科层制、利益博弈与政府行为
|
摘要
本文以杭州市城乡结合部的J镇政府为研究对象,将之置于组织理论和中国政治史的脉络中,从科层制的理论视角考察自分税制改革以来乡镇政府为应对来自市场、国家与社会的压力而采取的招商引资、征地拆迁和综治维稳等行为,揭示地方政府行为的逻辑,研究地方政府在地方治理的中的角色,旨在提高地方治理的绩效。
研究表明,乡镇政府不仅仅服从科层制的规范、遵守市场竞争的规则,而且在行使自主权过程中,从组织的视角回应上级政府、市场与社会的压力,并与上级政府、企业和农民进行各种形式的利益博弈,进而改变科层制的规范和国家的乡村社会经济发展战略。在乡村社会经济发展战略转型过程中,科层制并不曾从乡村社会中退出,而是以新的方式重新主导着乡村社会经济的发展,从直接经营为数众多的规模小的乡镇企业转变到以控制土地将整个辖域作为一个经营单位进行经营,从主要由村社干部与农民直接互动转变到乡镇政府及其官员直接与农民沟通,从主要依赖传统乡村微观维稳的关系网络转变到主要依赖现代科层化的稳控组织进行维稳。这些变化推动了地方政府应对和重塑国家、市场与社会关系,并从变动的外部环境中学习治理之道,从而优化地方治理。
与此同时,在市场、国家与社会的压力下,地方政府及其官员行为的失当导致了政策的扭曲、腐败和官民关系的紧张。为此,国家在推进工业化、市场化和城市化的同时,应该建立责任政府、服务型政府,完善科层组织,规范政府行为,使之更能回应社会和民众的需求,进而推进地方治理的永续发展、实现善治。
In the veins of organization theory and China's political history, this dissertation, as a case study of an urban-rural town government in Hangzhou, is the study of this type of governments'investment, land acquisition, and stability maintenance from the perspective of the theory of bureaucracy, to reveal the logic of local governments' behaviors and their roles in local governance since the middle and late 1990s.
This study finds that township governments not only obey the rules of bureaucracy and abide by the laws of market competition, but respond to higher pressures from state, market and society, and have interest game with higher levels of government, enterprises and farmers in the exercise of autonomy, from the perspectives of bureaucracy and organization. As a result, they change the rules of bureaucracy and the state's strategy of rural economic development. In the transformation of rural economic development strategies, the bureaucracy has not withdrawn from the village governance, but re-dominate rural socio-economic development in a new way, mainly from the direct management of small-scale rural enterprises to taking control of entire jurisdiction as a business unit, from the direct interaction between main village cadres and farmers to direct communication between town government officials and farmers, from depending mainly on the traditional rural micro-network to relying mainly on modern bureaucratic organizations to maintain social stability. This shift promotes the local government to rebuild the state, market and society, and to govern society from changes in the external environment, and to optimize local governance.
At the same time, in response to pressures from the market, state and society, the misconduct of local governments and their officials leads to policy distortions, corruption, and strained relations between the Government and the public. To solve these problems and improve local governance, the state's promotion of industrialization, marketization and urbanization should be accompanied by the establishment of responsible government, service-oriented government, and by the improvement of the bureaucratic organization and standardization of government behaviors, to make it more responsive to the needs of society and the people, and to promote the sustainable development of local governance to achieve good governance.
研究表明,乡镇政府不仅仅服从科层制的规范、遵守市场竞争的规则,而且在行使自主权过程中,从组织的视角回应上级政府、市场与社会的压力,并与上级政府、企业和农民进行各种形式的利益博弈,进而改变科层制的规范和国家的乡村社会经济发展战略。在乡村社会经济发展战略转型过程中,科层制并不曾从乡村社会中退出,而是以新的方式重新主导着乡村社会经济的发展,从直接经营为数众多的规模小的乡镇企业转变到以控制土地将整个辖域作为一个经营单位进行经营,从主要由村社干部与农民直接互动转变到乡镇政府及其官员直接与农民沟通,从主要依赖传统乡村微观维稳的关系网络转变到主要依赖现代科层化的稳控组织进行维稳。这些变化推动了地方政府应对和重塑国家、市场与社会关系,并从变动的外部环境中学习治理之道,从而优化地方治理。
与此同时,在市场、国家与社会的压力下,地方政府及其官员行为的失当导致了政策的扭曲、腐败和官民关系的紧张。为此,国家在推进工业化、市场化和城市化的同时,应该建立责任政府、服务型政府,完善科层组织,规范政府行为,使之更能回应社会和民众的需求,进而推进地方治理的永续发展、实现善治。
In the veins of organization theory and China's political history, this dissertation, as a case study of an urban-rural town government in Hangzhou, is the study of this type of governments'investment, land acquisition, and stability maintenance from the perspective of the theory of bureaucracy, to reveal the logic of local governments' behaviors and their roles in local governance since the middle and late 1990s.
This study finds that township governments not only obey the rules of bureaucracy and abide by the laws of market competition, but respond to higher pressures from state, market and society, and have interest game with higher levels of government, enterprises and farmers in the exercise of autonomy, from the perspectives of bureaucracy and organization. As a result, they change the rules of bureaucracy and the state's strategy of rural economic development. In the transformation of rural economic development strategies, the bureaucracy has not withdrawn from the village governance, but re-dominate rural socio-economic development in a new way, mainly from the direct management of small-scale rural enterprises to taking control of entire jurisdiction as a business unit, from the direct interaction between main village cadres and farmers to direct communication between town government officials and farmers, from depending mainly on the traditional rural micro-network to relying mainly on modern bureaucratic organizations to maintain social stability. This shift promotes the local government to rebuild the state, market and society, and to govern society from changes in the external environment, and to optimize local governance.
At the same time, in response to pressures from the market, state and society, the misconduct of local governments and their officials leads to policy distortions, corruption, and strained relations between the Government and the public. To solve these problems and improve local governance, the state's promotion of industrialization, marketization and urbanization should be accompanied by the establishment of responsible government, service-oriented government, and by the improvement of the bureaucratic organization and standardization of government behaviors, to make it more responsive to the needs of society and the people, and to promote the sustainable development of local governance to achieve good governance.
引文
[1].[奥]德维希·冯·米塞斯著：官僚体制与反资本主义的心态[M],冯克利、姚中秋译,北京：新星出版社2007年版。
[2].[德]罗伯特·米歇尔斯著：寡头统治铁律[M],任军锋等译,天津：天津人民出版社2003年版。
[3].[德]马克斯·韦伯著：经济与社会(上)[M],林荣远译,北京：商务印书馆1998a年版。
[4].[德]马克斯·韦伯著：经济与社会(下)[M],林荣远译,北京：商务印书馆1998b年版。
[5].[法]米歇尔·福柯：规训与惩罚,刘北成、杨远婴译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店2003年版。
[6].[法]米歇尔·克罗齐埃著：科层现象[M],刘汉全译,上海：上海人民出版社2002年版。
[7].[加]亨利·明茨伯格著：明茨伯格论管理[M],北京：机械工业出版社2007年版。
[8].[美]B·盖伊·彼得斯著：政府未来的治理模式[M],吴爱民等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
[9].[美]F.J.古德诺著：政治与行政[M],王元译,北京：华夏出版社1987年版。
[10].[美]V.登哈特、R.登哈特著：新公共服务[M],北京：中国人民大学出版社2006年版。
[11].[美]阿尔伯特·O.赫希曼著：退出、呼吁与忠诚[M],北京：经济科学出版社2001年版。
[12].[美]安东尼·唐斯著：官僚制内幕[M],郭小聪译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2006年版。
[13].[美]白苏珊著：乡村中国的权力与财富：制度变迁的政治经济学[M],杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版。
[14].[美]布坎南、[澳]布伦南著：宪政经济学[M],冯克利等译,北京：中国社会科学出版2004年版。
[15].[美]查尔斯·T.葛德塞尔著：为官僚制正名——一场公共行政的辩论[M],上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版。
[16].[美]戴维·奥斯本,特德·盖布勒著：改革政府：企业精神如何改革着公共部门[M],上海：上海译文出版社1996年版。
[17].[美]戴维·奥斯本、彼得·普拉斯特里克著：摒弃官僚制：政府再造的五项战略[M],谭功荣、刘霞译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
[18].[美]戴维·杜鲁门著：政治过程——公共利益与公共舆论[M],陈尧译,天津：天津人民出版社2005年版。
[19].[美]道格拉斯·C.诺斯著：制度、制度变迁与经济绩效[M],上海：上海三联书店1994年版。
[20].[美]杜赞奇著：文化、权力与国家[M],南京：江苏人民出版社2006年版。
[21].[美]赫伯特·西蒙著：管理行为[M],詹正茂译,北京：机械工业出版社2004年版。
[22].[美]赫伯特·西蒙著：现代决策理论的基石[M],北京：北京经济学院出版社1989年版。
[23].[美]罗伯特·K.默顿著：社会理论和社会结构[M],唐少杰译,南京：译林出版社2006年版。
[24].[美]迈克尔·巴泽雷著：突破官僚制：政府管理的新愿景[M],孔宪遂等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
[25].[美]麦克法夸尔、费正清编：剑桥中华人民共和国史(上卷)：革命中国的兴起1949-1965年[M],谢亮生等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社1990年版。
[26].[美]曼瑟·奥尔森著：权力与繁荣[M],苏长河译,上海：上海人民出版社2005年版。
[27].[美]乔治·弗里德里克森著：公共行政的精神[M],北京：中国人民大学出版社2006年版。
[28].[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著：变化社会中的政治秩序,王冠华、刘为等译,上海：三联书店1989年版。
[29].[美]斯蒂芬·罗宾斯、蒂莫西·贾奇著：组织行为学精要[M],北京：机械工业出版社2008年版。
[30].[美]唐纳德·凯尔特：有效政府：全球公共管理革命[M],朱涛译,上海交通大学出版社2005年版。
[31].[美]威廉姆·A.尼斯坎南著：官僚制与公共经济学[M],北京：中国青年出版社2004年版。
[32].[美]文森特·奥斯特罗姆著：复合共和制的政治理论[M],毛寿龙译,上海：上海三联书店1999年版。
[33].[美]小威廉·T格姆雷、斯蒂芬.J.巴拉著：官僚机构与民主：责任与绩效[M],俞沂暄译,上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版。
[34].[美]詹姆斯·C.斯科特著：国家的视角[M],王晓毅译,北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年。
[35].[美]詹姆斯·Q.威尔逊著：官僚机构：政府机构的行为及其原因[M],北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006年。
[36].[美]詹姆斯·马奇、赫伯特·西蒙著：组织[M],邵冲译,北京：机械工业出版社2008年版。
[37].[日]青木昌彦：比较制度分析[M],周黎安译,上海：上海远东出版社2001年版。
[38].[匈]雅诺什·科尔奈著：社会主义体制——共产主义政治经济学[M],张安译,北京：中央编译出版社2007年版。
[39].[以]S.N.艾森斯塔特著：现代化：抗拒与变迁[M],张旅平等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社1988年版。
[40].[意]帕累托著：精英的兴衰[M],刘北成译,上海：上海人民出版社2003年版。
[4l].[英]安东尼·吉登斯：现代性后果[M],田禾译,南京：译林出版社2000年版。
[42].[英]彼特·布劳,马歇尔·梅歇,现代社会中的科层制[M],马戎,时宪民,邱泽奇译,上海：学林出版社2001年版。
[43].[英]戴维·毕瑟姆：官僚制[M],长春：吉林人民出版社2005年版。
[44].[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺编：布莱克维尔政治学百科全书[M],邓正来等译,北京：中国政法大学出版社2002年版。
[45].[英]弗里德里·冯·希哈耶克：通往奴役之路[M],王明毅等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社1997a年版。
[46].[英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克著：自由秩序原理[M],邓正来译,生活·读书·新知三联书店1997b年版。
[47].[英]卡尔·波兰尼著：大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源[M],冯钢、刘阳译,杭州：浙江人民出版2007年版。
[48].[英]卡尔·波普著：开放社会及其敌人[M],陆衡等译,中国社会科学出版社1999年版。
[49].曹正汉、史晋川：中国地方政府应对市场化改革的策略：抓住经济发展的主动权——理论假说与案例研究[J],社会学研究,2009(4).
