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