[50].陈华栋、顾建光、蒋颖：建国以来我国乡镇政府机构沿革及角色演变研究[J],社会科学战线,2007(2).
[51].陈剩勇、张丙宣：官僚政治学：理论、价值与启示[J],政治学,2009a(11).
[52].陈剩勇、张丙宣：建国60年中国地方行政区划和府际关系的变革与展望[J],浙江工商大学学报,2009b(5)。
[53].陈剩勇、张丙宣：强镇扩权：浙江省近年来小城镇政府管理体制改革的实践[J],浙江学刊,2008(1)。
[54].陈剩勇：政府创新、治理转型与浙江模式[J],浙江社会科学,2009(4).
[55].陈剩勇等：让公民来当家[M],北京：中国社会科学出版社2008年版。
[56].陈振明主编：公务员制度[M],福州：福建人民出版社2007年版。
[57].陈志红著：当代中国政府间纵向关系研究[M],天津：天津人民出版社2005年版。
[58].崔卓兰、刘福元：论行政自由裁量权的内部控制[J],中国法学,2009(4).
[59].董海军著：塘镇：乡镇社会的利益博弈与协调[M],北京：社会科学文献出版社2008年版。
[60].方福前：政府与市场秩序的形成[J],经济理论与经济管理,2004(7).
[61].福柯：治理术[A],冯钢编：社会学基础文献选读[C],杭州：浙江大学出版社2008年版。
[62].高王凌著：人民公社时期中国农民反行为调查[M],北京：中共党史出版社2006年版。
[63].何建华、于建嵘：城市化进程中的农民权益保护问题[J],华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006(3)
[64].贺雪峰、董磊明：农村乡镇建制：存废之间的思考[J]，中国行政管理,2003(6).
[65].贺雪峰著：乡村研究的国情意识[M],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[66].洪银兴、曹勇：经济体制转轨时期的地方政府功能[J],经济研究,1996(5).
[67].洪银兴：地方政府行为和中国市场经济的发展[J],经济学家,1997(1).
[68].黄佩华：财政改革和省以下的财政[J],经济社会体制比较,1994(6).
[69].黄宗智：认识中国——走向从实践出发的社会科学[J],中国社会科学,2005(1).
[70].贾康、白景新：县乡财政解困和财政体制创新[J],经济研究,2002(2).
[71].江南：浙江推行领导干部下访制度[N],人民日报,2003-11-11,第四版。
[72].金太军等著：政府职能梳理与重构[M],广州：广东人民出版社2002年版。
[73].精乡扩镇、乡派镇治：乡级治理体制的结构性改革[J],江西社会科学,2004(1).
[74].瞿同祖著：清代地方政府[M],范忠信译,北京：法律出版社2003年版。
[75].蓝志勇著：行政官僚与现代社会[M],广州：中山大学出版社2003年版。
[76].李昌平：乡镇体制改革：变官本位为民本位[J],中国改革,2004b(2).
[77].李昌平：乡镇体制改革：官本位体制向民本位体制转变[A],李昌平、董磊明主编：税费改革背景下的乡镇体制研究[C],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[78].李军鹏：公共服务型政府[M],北京：北京大学出版社2004年版。
[79].李若建,指标管理的失败：“大跃进”与困难时期的官员造假行为[J],开放时代,2009(3).
[80].李若建：权力与人性：大跃进时期公共食堂研究[J],开放时代,2004(1).
[81].林毅夫、刘志强：中国的财政分权与经济增长[J],北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000(4).
[82].刘能著：等级制和社会网络视野中的乡镇行政：北镇的个案研究,北京：中国社会科学文献出版社2008年版。
[83].刘熙瑞：服务型政府——经济全球化背景下中国政府改革的目标选择[J],中国行政管理,2002(7).
[84].刘祖华：中国乡镇政府角色变迁的财政逻辑[J],二十一世纪,2008(3)
[85].马力宏：论政府管理中的条块关系[J],政治学研究,1998(4).
[86].马约恩：公共政策与公共行政：观念、利益和制度[A],[美]罗伯特·古丁、汉斯-迪特尔·克林格曼主编：政治科学新手册[C],钟开斌等译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店2006年版。
[87].米歇尔·福柯：规训与惩罚[M],刘北成、杨远婴译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出 版社1999年版。
[88].欧阳静：乡镇权力运作的逻辑——以桔镇为研究对象[A],乡村中国评论(第3辑),济南：山东人民出版社2008年版。
[89].钱颖一、许成钢：中国的经济改革为什么与众不同——M型的层级制和非国有部门的进入与扩张[J],经济社会体制比较,1993(11).
[90].丘海雄、徐建牛：市场转型过程中地方政府角色研究述评[J],社会学研究,2004(4).
[91].丘泽奇：在政府与厂商之间：乡镇政府的经济活动分析[J]，二十一世纪,1998(4).
[92].饶静、叶敬忠：我国乡镇政权角色和行为的社会学研究综述[J],社会,2007(3).
[93].荣敬本等著：从压力型体制向民主合作性体制的转变：县乡两级政治体制改革[M],北京：中央编译出版社1998年版。
[94].荣敬本等著：从压力型体制向民主合作性体制的转变：县乡两级政治体制改革[M],北京：中央编译出版社1998年版。
[95].沈延生、张守礼：自治抑或行政：中国乡治的回顾与展望[J],战略与管理,2003(1).
[96].沈延生：村政的兴衰与重建[J],战略与管理,1999(6).
[97].孙立平：改革以来中国社会结构的变迁,中国社会科学,1994(2).
[98].孙立平：过程／事件分析”与当代中国国家—农民关系的实践形态[A],清华大学社会学系编：清华社会学评论特辑[C],厦门：鹭江出版社2000年版。
[99].孙立平：实践社会学与市场转型过程分析[J],中国社会科学,2002(5).
[100].田毅、王旭著：他乡之税：一个乡镇的三十年,一个国家的“隐秘”财政史[M],北京：中信出版社2008年版。
[101].王汉生、王一鸽：目标管理责任制：农村基层政权实践逻辑[J],社会学研究,2009(2)
[102].王千文：官僚体制中的“服从”与“自主”矛盾现象之探讨——韦伯观点的诠释[J],中国行政,2009(4)：101-127.
[103].王颖著：新集体主义：农村社会的再组织[M],北京：经济管理出版社1996年版。
[104].温铁军：“三农问题”与解决办法[J],中国改革,2003(2).
[105].吴理财：官民合作体制：“乡政自治”[A],李昌平、董磊明主编：税费改革背景下的乡镇体制研究[C],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[106].吴理财：官民合作体制：“乡政自治’—乡镇政府改革思路探讨[A],载李昌平、董磊明主编：税费改革背景下的乡镇体制研究[C],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[107].吴理财：农村税费改革与“乡政”角色转换[J],经济社会体制比较,2001(5).
[108].吴毅：“双重角色”、“经纪模式”与“守夜人”和“撞钟者”[J],开放时代,2001(12).
[109].吴毅著：小镇喧嚣——一个乡镇政治运作的演绎与阐释[M],生活·读书·新知三联出版社2007年版。
[110].肖唐镖：农村宗族势力与国家权力的互动关系[J],探索与争鸣,1998(7).
[111].谢立中：结构制度分析还是事件过程分析[J],中国农业大学学报,2007(4).
[112].谢庆奎：服务型政府建设的理论研究[J],学习与探索,2005(5).
[113].徐勇：村干部的双重角色：代理人与当家人[J],二十一世纪,2002(10).
[114].徐勇：精乡扩镇、乡派镇治：乡级治理体制的结构性改革[J],江西社会科学,2004(1).
[115].徐勇：县政、乡派、村治：乡村治理的结构性转换[J],江苏社会科学,2002(2).
[116].徐勇：现代国家建构中的非均衡性和自主性分析[J],华中师大学报,2003(5).
[117].徐勇：乡村治理结构改革的走向：强村、精乡、简县[J],战略与管理,2003(4).
[118].雅诺什·科尔奈：预算软约束综合症与全球金融危机—来自东欧经济学家的警告[J],比较,第42辑,2009.
[119].阎林著：政府组织机构调整与经济发展[M],杭州：社会科学文献出版社1999年版。
[120].杨瑞龙：我国制度变迁方式转换的三阶段论——兼论地方政府的制度创新行为[J],经济研究,1998(1).
[121].杨善华、苏红：从“代理型政权经营者”到“谋利型政权经营者”向市场经济转型背景下的乡镇政权[J],社会学研究,2002(1).
[122].杨雪冬：市场发育、社会生长和公共权力构建：以县为微观分析单位[M],郑州：河南人民出版社2002年版
[123].杨志勇、杨之刚著：中国财政体制30年[M],上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
[124].叶本干：抵制与压制：地方治理中乡镇权力的两面性[J],二十一世纪,2005(4).
[125].于建嵘：利益、权威和秩序——对村民对抗基层政府的群体性事件的分析,中国农村观察,2000(4).
[126].于建嵘：乡镇自治：根据和路径[J],战略与管理,2002(6).
[127].于猛：严查涉“土”官商勾结[N],人民日报,2010-01-15,第11版。
[128].詹成付著：乡村政治若干问题研究[M],西安：西北大学出版社2004年版。
[129].张静著：基层政权：乡村制度诸问题[M],杭州：浙江人民出版社2000年版。
[130].张汝立：目标、手段与偏差—农村基层政权组织运行困境的一个分析框架[J],中国农村观察,2001(4).
[131].郑法：农村改革与公共权力的划分[J],战略与管理,2000(4).
[132].中国行政管理学会课题组：服务型政府是我国行政改革的目标选择[J],中国行政管理,2005(5).
[133].周飞舟：从汲取型政权到“悬浮型”政权——税费改革对国家与农民关系之影响[J],社会学研究,2006(3).
[134].周黎安：中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究[J],经济研究,2007(7).
[135].周黎安著：转型中的地方政府：官员激励与治理[M],上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
[136].周其仁编：农村变革与中国发展[C],香港：牛津大学出版社1994年版。
[137].周雪光、赵伟：英文文献中的中国组织现象研究[J],社会学研究,2009(6).
[138].周雪光：“逆向软预算约束”：一个政府行为的组织分析[J],中国社会科学,2005(2).
[139].周雪光：基层政府间的“共谋现象”——一个政府行为的制度逻辑[J],社会学研究,2008(6).
[140].周业安、冯兴元、赵坚毅：地方政府竞争与市场秩序的重构[J],中国社会科学,2004(1).
[141].周业安：中国地方政府竞争30年[J],教学与研究,2009(11).
[142].朱明芬、楼大为：集体土地房屋拆迁当事人行为解读[A],浙江省党校系统理论研讨会论文集[C],2004年。
[1]. Allison, G. & Zelikow, P., Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis,2nd edition, Pearson Longman,1999.
[2]. Allison, G. Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Boston:Little Brown & Company,1971.
[3]. Allison, G T. & Halperin, Morton H. Bureaucratic Politics:A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications, World Politics 1972,24:40-79.
[4]. Argyris, C., Knowledge for Action:A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change, Jossey-Bass Wiley,1993.
[5]. Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F., High impact leader. Moments matter in authentic leadership development. New York:McGraw-Hill,2006.
[6]. Bai, Chong-En, David D. Li, and Yijiang Wang. Thriving on a Tilted Playing Field:China's Non-State Enterprises in the Reform Era, Working Paper 95, Stanford:Center for Research on Economic Development and Policy Reform, Stanford University.2001.
[7]. Bell, S. & Hindmoor, A., Rethinking Governance:The Centrality of the State in Modern Societies, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009.
[8]. Bendor, J. & Hammond, T. Rethinking Allison's Models, American Political Science Review, 1992,86:302-303.
[9]. Bendor, J. and Moe, T. M. An Adaptive Model of Bureaucratic Politics, American Political Science Review 1985,79:755-774.
[10].Bendor, Jonathan and Hammond, Thomas H. Rethinking Allison's Models, American Political Science Review 1992,86:301-322.
[11].Bendor, Jonathan and Meirowitz, A., Spatial Models of Delegation, American Political Science Review,2004,98:293-310.
[12]. Bendor, Jonathan. The Fields of Bureaucracy and Public Administration:Basic and Applied Research, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 1994,4:27-39.
[13].Bentley, A., The Process of Government, Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1967.
[14].Bernstein, Thomas P. & Xiaobo Lu, Taxation without Representation in Rural China. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[15].Blau, P. M., The dynamics of bureaucracy:A study of interpersonal relations in two government agencies. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1955.
[16].Brandt, L., & Rawski, T., China's Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
[17]. Burns, J. P., China's Nomenklatura system, Problems of Communism,1987,36 (5):36-51.
[18].Burns, J. P., Strengthening central CCP control of leadership selection:the 1990 Nomenklatura, The China Quarterly,1994,138:458-489.
[19].Cai, Y., Local Governments and the Suppression of Popular Resistance in China, The China Quarterly,2008,193:24-42.
[20].Chang, Chun and Yijiang Wang. The Nature of the Township-Village Enterprise, Journal of Comparative Economics,1994,19:434-452.
[21]. Che, Jiahua and Yingyi Qian. Insecure Property Rights and Government Ownership of Firms, Quarterly Journal of Economics.1998,113(2):467-496.
[22].Child, J., Managerial and organizational factors associated with company performance, Journal of Management Studies,1975,11:174-89.
[23].Cohen M. D, & Sproull, L. S., Organizational Learning, Sage:Thousand Oaks, CA.1996.
[24]. Cooper, T. L., The Responsible Administrator, (4th ed.), San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1998.
[25].Corner, P. D., Kinicki, A. J., & Keats, B. W. Integrating organizational and individual information perspectives on choice, Organization Science,1994,5:294-308.
[26]. Crick, B., In Defence of Politics,5th ed., Harmondsworth:Penguin,2000.
[27].Crossan, M. M., & Berdrow, I., Organizational Learning and Strategic Renewal, Strategic
Management Journal,2003,24(11):1087-1105
[28].DeGeus, A. P., Planning as learning, Harvard Business Review,1988,66(2):70-74.
[29]. Donaldson, L., Contingency Theory, ix, in History of Management Thought Series, Aldershot: Darmouth Publishing Company,1995.
[30].Donaldson, L., For Positivist Organization:Proving the Hard Core, London:Sage Publication, 1996.
[31 ].Donaldson, L., Organizational theory as a positive science, in H. Tsoukas and. C. Knudsen (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory:Meta-theoretical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2003.
[32].Donaldson, L., The Contingency Theory of Organizations, Thousand Oaks, Calif.:Sage Publication,2001.
[33].Duara, Prasenjit. De-Constructing the Chinese Nation, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,1993,30(July):1-26.
[34].Duara, Prasenjit. Power in rural society:North China villages,1900-1940, Ph. D. Diss., Harvard University,1983.
[35].Edin, M., State capacity and local agent control in China:CCP cadre management from a township perspective, The China Quarterly,2003, (173):35-52.
[36].Evans, P., Embedded Autonomy:States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton University Press,1995.
[37].Evans, Peter B. Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses:A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State, Sociological Forum,1989,4(4):561-588.
[38].Evans, Peter B., Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
[39].Eyal, G, Szelenyi, I., Townsley, E., Making Capitalism without Capitalism:Class Formation and Elite Struggles in Post-Communist Central Europe, Verso, London,1998.
[40].Fiedler, F. E. & Garcia, J. E., New Approaches to Leadership, Cognitive Resources and Organizational Performance, New York:John Wiley and Sons,1987.
[41].Filley, Alan C. & Robert J. House, Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior, Glenview, Ⅱ.:Scott, Foresman,1969.
[42].Finer, H. Administrative responsibility in democratic government, Public Administration review,1941, 1(4):335-350.
[43].Frederickson, H. G. & Smith, K. B., The Public Administration Theory Primer, Boulder, CO: Westview Press,2003.
[44].Frederickson, H. G., The repositioning of American public administration, Political Science and Politics,1999,32 (4):701-711.
[45].Friedrich, Carl Joachim. Public Policy and the Nature of Administrative Responsibility, Public Policy,1940,1(1):3-24.
[46]. Gaus, J. M., Notes on administration, American Political Science Review,1931,25:123-134.
[47].Gaus, J. M., Trends in the theory of public administration, Public Administration Review, 1950,3:161-168.
[48].Golden, Marissa M., What Motivates Bureaucrats? Politics and Administration during the Reagan Years, New York:Columbia University Press.2001.
[49].Goodin, R. E., Democratic Accountability:The Distinctiveness of the Third Sector, European Journal of Sociology,2003,44(3):359-396.
[50].Goold M.. Learning, planning, and strategy, California Management Review,1996,38(4): 100-102.
[51].Gouldner, A. W., Metaphysical pathos and the theory of bureaucracy, American Political Science Review,1955,49:496-507.
[52].Gouldner, A.W., Patterns of industrial bureaucracy. Glencoe, IL:Free Press,1954.
[53].Grief, A., and David Laitin, A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change. American Political Science Review,2004,98 (4):14-48.
[54].Guo, Xiaolin, Land Expropriation and Rural Conflicts in China, The China Quarterly,2001, 422-439.
[55].Gurr, T. Robert, Why Men Rebel, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1970.
[56].Hage J., Theories of Organizations:Form, Process, and Transformation, New York:John Wiley,1980.
[57].Haggard, S., Pathways from the Periphery:The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries, Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,1990.
[58].Hall, Richard H. The Concept of Bureaucracy:An Empirical Assessment, American Journal of Sociology,1963,68:32-40.
[59].Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A., Upper echelons:The organization as a reflection of its top management, Academy of Management Review,1984,9:193-206.
[60].He, Qinglian, China's Desert into a Quagmire:Part Ⅰ, The Chinese Economy,2001,33(3).
[61].Herzog, D., Some Questions for Republicans, Political Theory,1986,14:473-493.
[62].Holmstrom, N & Smith, R, The necessity of gangster capitalism:Primitive accumulation in. Russia and China, Monthly Review,2000,51(9):1-15.
[63].House, R. G., A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness, Administrative Science Leadership Review,1971,16:321-339.
[64].Hsu, C. L., Capitalism without contracts versus capitalists without capitalism:comparing the influence of Chinese guanxi and Russian blat on marketization, Communist and Post-Communist Studies,2005,38(3):309-327.
[65]. Jefferson, Gary H., & Singh, I., Enterprise Reform in China:Ownership, Transition, and Performance, New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[66].Jiang Shigong, Written and Unwritten Constitutions:A New Approach to the Study of Constitutional Government in China, Modern China,2010,36(1):12-46.
[67].Jiang, Xiaojuan. China's Industries in Transition:Organizational Change, Efficiency Gains and Growth Dynamics, Huntington, NY:Nova Science Publishers,2001.
[68]. Jin, Hehui & Yingyi Qian, Public vs. Private Ownership of Firms:Evidence from Rural China, Quarterly Journal of Economics,1998,113(3):773-808.
[69]. Johnson, C., MITI and the Japanese Miracle:The Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975, Stanford:Stanford University Press,1982.
[70].Jowitt, K., Soviet neo-traditionalism:the political corruption of a Leninist regime. Soviet Studies,1983,35 (3):275-297.
[71].Kaufmann, D., & Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. Governance Matters Ⅱ-Updated Indicators for 2000/01." World Bank Policy Research Department Working Paper No.2772.2002.
[72].Keefer, P., A Review of the Political Economy of Governance:From Property Rights to Voice. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 3315, Washington DC:World Bank,2004.
[73].Keller, R. T., Technology-information and the locus of influence in the R&D martrix, Academy of Management Journal,1994,28(1):167-179.
[74].Khan, M.H., Rents, efficiency and growth, In Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development:Theory and Evidence in Asia, Khan, M.H., Sundram, J.K. (Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2000:21-69.
[75].Khandwalla, P., Viable and effective organizational designs of firms, Academy of Management Journal,1973,16:481-495.
[76].Kingsley, Donald. Representative Bureaucracy. OH:Antioch Press,1944.
[77].Kreps, D., Game Theory and Economic Modeling, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990.
[78].Krislov, Samuel. Representative Bureaucracy. NJ:Prentice-Hall,1977.
[79].Krumm, Kathie & Christine P. Wong, China:Fiscal Risks of Contingent Liabilities, in Government at Risk:Contingent Liabilities and Fiscal Risk, Hana Polackova Brixi and Alan Schick, eds. Washington D. C:World Bank,2002.
[80].Lam, Tao-chiu, and Hon S. Chan, China's New Civil Service:What the Emperor Is Wearing and Why, Public Administration Review,1996,56(5):479-484.
[81].Lampton, D. A., A plum for a peach:Bargaining, interest, and bureaucratic politics in China. In Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, eds. By Lieberthal, Kenneth G. & Lampton, David M. Berkeley: University of California Press,1992.
[82].Lant, T. K, Milliken, F. J, & Batra, B., The role of managerial learning and interpretation in strategic persistence and reorientation:an empirical exploration, Strategic Management Journal,1992,13(8):585-608.
[83].Larson, A. D. Representative Bureaucracy and Administrative Responsibility:A Reassessment. Midwest Review of Public Administration 1973,7:79-89.
[84].Lau, L. J., Qian, Y., & Roland, G., Reform without losers:an interpretation of China's dual-track approach to transition, Journal of Political Economy,2000,108:120-143
[85].Lau, Lawrence J., & Yingyi Qian, Gerard Roland, Reform without Losers:An Interpretation of China's Dual-Track Approach to Transition, The Journal of Political Economy,2000, 108(1):120-143.
[86].Levinthal, D. A., March, J. G, The myopia of learning, Strategic Management Journal,1993, 14:95-112.
[87].Levitsky, S., Murillo V. M., Variation in Institutional Strength:Causes and Implications, Annual Review of Political Science,2009,12:71-92.
[88].Levitsky, Steven & Mara Victoria Murillo, Variation in Institutional Strength, Annual Review of Political Science,2009,12:115-33.
[89].Li Lianjiang, and O'Brien, Kevin, Villagers and popular resistance in contemporary China, Modem China,1996,22,1:28-61.
[90].Li Lianjiang, Political Trust in Rural China, Modern China,2004,30(2):228-258.
[91].Li, Bobai & Walder, Andrew G, Career advancement as Party patronage:sponsored mobility into the Chinese administrative elite,1949-1996, American Journal of Sociology,2001,106: 1371-1408.
[92].Li, David D. Changing Incentives of the Chinese Bureaucracy, The American Economic Review,1998,88(2):393-397.
[93].Li, David D., A Theory of Ambiguous Property Rights in Transition Economies:The Case of the Chinese Non-State Sector, Journal of Comparative Economics,1996,23(1):1-19.
[94].Li, Hongbin & Scott Rozelle, Privatizing Rural China:Insider Privatization, Innovative Contracts and the Performance of Township Enterprises, China Quarterly,2003,174: 981-1005.
[95].Licari, Michael J., Bureaucratic Discretion and Regulatory Success without Enforcement, in Politics, Policy, and Organizations, Frontiers in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy, Edited by George A. Krause & Kenneth J. Meier, Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press, 2003:276-291.
[96].Lieberthal, Kenneth & Michel Oksenberg, Policy Making in China:Leaders, Structures, and Processes, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1988.
[97].Lieberthal, Kenneth G. and David M. Lampton, eds., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, Berkeley:University of California Press,1992.
[98].Lieberthal, Kenneth G. Governing China:from revolution through reform, New York:Norton, 1995.
[99].Lim, Hong-Hai, Representative Bureaucracy:Rethinking Substantive Effects and Active. Representation, Public Administration Review 2006,66:193-204.
[100]. Lin, J. Yifu, Cai, F., & Li, Z. The China miracle:development strategy and economic reform. Rev. ed. Hong Kong:Chinese University Press,2003.
[101]. Lin, Jusfin Yifu, Ran Tao, and Minxing Liu, Decentralization and Local Governance in China's Economic Transition, in Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee (eds.), Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries:A Comparative Perspective, Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.2006.
[102]. Lin, Justin Yifu & Yang Yao. Chinese Rural Industrialization in the Context of the East Asian Miracle, in Rethinking the East Asian Miracle, Joseph E. Stiglitz and Shahid Yusuf, eds. New York:Oxford University Press,2001:143-195.
[103]. Lin, Nan. Local Market Socialism:Local Corporatism in Action in Rural China. Theory and Society 1995,24(3):301-354.
[104]. Lipsky, M., Street-level Bureaucracy:Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services, New York:Russell Stage Foundation,1980.
[105]. Long, N. Bureaucracy and Constitutionalism, American Political Science Review,1952,46: 808-818.
[106]. Lu, X.B. The Politics of Peasant Burden in Reform China, Journal of Peasant Studies, 1997,25(1):113-38.
[107]. Maass, A. A., & Radway L. I., Gauging Administrative Responsibility, Public Administration Review,1949,9:182-192.
[108]. March, J. G., Olsen, J. P., Democratic Governance, New York:Free Press,1995.
[109]. March, J. G., Olsen, J. P., Rediscovering Institutions:The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York:The Free Press,1989.
[110]. Mayo, E., Routine Interaction and the Problem of Collaboration, American Sociological Review,1939,4(3):335-340.
[111]. Mayo, E., The human problems of an industrial civilization, New York:MacMillan,1933.
[112]. McCarthy, John D., Mayer N. Zald, Resource Mobilization and Social Movement s:A Partial Theory. American Journal of Sociology,1977, (82):1212-1241.
[113]. Meier K. J. Latinos and Representative Bureaucracy Testing the Thompson and Henderson Hypotheses, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 1993,3:393-414.
[114]. Meier, K. & Nigro, L. G. Representative Bureaucracy and Policy Preferences:A Study in the Attitudes of Federal Executives, Public Administration Review,1976,36:458-469.
[115]. Meier, K. J. Bureaucracy and Democracy:The Case for More Bureaucracy and Less Democracy, Public Administration Review,1997,57:193-199.
[116]. Meier, Kenneth J. and Bohte J. Structure and Discretion:Missing Links in Representative Bureaucracy, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,2001,11:455-470.
[117]. Meier, Kenneth J. and Krause, George A., The Scientific Study of Bureaucracy:An Overview, in Krause, George A. and Meier, Kenneth J.(Eds.) Politics, Policy, and Organizations:Frontiers in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy, MI:University of Michigan Press,2003.
[118]. Meier, Kenneth J., Polinard, J. L., Wrinkle, R. D. Bureaucracy and Organizational Performance:Causality Arguments about Public Schools, American Journal of Political Science 2000,44:590-602.
[119]. Meier, Kenneth J., Representative Bureaucracy:A Theoretical and Empirical Exposition. Research in Public Administration 1993,2:1-35.
[120]. Meier, Kenneth J., Representative Bureaucracy:An Empirical Analysis, American Political Science Review 1975,69:526-542.
[121]. Meier, Kenneth J., Wrinkle, Robert D. and Polinard, J. L. Representative Bureaucracy and Distributional Equity:Addressing the Hard Question, Journal of Politics 1999,61: 1025-1039.
[122]. Mintzberg, H., Learning 1, Planning 0, California Management Review,1996,38(4): 92-93.
[123]. Mosher, Frederick C. Democracy and the Public Service, New York:Oxford University Press,1968.
[124]. Naughton B., Chinese Institutional Innovation and Privatization form Below, American Economic Review,1994,84(2):266-270.
[125]. Naughton, B., A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition, in Brandt, L., and Rawski, T. G. (eds.), China's Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:91-135.
[126]. Naughton, B., Causes and Consequences of Differential Economic Growth of Chinese Provinces, in China and Its Regions:Economic Growth and Reform in Chinese Provinces, Mary-Francoise Renard, ed. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,2002:57-86.
[127]. Nee, V., A Theory of Market Transition:From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism, American Sociological Review,1989,54:663-681.
[128]. Nee, V., Organizational Dynamics of Market Transition:Hybrid Forms, Property Rights, and Mixed Economy in China, Administrate Science Quarterly,1992,37:1-27.
[129]. Nee, V., Social Inequalities in Reforming State Socialism:Between Redistribution and Markets in China, American Sociological Review,1991.56(3):267-282.
[130]. Nee, V., The Emergence of a Market Society:Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China, American Journal of Sociology,1996,101:908-949.
[131]. Nickinovich, D., Bureaucracy. In Encyclopedia of Sociology,2nd Ed.; Borgatta, E., Montgomery, RJV, Eds.; MacMillan Reference:New York,2000; 229-236.
[132]. Niskanen, W. A., Bureaucracy and representative government, Chicago:Aldine Atherton, 1971.
[133]. O' Brien, Kevin J. & Li Lianjiang, Rightful Resistance in Rural China, Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[134]. O' Brien, Kevin J. and Lianjiang Li, Selective Policy Implementation in Rural China, Comparative Politics,1999,31:167-186.
[135]. Ocasio, W., Towards an attention-based theory of the firm, Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18:187-206.
[136]. Oi, Jean C. & Walder, Andrew G.(eds.) Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, Stanford:Stanford University Press,1999.
[137]. Oi, Jean C. (eds.), Rural China Takes Off:Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform, Berkeley:University of California Press,1999.
[138]. Oi, Jean C. Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundation of Local State Corporatism in China, World Politics.1992,45(1):99-126.
[139]. Oi, Jean C. State and Peasant in Contemporary China:the Political Economy of Village Government, University of California Press,1989.
[140]. Oi, Jean C., and Walder, Andrew G., Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, Stanford, Calif.:Stanford University Press,1999.
[141]. Oi, Jean C., The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy, The China Quarterly,1995,144,1132-1149.
[142]. Olsen, J. P., and Peters B. G. (eds.), Lessons from Experience:Experiential Learning in Administrative Reforms in Eight Democracies, Oslo:Scandanavian University Press,1995.
[143]. Olsen, J. P., Institutional Design in Democratic Contexts, The Journal of Political Philosophy,1997,5(3):203-229.
[144]. Olsen, J. P., Maybe It Is Time to Rediscover Bureaucracy, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,2005,16:1-24.
[145]. Olsen, J. P., The Ups and Downs of Bureaucratic Organization. Annual Review of Political Science,2008,11 (June):13-37.
[146]. Park, Albert & Shen, Minggao. Liability Lending and the Rise and Fall China's Township and Village Enterprises, Journal of Development Economics,2003,71(2):497-531.
[147]. Parsons, T., and Edward Shils, eds. Toward a general theory of action. New York:Harper & Row,1951.
[148]. Pei, Minxin. China's Trapped Transition:the Limits of Developmental Autocracy, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2006.
[149]. Peng, Yusheng. Chinese Villages and Townships as Industrial Corporations:Ownership, Governance, and Market Discipline. American Journal of Sociology 2001,106(5): 1338-1370
[150]. Peters, B. G., The Politics of Bureaucracy, London:Routledge,2001.
[151]. Pugh, D. S., & Hickson, D. J., Great Writers on Organizations:The Third Omnibus Edition, Burlington:Ashgate,2007.
[152]. Qian, Y, and Weingast, B. R,, Federalism as a Commitment to Perserving Market Incentives, The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1997,11(4):83-92.
[153]. Qian, Yingyi & Roland, Gerard & Xu, Chenggang, Why is China different from Eastern Europe? Perspectives from organization theory, European Economic Review,1999,43: 1085-1094.
[154]. Qian, Yingyi and Barry R. Weingast, China's Transition to Markets:Market-Preserving Federalism, Chinese Style, Journal of Policy Reform,1996, (1):149-185.
[155]. Qian, Yingyi, and Gerard Roland, Coordination and Experimentation in M-form and U-form Organizations, Journal of Political Economy,2006,114(2):366-402.
[156]. Qian, Yingyi. Government Control in Corporate Governance as a Transition Institution: Lessons from China, in Rethinking the East Asian Miracle, Joseph E. Stiglitz and Shahid Yusuf, eds. New York:Oxford University Press,2001:295-321.
[157]. Rice, Eugene, F., Jr., The Foundations of Early Modern Europe:1460-1559, New York: Norton,1970.
[158]. Roland, G., Transition and Economics:Politics, Markets, and Firms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,2000.
[159]. Romzek B. S., Ingraham, P. W., Cross Pressures of Accountability:Initiative, command, and failure in the Ron Brown, Public Administration Review,2000,60(3):240-253.
[160]. Rosati, Jerel A. Developing a Systematic Decision-Making Framework:Bureaucratic Politics in Perspective, World Politics 1981,33:234-252.
[161]. Rourke, Francis E., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Public Policy, (3rd ed.), Boston, MA:Little, Brown,1984
[162]. Rumelt, R. P., The many faces of Honda, California Management Review,1996,38(4): 103-111.
[163]. Seidman, H. Politics, Position, and Power:The Dynamics of Federal Organization (3ed.), Oxford:Oxford University Press,1980.
[164]. Seidman, H., Politics, Position, and Power:The Dynamics of Federal Organization, New York:Oxford University Press,1970.
[165]. Selznick, P., Leadership in administration:A sociological interpretation, Berkeley: University of California Press,1957.
[166]. Selznick, P., The TVA and the Grass Roots:A Study of Politics and Organization, Berkeley: University of California Press,1949.
[167]. Senge, P. M., The fifth discipline:The art and practice of the learning organization, New York:Doubleday/Currency,1992.
[168]. Shambaugh, David L., China's Communist Party:atrophy and adaptation, Berkeley: University of California Press,2008.
[169]. Shan, Anwar with Sana Shan, The New Vision of Local Governance and the Evolving Roles of Local government, in Anwar Shah (ed.) Local Governance in Developing Countries, Washington, DC:The World Bank,2006.
[170]. Shevchenko, A., Bringing the party back in:the CCP and the trajectory of market transition in China, Communist and Post-Communist Studies,2004,37:161-185
[171]. Shue, Vivienne, The Reach of the State:Sketches of the Chinese Body Politics, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1988.
[172]. Smith G., Political Machinations in a Rural County, China Journal,2009,62(Jul.):29-59.
[173]. So, Alvin Y., Peasant conflict and the local predatory state in the Chinese countryside, Journal of Peasant Studies,2007,34(3):560-581.
[174]. Steinfeld, E.S., Forging Reform in China:The Fate of State-Owned Industry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
[175]. Sun, Laixiang. Anticipatory Ownership Reform Driven by Competition:China's Township-Village and Private Enterprises in the 1990s, Comparative Economic Studies, 2000,52(3):49-75.
[176]. Sun, Laixiang. Fading Out of Local Government Ownership:Recent Ownership Reform in China's Township and Village Enterprises, Economic Systems,2002,26(3):249-269.
[177]. Thelen K., How Institutions Evolve:The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005.
[178]. Thiers, Paul. Green Food:The Political Economy of Organic Agriculture in China, Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting. Boston, MA, March,1999.
[179]. Tilly, Charles, From Mobilization to Revolution, Mass.:Addison-Wesley,1978.
[180]. Tsao, King K., and John Abbott Worthley, Chinese Public Administration:Change with Continuity during Political and Economic Development, Public Administration Review, 1995,55(2):169-174.
[181]. Tsao, King K., and John Abbott Worthley, Civil Service Development in China and America:A Comparative Perspective, Public Administration Review,2009(December), Special Issue:s88-94.
[182]. Tullock, G. The Politics of Bureaucracy, Washington, D.C.:Public Affairs Press,1965.
[183]. Tullock, G., The Politics of Bureaucracy, Washington, D.C.:Public Affairs Press,1965.
[184]. Walder, Andrew G. ed. China's Transitional Economy. Oxford & New York:Oxford University Press,1996.
[185]. Walder, Andrew G. ed. The Waning of the Communist State:Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary. Berkeley & LA:University of California Press,1995.
[186]. Walder, Andrew G. Local Governments as Industrial Firms:An Organizational Analysis of China's Transitional Economy, The American Journal of Sociology,1995,101:263-301
[187]. Walder, Andrew G. The Evolution of Local State Corporatism, in Andrew Walder (eds.), Zouping in Transition:The Process of Reform in Rural North China, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press,1998.
[188]. Walder, Andrew G., Bobai Li, and Donald J. Treiman. Politics and Life Chances Socialist Regime:Dual Career Paths into the Urban Chinese Elite,1949-1996, American Sociological Review,2000,65:191-209.
[189]. Walder, Andrew G., Communist Neo-traditionalism:Work and Authority in Chinese Industry, Berkeley:University of California Press,1986.
[190]. Waldo, Dwight. The Administrative Behavior:A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations (4th ed.), New York:The Free Press,1997.
[191]. Waldo, Dwight. The Administrative State:A Study of the Political Theory of American Public Administration. New York:Ronald Press,1948.
[192]. Walker, Kathy Le Mons,'Gangster capitalism' and peasant protest in China:The last twenty years, Journal of Peasant Studies,2006,33(1):1-33.
[193]. Wamsley, Gary L.(ed.), Refounding democratic public administration:modern paradoxes, postmodern challenges, Sage Publications,1996.
[194]. Wedeman, Andrew,'Stealing from the Farmers:Institutional Corruption and the 1992 IOU Crisis', The China Quarterly,1997,152 (December):805-831.
[195]. Welch, D. A. The Organizational Process and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms:Retrospect and Prospect, International Security 1992,17:112-146.
[196]. Weldes, J. Bureaucratic Politics:A Critical Constructivist Assessment. Mershon International Studies Review,1998,42:216-225.
[197]. Wilson, J. D. & Wildasin, D. E., Capital tax competition:Bane or boon? Journal of Public Economics,2004, (88):1065-1091.
[198]. Wilson, J. D. Theories of Tax Competition, National Tax Journal,1999,(52):269-304.
[199]. Wilson, W., The Study of Administration, Political Science Quarterly,1887,1(2):197-222
[200]. Woo, W. T., The Real Reasons for China's Growth, The China Journal,1999,41:115-137.
[201]. Woodward, J., Industrial Organization:Theory and Practice. New York:Oxford University Press,1965.
[202]. Yaniv E., & David G. Schwartz. Organizational attention, in Schwartz, David G.(ed.), Encyclopedia of knowledge management, Hershey, PA., Idea Group Publishing,2006.
[203]. Yaniv E., & David G. Schwartz. Organizational attention, in Schwartz, David G.(ed.), Encyclopedia of knowledge management, Hershey, PA., Idea Group Publishing,2006.
[204]. Zhong Yang, Dissecting Chinese County governmental authorities, in Zheng Yongnian and Joseph Fewsmish. China's Opening Society:The non-state sector and governance. London and New York:Routledge,2008.
[205]. Zhong Yang. Local Government and Politics in China:Challenges from Below. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe,2004.
[206]. Zhou Xueguang, The Institutional Logic of Collusion among Local Governments in China, Modern China,2010,36 (1):470-478.
[2].[德]罗伯特·米歇尔斯著：寡头统治铁律[M],任军锋等译,天津：天津人民出版社2003年版。
[3].[德]马克斯·韦伯著：经济与社会(上)[M],林荣远译,北京：商务印书馆1998a年版。
[4].[德]马克斯·韦伯著：经济与社会(下)[M],林荣远译,北京：商务印书馆1998b年版。
[5].[法]米歇尔·福柯：规训与惩罚,刘北成、杨远婴译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店2003年版。
[6].[法]米歇尔·克罗齐埃著：科层现象[M],刘汉全译,上海：上海人民出版社2002年版。
[7].[加]亨利·明茨伯格著：明茨伯格论管理[M],北京：机械工业出版社2007年版。
[8].[美]B·盖伊·彼得斯著：政府未来的治理模式[M],吴爱民等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2001年版。
[9].[美]F.J.古德诺著：政治与行政[M],王元译,北京：华夏出版社1987年版。
[10].[美]V.登哈特、R.登哈特著：新公共服务[M],北京：中国人民大学出版社2006年版。
[11].[美]阿尔伯特·O.赫希曼著：退出、呼吁与忠诚[M],北京：经济科学出版社2001年版。
[12].[美]安东尼·唐斯著：官僚制内幕[M],郭小聪译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2006年版。
[13].[美]白苏珊著：乡村中国的权力与财富：制度变迁的政治经济学[M],杭州：浙江人民出版社2009年版。
[14].[美]布坎南、[澳]布伦南著：宪政经济学[M],冯克利等译,北京：中国社会科学出版2004年版。
[15].[美]查尔斯·T.葛德塞尔著：为官僚制正名——一场公共行政的辩论[M],上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版。
[16].[美]戴维·奥斯本,特德·盖布勒著：改革政府：企业精神如何改革着公共部门[M],上海：上海译文出版社1996年版。
[17].[美]戴维·奥斯本、彼得·普拉斯特里克著：摒弃官僚制：政府再造的五项战略[M],谭功荣、刘霞译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
[18].[美]戴维·杜鲁门著：政治过程——公共利益与公共舆论[M],陈尧译,天津：天津人民出版社2005年版。
[19].[美]道格拉斯·C.诺斯著：制度、制度变迁与经济绩效[M],上海：上海三联书店1994年版。
[20].[美]杜赞奇著：文化、权力与国家[M],南京：江苏人民出版社2006年版。
[21].[美]赫伯特·西蒙著：管理行为[M],詹正茂译,北京：机械工业出版社2004年版。
[22].[美]赫伯特·西蒙著：现代决策理论的基石[M],北京：北京经济学院出版社1989年版。
[23].[美]罗伯特·K.默顿著：社会理论和社会结构[M],唐少杰译,南京：译林出版社2006年版。
[24].[美]迈克尔·巴泽雷著：突破官僚制：政府管理的新愿景[M],孔宪遂等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社2002年版。
[25].[美]麦克法夸尔、费正清编：剑桥中华人民共和国史(上卷)：革命中国的兴起1949-1965年[M],谢亮生等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社1990年版。
[26].[美]曼瑟·奥尔森著：权力与繁荣[M],苏长河译,上海：上海人民出版社2005年版。
[27].[美]乔治·弗里德里克森著：公共行政的精神[M],北京：中国人民大学出版社2006年版。
[28].[美]塞缪尔·亨廷顿著：变化社会中的政治秩序,王冠华、刘为等译,上海：三联书店1989年版。
[29].[美]斯蒂芬·罗宾斯、蒂莫西·贾奇著：组织行为学精要[M],北京：机械工业出版社2008年版。
[30].[美]唐纳德·凯尔特：有效政府：全球公共管理革命[M],朱涛译,上海交通大学出版社2005年版。
[31].[美]威廉姆·A.尼斯坎南著：官僚制与公共经济学[M],北京：中国青年出版社2004年版。
[32].[美]文森特·奥斯特罗姆著：复合共和制的政治理论[M],毛寿龙译,上海：上海三联书店1999年版。
[33].[美]小威廉·T格姆雷、斯蒂芬.J.巴拉著：官僚机构与民主：责任与绩效[M],俞沂暄译,上海：复旦大学出版社2007年版。
[34].[美]詹姆斯·C.斯科特著：国家的视角[M],王晓毅译,北京：社会科学文献出版社2004年。
[35].[美]詹姆斯·Q.威尔逊著：官僚机构：政府机构的行为及其原因[M],北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店,2006年。
[36].[美]詹姆斯·马奇、赫伯特·西蒙著：组织[M],邵冲译,北京：机械工业出版社2008年版。
[37].[日]青木昌彦：比较制度分析[M],周黎安译,上海：上海远东出版社2001年版。
[38].[匈]雅诺什·科尔奈著：社会主义体制——共产主义政治经济学[M],张安译,北京：中央编译出版社2007年版。
[39].[以]S.N.艾森斯塔特著：现代化：抗拒与变迁[M],张旅平等译,北京：中国人民大学出版社1988年版。
[40].[意]帕累托著：精英的兴衰[M],刘北成译,上海：上海人民出版社2003年版。
[4l].[英]安东尼·吉登斯：现代性后果[M],田禾译,南京：译林出版社2000年版。
[42].[英]彼特·布劳,马歇尔·梅歇,现代社会中的科层制[M],马戎,时宪民,邱泽奇译,上海：学林出版社2001年版。
[43].[英]戴维·毕瑟姆：官僚制[M],长春：吉林人民出版社2005年版。
[44].[英]戴维·米勒、韦农·波格丹诺编：布莱克维尔政治学百科全书[M],邓正来等译,北京：中国政法大学出版社2002年版。
[45].[英]弗里德里·冯·希哈耶克：通往奴役之路[M],王明毅等译,北京：中国社会科学出版社1997a年版。
[46].[英]弗里德利希·冯·哈耶克著：自由秩序原理[M],邓正来译,生活·读书·新知三联书店1997b年版。
[47].[英]卡尔·波兰尼著：大转型：我们时代的政治与经济起源[M],冯钢、刘阳译,杭州：浙江人民出版2007年版。
[48].[英]卡尔·波普著：开放社会及其敌人[M],陆衡等译,中国社会科学出版社1999年版。
[49].曹正汉、史晋川：中国地方政府应对市场化改革的策略：抓住经济发展的主动权——理论假说与案例研究[J],社会学研究,2009(4).
[50].陈华栋、顾建光、蒋颖：建国以来我国乡镇政府机构沿革及角色演变研究[J],社会科学战线,2007(2).
[51].陈剩勇、张丙宣：官僚政治学：理论、价值与启示[J],政治学,2009a(11).
[52].陈剩勇、张丙宣：建国60年中国地方行政区划和府际关系的变革与展望[J],浙江工商大学学报,2009b(5)。
[53].陈剩勇、张丙宣：强镇扩权：浙江省近年来小城镇政府管理体制改革的实践[J],浙江学刊,2008(1)。
[54].陈剩勇：政府创新、治理转型与浙江模式[J],浙江社会科学,2009(4).
[55].陈剩勇等：让公民来当家[M],北京：中国社会科学出版社2008年版。
[56].陈振明主编：公务员制度[M],福州：福建人民出版社2007年版。
[57].陈志红著：当代中国政府间纵向关系研究[M],天津：天津人民出版社2005年版。
[58].崔卓兰、刘福元：论行政自由裁量权的内部控制[J],中国法学,2009(4).
[59].董海军著：塘镇：乡镇社会的利益博弈与协调[M],北京：社会科学文献出版社2008年版。
[60].方福前：政府与市场秩序的形成[J],经济理论与经济管理,2004(7).
[61].福柯：治理术[A],冯钢编：社会学基础文献选读[C],杭州：浙江大学出版社2008年版。
[62].高王凌著：人民公社时期中国农民反行为调查[M],北京：中共党史出版社2006年版。
[63].何建华、于建嵘：城市化进程中的农民权益保护问题[J],华中师范大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006(3)
[64].贺雪峰、董磊明：农村乡镇建制：存废之间的思考[J]，中国行政管理,2003(6).
[65].贺雪峰著：乡村研究的国情意识[M],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[66].洪银兴、曹勇：经济体制转轨时期的地方政府功能[J],经济研究,1996(5).
[67].洪银兴：地方政府行为和中国市场经济的发展[J],经济学家,1997(1).
[68].黄佩华：财政改革和省以下的财政[J],经济社会体制比较,1994(6).
[69].黄宗智：认识中国——走向从实践出发的社会科学[J],中国社会科学,2005(1).
[70].贾康、白景新：县乡财政解困和财政体制创新[J],经济研究,2002(2).
[71].江南：浙江推行领导干部下访制度[N],人民日报,2003-11-11,第四版。
[72].金太军等著：政府职能梳理与重构[M],广州：广东人民出版社2002年版。
[73].精乡扩镇、乡派镇治：乡级治理体制的结构性改革[J],江西社会科学,2004(1).
[74].瞿同祖著：清代地方政府[M],范忠信译,北京：法律出版社2003年版。
[75].蓝志勇著：行政官僚与现代社会[M],广州：中山大学出版社2003年版。
[76].李昌平：乡镇体制改革：变官本位为民本位[J],中国改革,2004b(2).
[77].李昌平：乡镇体制改革：官本位体制向民本位体制转变[A],李昌平、董磊明主编：税费改革背景下的乡镇体制研究[C],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[78].李军鹏：公共服务型政府[M],北京：北京大学出版社2004年版。
[79].李若建,指标管理的失败：“大跃进”与困难时期的官员造假行为[J],开放时代,2009(3).
[80].李若建：权力与人性：大跃进时期公共食堂研究[J],开放时代,2004(1).
[81].林毅夫、刘志强：中国的财政分权与经济增长[J],北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2000(4).
[82].刘能著：等级制和社会网络视野中的乡镇行政：北镇的个案研究,北京：中国社会科学文献出版社2008年版。
[83].刘熙瑞：服务型政府——经济全球化背景下中国政府改革的目标选择[J],中国行政管理,2002(7).
[84].刘祖华：中国乡镇政府角色变迁的财政逻辑[J],二十一世纪,2008(3)
[85].马力宏：论政府管理中的条块关系[J],政治学研究,1998(4).
[86].马约恩：公共政策与公共行政：观念、利益和制度[A],[美]罗伯特·古丁、汉斯-迪特尔·克林格曼主编：政治科学新手册[C],钟开斌等译,北京：生活.读书.新知三联书店2006年版。
[87].米歇尔·福柯：规训与惩罚[M],刘北成、杨远婴译,北京：生活·读书·新知三联书店出 版社1999年版。
[88].欧阳静：乡镇权力运作的逻辑——以桔镇为研究对象[A],乡村中国评论(第3辑),济南：山东人民出版社2008年版。
[89].钱颖一、许成钢：中国的经济改革为什么与众不同——M型的层级制和非国有部门的进入与扩张[J],经济社会体制比较,1993(11).
[90].丘海雄、徐建牛：市场转型过程中地方政府角色研究述评[J],社会学研究,2004(4).
[91].丘泽奇：在政府与厂商之间：乡镇政府的经济活动分析[J]，二十一世纪,1998(4).
[92].饶静、叶敬忠：我国乡镇政权角色和行为的社会学研究综述[J],社会,2007(3).
[93].荣敬本等著：从压力型体制向民主合作性体制的转变：县乡两级政治体制改革[M],北京：中央编译出版社1998年版。
[94].荣敬本等著：从压力型体制向民主合作性体制的转变：县乡两级政治体制改革[M],北京：中央编译出版社1998年版。
[95].沈延生、张守礼：自治抑或行政：中国乡治的回顾与展望[J],战略与管理,2003(1).
[96].沈延生：村政的兴衰与重建[J],战略与管理,1999(6).
[97].孙立平：改革以来中国社会结构的变迁,中国社会科学,1994(2).
[98].孙立平：过程／事件分析”与当代中国国家—农民关系的实践形态[A],清华大学社会学系编：清华社会学评论特辑[C],厦门：鹭江出版社2000年版。
[99].孙立平：实践社会学与市场转型过程分析[J],中国社会科学,2002(5).
[100].田毅、王旭著：他乡之税：一个乡镇的三十年,一个国家的“隐秘”财政史[M],北京：中信出版社2008年版。
[101].王汉生、王一鸽：目标管理责任制：农村基层政权实践逻辑[J],社会学研究,2009(2)
[102].王千文：官僚体制中的“服从”与“自主”矛盾现象之探讨——韦伯观点的诠释[J],中国行政,2009(4)：101-127.
[103].王颖著：新集体主义：农村社会的再组织[M],北京：经济管理出版社1996年版。
[104].温铁军：“三农问题”与解决办法[J],中国改革,2003(2).
[105].吴理财：官民合作体制：“乡政自治”[A],李昌平、董磊明主编：税费改革背景下的乡镇体制研究[C],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[106].吴理财：官民合作体制：“乡政自治’—乡镇政府改革思路探讨[A],载李昌平、董磊明主编：税费改革背景下的乡镇体制研究[C],武汉：湖北人民出版社2004年版。
[107].吴理财：农村税费改革与“乡政”角色转换[J],经济社会体制比较,2001(5).
[108].吴毅：“双重角色”、“经纪模式”与“守夜人”和“撞钟者”[J],开放时代,2001(12).
[109].吴毅著：小镇喧嚣——一个乡镇政治运作的演绎与阐释[M],生活·读书·新知三联出版社2007年版。
[110].肖唐镖：农村宗族势力与国家权力的互动关系[J],探索与争鸣,1998(7).
[111].谢立中：结构制度分析还是事件过程分析[J],中国农业大学学报,2007(4).
[112].谢庆奎：服务型政府建设的理论研究[J],学习与探索,2005(5).
[113].徐勇：村干部的双重角色：代理人与当家人[J],二十一世纪,2002(10).
[114].徐勇：精乡扩镇、乡派镇治：乡级治理体制的结构性改革[J],江西社会科学,2004(1).
[115].徐勇：县政、乡派、村治：乡村治理的结构性转换[J],江苏社会科学,2002(2).
[116].徐勇：现代国家建构中的非均衡性和自主性分析[J],华中师大学报,2003(5).
[117].徐勇：乡村治理结构改革的走向：强村、精乡、简县[J],战略与管理,2003(4).
[118].雅诺什·科尔奈：预算软约束综合症与全球金融危机—来自东欧经济学家的警告[J],比较,第42辑,2009.
[119].阎林著：政府组织机构调整与经济发展[M],杭州：社会科学文献出版社1999年版。
[120].杨瑞龙：我国制度变迁方式转换的三阶段论——兼论地方政府的制度创新行为[J],经济研究,1998(1).
[121].杨善华、苏红：从“代理型政权经营者”到“谋利型政权经营者”向市场经济转型背景下的乡镇政权[J],社会学研究,2002(1).
[122].杨雪冬：市场发育、社会生长和公共权力构建：以县为微观分析单位[M],郑州：河南人民出版社2002年版
[123].杨志勇、杨之刚著：中国财政体制30年[M],上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
[124].叶本干：抵制与压制：地方治理中乡镇权力的两面性[J],二十一世纪,2005(4).
[125].于建嵘：利益、权威和秩序——对村民对抗基层政府的群体性事件的分析,中国农村观察,2000(4).
[126].于建嵘：乡镇自治：根据和路径[J],战略与管理,2002(6).
[127].于猛：严查涉“土”官商勾结[N],人民日报,2010-01-15,第11版。
[128].詹成付著：乡村政治若干问题研究[M],西安：西北大学出版社2004年版。
[129].张静著：基层政权：乡村制度诸问题[M],杭州：浙江人民出版社2000年版。
[130].张汝立：目标、手段与偏差—农村基层政权组织运行困境的一个分析框架[J],中国农村观察,2001(4).
[131].郑法：农村改革与公共权力的划分[J],战略与管理,2000(4).
[132].中国行政管理学会课题组：服务型政府是我国行政改革的目标选择[J],中国行政管理,2005(5).
[133].周飞舟：从汲取型政权到“悬浮型”政权——税费改革对国家与农民关系之影响[J],社会学研究,2006(3).
[134].周黎安：中国地方官员的晋升锦标赛模式研究[J],经济研究,2007(7).
[135].周黎安著：转型中的地方政府：官员激励与治理[M],上海：上海人民出版社2008年版。
[136].周其仁编：农村变革与中国发展[C],香港：牛津大学出版社1994年版。
[137].周雪光、赵伟：英文文献中的中国组织现象研究[J],社会学研究,2009(6).
[138].周雪光：“逆向软预算约束”：一个政府行为的组织分析[J],中国社会科学,2005(2).
[139].周雪光：基层政府间的“共谋现象”——一个政府行为的制度逻辑[J],社会学研究,2008(6).
[140].周业安、冯兴元、赵坚毅：地方政府竞争与市场秩序的重构[J],中国社会科学,2004(1).
[141].周业安：中国地方政府竞争30年[J],教学与研究,2009(11).
[142].朱明芬、楼大为：集体土地房屋拆迁当事人行为解读[A],浙江省党校系统理论研讨会论文集[C],2004年。
[1]. Allison, G. & Zelikow, P., Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis,2nd edition, Pearson Longman,1999.
[2]. Allison, G. Essence of Decision:Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, Boston:Little Brown & Company,1971.
[3]. Allison, G T. & Halperin, Morton H. Bureaucratic Politics:A Paradigm and Some Policy Implications, World Politics 1972,24:40-79.
[4]. Argyris, C., Knowledge for Action:A Guide to Overcoming Barriers to Organizational Change, Jossey-Bass Wiley,1993.
[5]. Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F., High impact leader. Moments matter in authentic leadership development. New York:McGraw-Hill,2006.
[6]. Bai, Chong-En, David D. Li, and Yijiang Wang. Thriving on a Tilted Playing Field:China's Non-State Enterprises in the Reform Era, Working Paper 95, Stanford:Center for Research on Economic Development and Policy Reform, Stanford University.2001.
[7]. Bell, S. & Hindmoor, A., Rethinking Governance:The Centrality of the State in Modern Societies, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2009.
[8]. Bendor, J. & Hammond, T. Rethinking Allison's Models, American Political Science Review, 1992,86:302-303.
[9]. Bendor, J. and Moe, T. M. An Adaptive Model of Bureaucratic Politics, American Political Science Review 1985,79:755-774.
[10].Bendor, Jonathan and Hammond, Thomas H. Rethinking Allison's Models, American Political Science Review 1992,86:301-322.
[11].Bendor, Jonathan and Meirowitz, A., Spatial Models of Delegation, American Political Science Review,2004,98:293-310.
[12]. Bendor, Jonathan. The Fields of Bureaucracy and Public Administration:Basic and Applied Research, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 1994,4:27-39.
[13].Bentley, A., The Process of Government, Cambridge:Belknap Press of Harvard University Press,1967.
[14].Bernstein, Thomas P. & Xiaobo Lu, Taxation without Representation in Rural China. Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2003.
[15].Blau, P. M., The dynamics of bureaucracy:A study of interpersonal relations in two government agencies. Chicago:University of Chicago Press,1955.
[16].Brandt, L., & Rawski, T., China's Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008.
[17]. Burns, J. P., China's Nomenklatura system, Problems of Communism,1987,36 (5):36-51.
[18].Burns, J. P., Strengthening central CCP control of leadership selection:the 1990 Nomenklatura, The China Quarterly,1994,138:458-489.
[19].Cai, Y., Local Governments and the Suppression of Popular Resistance in China, The China Quarterly,2008,193:24-42.
[20].Chang, Chun and Yijiang Wang. The Nature of the Township-Village Enterprise, Journal of Comparative Economics,1994,19:434-452.
[21]. Che, Jiahua and Yingyi Qian. Insecure Property Rights and Government Ownership of Firms, Quarterly Journal of Economics.1998,113(2):467-496.
[22].Child, J., Managerial and organizational factors associated with company performance, Journal of Management Studies,1975,11:174-89.
[23].Cohen M. D, & Sproull, L. S., Organizational Learning, Sage:Thousand Oaks, CA.1996.
[24]. Cooper, T. L., The Responsible Administrator, (4th ed.), San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,1998.
[25].Corner, P. D., Kinicki, A. J., & Keats, B. W. Integrating organizational and individual information perspectives on choice, Organization Science,1994,5:294-308.
[26]. Crick, B., In Defence of Politics,5th ed., Harmondsworth:Penguin,2000.
[27].Crossan, M. M., & Berdrow, I., Organizational Learning and Strategic Renewal, Strategic
Management Journal,2003,24(11):1087-1105
[28].DeGeus, A. P., Planning as learning, Harvard Business Review,1988,66(2):70-74.
[29]. Donaldson, L., Contingency Theory, ix, in History of Management Thought Series, Aldershot: Darmouth Publishing Company,1995.
[30].Donaldson, L., For Positivist Organization:Proving the Hard Core, London:Sage Publication, 1996.
[31 ].Donaldson, L., Organizational theory as a positive science, in H. Tsoukas and. C. Knudsen (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Organization Theory:Meta-theoretical Perspectives, Oxford: Oxford University Press,2003.
[32].Donaldson, L., The Contingency Theory of Organizations, Thousand Oaks, Calif.:Sage Publication,2001.
[33].Duara, Prasenjit. De-Constructing the Chinese Nation, The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs,1993,30(July):1-26.
[34].Duara, Prasenjit. Power in rural society:North China villages,1900-1940, Ph. D. Diss., Harvard University,1983.
[35].Edin, M., State capacity and local agent control in China:CCP cadre management from a township perspective, The China Quarterly,2003, (173):35-52.
[36].Evans, P., Embedded Autonomy:States and Industrial Transformation, Princeton University Press,1995.
[37].Evans, Peter B. Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses:A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State, Sociological Forum,1989,4(4):561-588.
[38].Evans, Peter B., Dietrich Rueschemeyer, and Theda Skocpol, eds. Bringing the State Back In, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1985.
[39].Eyal, G, Szelenyi, I., Townsley, E., Making Capitalism without Capitalism:Class Formation and Elite Struggles in Post-Communist Central Europe, Verso, London,1998.
[40].Fiedler, F. E. & Garcia, J. E., New Approaches to Leadership, Cognitive Resources and Organizational Performance, New York:John Wiley and Sons,1987.
[41].Filley, Alan C. & Robert J. House, Managerial Process and Organizational Behavior, Glenview, Ⅱ.:Scott, Foresman,1969.
[42].Finer, H. Administrative responsibility in democratic government, Public Administration review,1941, 1(4):335-350.
[43].Frederickson, H. G. & Smith, K. B., The Public Administration Theory Primer, Boulder, CO: Westview Press,2003.
[44].Frederickson, H. G., The repositioning of American public administration, Political Science and Politics,1999,32 (4):701-711.
[45].Friedrich, Carl Joachim. Public Policy and the Nature of Administrative Responsibility, Public Policy,1940,1(1):3-24.
[46]. Gaus, J. M., Notes on administration, American Political Science Review,1931,25:123-134.
[47].Gaus, J. M., Trends in the theory of public administration, Public Administration Review, 1950,3:161-168.
[48].Golden, Marissa M., What Motivates Bureaucrats? Politics and Administration during the Reagan Years, New York:Columbia University Press.2001.
[49].Goodin, R. E., Democratic Accountability:The Distinctiveness of the Third Sector, European Journal of Sociology,2003,44(3):359-396.
[50].Goold M.. Learning, planning, and strategy, California Management Review,1996,38(4): 100-102.
[51].Gouldner, A. W., Metaphysical pathos and the theory of bureaucracy, American Political Science Review,1955,49:496-507.
[52].Gouldner, A.W., Patterns of industrial bureaucracy. Glencoe, IL:Free Press,1954.
[53].Grief, A., and David Laitin, A Theory of Endogenous Institutional Change. American Political Science Review,2004,98 (4):14-48.
[54].Guo, Xiaolin, Land Expropriation and Rural Conflicts in China, The China Quarterly,2001, 422-439.
[55].Gurr, T. Robert, Why Men Rebel, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1970.
[56].Hage J., Theories of Organizations:Form, Process, and Transformation, New York:John Wiley,1980.
[57].Haggard, S., Pathways from the Periphery:The Politics of Growth in the Newly Industrializing Countries, Ithaca, NY:Cornell University Press,1990.
[58].Hall, Richard H. The Concept of Bureaucracy:An Empirical Assessment, American Journal of Sociology,1963,68:32-40.
[59].Hambrick, D. C., & Mason, P. A., Upper echelons:The organization as a reflection of its top management, Academy of Management Review,1984,9:193-206.
[60].He, Qinglian, China's Desert into a Quagmire:Part Ⅰ, The Chinese Economy,2001,33(3).
[61].Herzog, D., Some Questions for Republicans, Political Theory,1986,14:473-493.
[62].Holmstrom, N & Smith, R, The necessity of gangster capitalism:Primitive accumulation in. Russia and China, Monthly Review,2000,51(9):1-15.
[63].House, R. G., A path-goal theory of leader effectiveness, Administrative Science Leadership Review,1971,16:321-339.
[64].Hsu, C. L., Capitalism without contracts versus capitalists without capitalism:comparing the influence of Chinese guanxi and Russian blat on marketization, Communist and Post-Communist Studies,2005,38(3):309-327.
[65]. Jefferson, Gary H., & Singh, I., Enterprise Reform in China:Ownership, Transition, and Performance, New York:Oxford University Press,1999.
[66].Jiang Shigong, Written and Unwritten Constitutions:A New Approach to the Study of Constitutional Government in China, Modern China,2010,36(1):12-46.
[67].Jiang, Xiaojuan. China's Industries in Transition:Organizational Change, Efficiency Gains and Growth Dynamics, Huntington, NY:Nova Science Publishers,2001.
[68]. Jin, Hehui & Yingyi Qian, Public vs. Private Ownership of Firms:Evidence from Rural China, Quarterly Journal of Economics,1998,113(3):773-808.
[69]. Johnson, C., MITI and the Japanese Miracle:The Growth of Industrial Policy,1925-1975, Stanford:Stanford University Press,1982.
[70].Jowitt, K., Soviet neo-traditionalism:the political corruption of a Leninist regime. Soviet Studies,1983,35 (3):275-297.
[71].Kaufmann, D., & Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. Governance Matters Ⅱ-Updated Indicators for 2000/01." World Bank Policy Research Department Working Paper No.2772.2002.
[72].Keefer, P., A Review of the Political Economy of Governance:From Property Rights to Voice. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 3315, Washington DC:World Bank,2004.
[73].Keller, R. T., Technology-information and the locus of influence in the R&D martrix, Academy of Management Journal,1994,28(1):167-179.
[74].Khan, M.H., Rents, efficiency and growth, In Rents, Rent-Seeking and Economic Development:Theory and Evidence in Asia, Khan, M.H., Sundram, J.K. (Eds.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2000:21-69.
[75].Khandwalla, P., Viable and effective organizational designs of firms, Academy of Management Journal,1973,16:481-495.
[76].Kingsley, Donald. Representative Bureaucracy. OH:Antioch Press,1944.
[77].Kreps, D., Game Theory and Economic Modeling, Oxford:Oxford University Press,1990.
[78].Krislov, Samuel. Representative Bureaucracy. NJ:Prentice-Hall,1977.
[79].Krumm, Kathie & Christine P. Wong, China:Fiscal Risks of Contingent Liabilities, in Government at Risk:Contingent Liabilities and Fiscal Risk, Hana Polackova Brixi and Alan Schick, eds. Washington D. C:World Bank,2002.
[80].Lam, Tao-chiu, and Hon S. Chan, China's New Civil Service:What the Emperor Is Wearing and Why, Public Administration Review,1996,56(5):479-484.
[81].Lampton, D. A., A plum for a peach:Bargaining, interest, and bureaucratic politics in China. In Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, eds. By Lieberthal, Kenneth G. & Lampton, David M. Berkeley: University of California Press,1992.
[82].Lant, T. K, Milliken, F. J, & Batra, B., The role of managerial learning and interpretation in strategic persistence and reorientation:an empirical exploration, Strategic Management Journal,1992,13(8):585-608.
[83].Larson, A. D. Representative Bureaucracy and Administrative Responsibility:A Reassessment. Midwest Review of Public Administration 1973,7:79-89.
[84].Lau, L. J., Qian, Y., & Roland, G., Reform without losers:an interpretation of China's dual-track approach to transition, Journal of Political Economy,2000,108:120-143
[85].Lau, Lawrence J., & Yingyi Qian, Gerard Roland, Reform without Losers:An Interpretation of China's Dual-Track Approach to Transition, The Journal of Political Economy,2000, 108(1):120-143.
[86].Levinthal, D. A., March, J. G, The myopia of learning, Strategic Management Journal,1993, 14:95-112.
[87].Levitsky, S., Murillo V. M., Variation in Institutional Strength:Causes and Implications, Annual Review of Political Science,2009,12:71-92.
[88].Levitsky, Steven & Mara Victoria Murillo, Variation in Institutional Strength, Annual Review of Political Science,2009,12:115-33.
[89].Li Lianjiang, and O'Brien, Kevin, Villagers and popular resistance in contemporary China, Modem China,1996,22,1:28-61.
[90].Li Lianjiang, Political Trust in Rural China, Modern China,2004,30(2):228-258.
[91].Li, Bobai & Walder, Andrew G, Career advancement as Party patronage:sponsored mobility into the Chinese administrative elite,1949-1996, American Journal of Sociology,2001,106: 1371-1408.
[92].Li, David D. Changing Incentives of the Chinese Bureaucracy, The American Economic Review,1998,88(2):393-397.
[93].Li, David D., A Theory of Ambiguous Property Rights in Transition Economies:The Case of the Chinese Non-State Sector, Journal of Comparative Economics,1996,23(1):1-19.
[94].Li, Hongbin & Scott Rozelle, Privatizing Rural China:Insider Privatization, Innovative Contracts and the Performance of Township Enterprises, China Quarterly,2003,174: 981-1005.
[95].Licari, Michael J., Bureaucratic Discretion and Regulatory Success without Enforcement, in Politics, Policy, and Organizations, Frontiers in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy, Edited by George A. Krause & Kenneth J. Meier, Ann Arbor:The University of Michigan Press, 2003:276-291.
[96].Lieberthal, Kenneth & Michel Oksenberg, Policy Making in China:Leaders, Structures, and Processes, Princeton:Princeton University Press,1988.
[97].Lieberthal, Kenneth G. and David M. Lampton, eds., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China, Berkeley:University of California Press,1992.
[98].Lieberthal, Kenneth G. Governing China:from revolution through reform, New York:Norton, 1995.
[99].Lim, Hong-Hai, Representative Bureaucracy:Rethinking Substantive Effects and Active. Representation, Public Administration Review 2006,66:193-204.
[100]. Lin, J. Yifu, Cai, F., & Li, Z. The China miracle:development strategy and economic reform. Rev. ed. Hong Kong:Chinese University Press,2003.
[101]. Lin, Jusfin Yifu, Ran Tao, and Minxing Liu, Decentralization and Local Governance in China's Economic Transition, in Pranab Bardhan and Dilip Mookherjee (eds.), Decentralization and Local Governance in Developing Countries:A Comparative Perspective, Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.2006.
[102]. Lin, Justin Yifu & Yang Yao. Chinese Rural Industrialization in the Context of the East Asian Miracle, in Rethinking the East Asian Miracle, Joseph E. Stiglitz and Shahid Yusuf, eds. New York:Oxford University Press,2001:143-195.
[103]. Lin, Nan. Local Market Socialism:Local Corporatism in Action in Rural China. Theory and Society 1995,24(3):301-354.
[104]. Lipsky, M., Street-level Bureaucracy:Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services, New York:Russell Stage Foundation,1980.
[105]. Long, N. Bureaucracy and Constitutionalism, American Political Science Review,1952,46: 808-818.
[106]. Lu, X.B. The Politics of Peasant Burden in Reform China, Journal of Peasant Studies, 1997,25(1):113-38.
[107]. Maass, A. A., & Radway L. I., Gauging Administrative Responsibility, Public Administration Review,1949,9:182-192.
[108]. March, J. G., Olsen, J. P., Democratic Governance, New York:Free Press,1995.
[109]. March, J. G., Olsen, J. P., Rediscovering Institutions:The Organizational Basis of Politics. New York:The Free Press,1989.
[110]. Mayo, E., Routine Interaction and the Problem of Collaboration, American Sociological Review,1939,4(3):335-340.
[111]. Mayo, E., The human problems of an industrial civilization, New York:MacMillan,1933.
[112]. McCarthy, John D., Mayer N. Zald, Resource Mobilization and Social Movement s:A Partial Theory. American Journal of Sociology,1977, (82):1212-1241.
[113]. Meier K. J. Latinos and Representative Bureaucracy Testing the Thompson and Henderson Hypotheses, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 1993,3:393-414.
[114]. Meier, K. & Nigro, L. G. Representative Bureaucracy and Policy Preferences:A Study in the Attitudes of Federal Executives, Public Administration Review,1976,36:458-469.
[115]. Meier, K. J. Bureaucracy and Democracy:The Case for More Bureaucracy and Less Democracy, Public Administration Review,1997,57:193-199.
[116]. Meier, Kenneth J. and Bohte J. Structure and Discretion:Missing Links in Representative Bureaucracy, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,2001,11:455-470.
[117]. Meier, Kenneth J. and Krause, George A., The Scientific Study of Bureaucracy:An Overview, in Krause, George A. and Meier, Kenneth J.(Eds.) Politics, Policy, and Organizations:Frontiers in the Scientific Study of Bureaucracy, MI:University of Michigan Press,2003.
[118]. Meier, Kenneth J., Polinard, J. L., Wrinkle, R. D. Bureaucracy and Organizational Performance:Causality Arguments about Public Schools, American Journal of Political Science 2000,44:590-602.
[119]. Meier, Kenneth J., Representative Bureaucracy:A Theoretical and Empirical Exposition. Research in Public Administration 1993,2:1-35.
[120]. Meier, Kenneth J., Representative Bureaucracy:An Empirical Analysis, American Political Science Review 1975,69:526-542.
[121]. Meier, Kenneth J., Wrinkle, Robert D. and Polinard, J. L. Representative Bureaucracy and Distributional Equity:Addressing the Hard Question, Journal of Politics 1999,61: 1025-1039.
[122]. Mintzberg, H., Learning 1, Planning 0, California Management Review,1996,38(4): 92-93.
[123]. Mosher, Frederick C. Democracy and the Public Service, New York:Oxford University Press,1968.
[124]. Naughton B., Chinese Institutional Innovation and Privatization form Below, American Economic Review,1994,84(2):266-270.
[125]. Naughton, B., A Political Economy of China's Economic Transition, in Brandt, L., and Rawski, T. G. (eds.), China's Great Economic Transformation, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2008:91-135.
[126]. Naughton, B., Causes and Consequences of Differential Economic Growth of Chinese Provinces, in China and Its Regions:Economic Growth and Reform in Chinese Provinces, Mary-Francoise Renard, ed. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar,2002:57-86.
[127]. Nee, V., A Theory of Market Transition:From Redistribution to Markets in State Socialism, American Sociological Review,1989,54:663-681.
[128]. Nee, V., Organizational Dynamics of Market Transition:Hybrid Forms, Property Rights, and Mixed Economy in China, Administrate Science Quarterly,1992,37:1-27.
[129]. Nee, V., Social Inequalities in Reforming State Socialism:Between Redistribution and Markets in China, American Sociological Review,1991.56(3):267-282.
[130]. Nee, V., The Emergence of a Market Society:Changing Mechanisms of Stratification in China, American Journal of Sociology,1996,101:908-949.
[131]. Nickinovich, D., Bureaucracy. In Encyclopedia of Sociology,2nd Ed.; Borgatta, E., Montgomery, RJV, Eds.; MacMillan Reference:New York,2000; 229-236.
[132]. Niskanen, W. A., Bureaucracy and representative government, Chicago:Aldine Atherton, 1971.
[133]. O' Brien, Kevin J. & Li Lianjiang, Rightful Resistance in Rural China, Cambridge and New York:Cambridge University Press,2006.
[134]. O' Brien, Kevin J. and Lianjiang Li, Selective Policy Implementation in Rural China, Comparative Politics,1999,31:167-186.
[135]. Ocasio, W., Towards an attention-based theory of the firm, Strategic Management Journal, 1997,18:187-206.
[136]. Oi, Jean C. & Walder, Andrew G.(eds.) Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, Stanford:Stanford University Press,1999.
[137]. Oi, Jean C. (eds.), Rural China Takes Off:Institutional Foundations of Economic Reform, Berkeley:University of California Press,1999.
[138]. Oi, Jean C. Fiscal Reform and the Economic Foundation of Local State Corporatism in China, World Politics.1992,45(1):99-126.
[139]. Oi, Jean C. State and Peasant in Contemporary China:the Political Economy of Village Government, University of California Press,1989.
[140]. Oi, Jean C., and Walder, Andrew G., Property Rights and Economic Reform in China, Stanford, Calif.:Stanford University Press,1999.
[141]. Oi, Jean C., The Role of the Local State in China's Transitional Economy, The China Quarterly,1995,144,1132-1149.
[142]. Olsen, J. P., and Peters B. G. (eds.), Lessons from Experience:Experiential Learning in Administrative Reforms in Eight Democracies, Oslo:Scandanavian University Press,1995.
[143]. Olsen, J. P., Institutional Design in Democratic Contexts, The Journal of Political Philosophy,1997,5(3):203-229.
[144]. Olsen, J. P., Maybe It Is Time to Rediscover Bureaucracy, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory,2005,16:1-24.
[145]. Olsen, J. P., The Ups and Downs of Bureaucratic Organization. Annual Review of Political Science,2008,11 (June):13-37.
[146]. Park, Albert & Shen, Minggao. Liability Lending and the Rise and Fall China's Township and Village Enterprises, Journal of Development Economics,2003,71(2):497-531.
[147]. Parsons, T., and Edward Shils, eds. Toward a general theory of action. New York:Harper & Row,1951.
[148]. Pei, Minxin. China's Trapped Transition:the Limits of Developmental Autocracy, Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2006.
[149]. Peng, Yusheng. Chinese Villages and Townships as Industrial Corporations:Ownership, Governance, and Market Discipline. American Journal of Sociology 2001,106(5): 1338-1370
[150]. Peters, B. G., The Politics of Bureaucracy, London:Routledge,2001.
[151]. Pugh, D. S., & Hickson, D. J., Great Writers on Organizations:The Third Omnibus Edition, Burlington:Ashgate,2007.
[152]. Qian, Y, and Weingast, B. R,, Federalism as a Commitment to Perserving Market Incentives, The Journal of Economic Perspectives,1997,11(4):83-92.
[153]. Qian, Yingyi & Roland, Gerard & Xu, Chenggang, Why is China different from Eastern Europe? Perspectives from organization theory, European Economic Review,1999,43: 1085-1094.
[154]. Qian, Yingyi and Barry R. Weingast, China's Transition to Markets:Market-Preserving Federalism, Chinese Style, Journal of Policy Reform,1996, (1):149-185.
[155]. Qian, Yingyi, and Gerard Roland, Coordination and Experimentation in M-form and U-form Organizations, Journal of Political Economy,2006,114(2):366-402.
[156]. Qian, Yingyi. Government Control in Corporate Governance as a Transition Institution: Lessons from China, in Rethinking the East Asian Miracle, Joseph E. Stiglitz and Shahid Yusuf, eds. New York:Oxford University Press,2001:295-321.
[157]. Rice, Eugene, F., Jr., The Foundations of Early Modern Europe:1460-1559, New York: Norton,1970.
[158]. Roland, G., Transition and Economics:Politics, Markets, and Firms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,2000.
[159]. Romzek B. S., Ingraham, P. W., Cross Pressures of Accountability:Initiative, command, and failure in the Ron Brown, Public Administration Review,2000,60(3):240-253.
[160]. Rosati, Jerel A. Developing a Systematic Decision-Making Framework:Bureaucratic Politics in Perspective, World Politics 1981,33:234-252.
[161]. Rourke, Francis E., Bureaucracy, Politics, and Public Policy, (3rd ed.), Boston, MA:Little, Brown,1984
[162]. Rumelt, R. P., The many faces of Honda, California Management Review,1996,38(4): 103-111.
[163]. Seidman, H. Politics, Position, and Power:The Dynamics of Federal Organization (3ed.), Oxford:Oxford University Press,1980.
[164]. Seidman, H., Politics, Position, and Power:The Dynamics of Federal Organization, New York:Oxford University Press,1970.
[165]. Selznick, P., Leadership in administration:A sociological interpretation, Berkeley: University of California Press,1957.
[166]. Selznick, P., The TVA and the Grass Roots:A Study of Politics and Organization, Berkeley: University of California Press,1949.
[167]. Senge, P. M., The fifth discipline:The art and practice of the learning organization, New York:Doubleday/Currency,1992.
[168]. Shambaugh, David L., China's Communist Party:atrophy and adaptation, Berkeley: University of California Press,2008.
[169]. Shan, Anwar with Sana Shan, The New Vision of Local Governance and the Evolving Roles of Local government, in Anwar Shah (ed.) Local Governance in Developing Countries, Washington, DC:The World Bank,2006.
[170]. Shevchenko, A., Bringing the party back in:the CCP and the trajectory of market transition in China, Communist and Post-Communist Studies,2004,37:161-185
[171]. Shue, Vivienne, The Reach of the State:Sketches of the Chinese Body Politics, Stanford: Stanford University Press,1988.
[172]. Smith G., Political Machinations in a Rural County, China Journal,2009,62(Jul.):29-59.
[173]. So, Alvin Y., Peasant conflict and the local predatory state in the Chinese countryside, Journal of Peasant Studies,2007,34(3):560-581.
[174]. Steinfeld, E.S., Forging Reform in China:The Fate of State-Owned Industry, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,1998.
[175]. Sun, Laixiang. Anticipatory Ownership Reform Driven by Competition:China's Township-Village and Private Enterprises in the 1990s, Comparative Economic Studies, 2000,52(3):49-75.
[176]. Sun, Laixiang. Fading Out of Local Government Ownership:Recent Ownership Reform in China's Township and Village Enterprises, Economic Systems,2002,26(3):249-269.
[177]. Thelen K., How Institutions Evolve:The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2005.
[178]. Thiers, Paul. Green Food:The Political Economy of Organic Agriculture in China, Association for Asian Studies Annual Meeting. Boston, MA, March,1999.
[179]. Tilly, Charles, From Mobilization to Revolution, Mass.:Addison-Wesley,1978.
[180]. Tsao, King K., and John Abbott Worthley, Chinese Public Administration:Change with Continuity during Political and Economic Development, Public Administration Review, 1995,55(2):169-174.
[181]. Tsao, King K., and John Abbott Worthley, Civil Service Development in China and America:A Comparative Perspective, Public Administration Review,2009(December), Special Issue:s88-94.
[182]. Tullock, G. The Politics of Bureaucracy, Washington, D.C.:Public Affairs Press,1965.
[183]. Tullock, G., The Politics of Bureaucracy, Washington, D.C.:Public Affairs Press,1965.
[184]. Walder, Andrew G. ed. China's Transitional Economy. Oxford & New York:Oxford University Press,1996.
[185]. Walder, Andrew G. ed. The Waning of the Communist State:Economic Origins of Political Decline in China and Hungary. Berkeley & LA:University of California Press,1995.
[186]. Walder, Andrew G. Local Governments as Industrial Firms:An Organizational Analysis of China's Transitional Economy, The American Journal of Sociology,1995,101:263-301
[187]. Walder, Andrew G. The Evolution of Local State Corporatism, in Andrew Walder (eds.), Zouping in Transition:The Process of Reform in Rural North China, Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press,1998.
[188]. Walder, Andrew G., Bobai Li, and Donald J. Treiman. Politics and Life Chances Socialist Regime:Dual Career Paths into the Urban Chinese Elite,1949-1996, American Sociological Review,2000,65:191-209.
[189]. Walder, Andrew G., Communist Neo-traditionalism:Work and Authority in Chinese Industry, Berkeley:University of California Press,1986.
[190]. Waldo, Dwight. The Administrative Behavior:A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organizations (4th ed.), New York:The Free Press,1997.
[191]. Waldo, Dwight. The Administrative State:A Study of the Political Theory of American Public Administration. New York:Ronald Press,1948.
[192]. Walker, Kathy Le Mons,'Gangster capitalism' and peasant protest in China:The last twenty years, Journal of Peasant Studies,2006,33(1):1-33.
[193]. Wamsley, Gary L.(ed.), Refounding democratic public administration:modern paradoxes, postmodern challenges, Sage Publications,1996.
[194]. Wedeman, Andrew,'Stealing from the Farmers:Institutional Corruption and the 1992 IOU Crisis', The China Quarterly,1997,152 (December):805-831.
[195]. Welch, D. A. The Organizational Process and Bureaucratic Politics Paradigms:Retrospect and Prospect, International Security 1992,17:112-146.
[196]. Weldes, J. Bureaucratic Politics:A Critical Constructivist Assessment. Mershon International Studies Review,1998,42:216-225.
[197]. Wilson, J. D. & Wildasin, D. E., Capital tax competition:Bane or boon? Journal of Public Economics,2004, (88):1065-1091.
[198]. Wilson, J. D. Theories of Tax Competition, National Tax Journal,1999,(52):269-304.
[199]. Wilson, W., The Study of Administration, Political Science Quarterly,1887,1(2):197-222
[200]. Woo, W. T., The Real Reasons for China's Growth, The China Journal,1999,41:115-137.
[201]. Woodward, J., Industrial Organization:Theory and Practice. New York:Oxford University Press,1965.
[202]. Yaniv E., & David G. Schwartz. Organizational attention, in Schwartz, David G.(ed.), Encyclopedia of knowledge management, Hershey, PA., Idea Group Publishing,2006.
[203]. Yaniv E., & David G. Schwartz. Organizational attention, in Schwartz, David G.(ed.), Encyclopedia of knowledge management, Hershey, PA., Idea Group Publishing,2006.
[204]. Zhong Yang, Dissecting Chinese County governmental authorities, in Zheng Yongnian and Joseph Fewsmish. China's Opening Society:The non-state sector and governance. London and New York:Routledge,2008.
[205]. Zhong Yang. Local Government and Politics in China:Challenges from Below. Armonk: M. E. Sharpe,2004.
[206]. Zhou Xueguang, The Institutional Logic of Collusion among Local Governments in China, Modern China,2010,36 (1):470-478.