基于分子蒸馏技术的生物油分级品位提升研究
|
摘要
生物质快速热裂解技术可以实现固态农林生物质废弃物向液态生物油的转变。粗制生物油具有含水量高、热值低、腐蚀性与粘度大等不足,必须经过品位提升后才能作为高品位的动力燃料使用。生物油的品位提升工艺因生物油的成分复杂性而停滞不前。为加速生物油向高品位液体燃料的转变,本文提出了基于分子蒸馏分离技术的生物油品位提升技术并开展了相应的生物油精制研究工作。
首次在国际上依托分子蒸馏分离技术成功实现了热敏性生物油的高效分离,获得了相应的生物油馏分油。在生物油的分子蒸馏分离过程中,分别考察了单次蒸馏过程与两次复合式分子蒸馏过程中生物油的分离特性,分析了相应馏分的物理性质及其内部的化合物分布规律。同时,针对性地提出了分离因子模型对生物油的分离特性进行量化评价,发现环戊烯酮、羟基丙酮、乙酸以及糠醛具有良好的蒸出特性,易于在生物油分子蒸馏的中质馏分油当中富集。
结合分子蒸馏获得的馏分油,分别采用了催化酯化精制技术、催化裂化精制技术与乳化技术进行了油品的分级改性研究。在馏分油的酯化改性研究中,通过水洗预处理操作制备了既具有较高酯化活性,又具有低游离酸含量的高效固体酸催化剂,利用此固体酸催化剂开展了馏分油的酯化精制研究。酯化改性后馏分油内的羧酸总含量由18.39%下降至2.70%,酯类化合物的含量由0.72%上升至31.17%。在生物油的催化裂化精制过程中,引进了化合物有效氢碳比的概念并考察了生物油内酮类、羧酸化合物与高氢碳比醇类的共裂化性能。环戊酮与羟基丙酮单独裂化时,HZSM-5分子筛比较容易失活,裂化产物中烃类含量比较低；当引入甲醇或者乙醇进行共裂化时,环戊酮与羟基丙酮均达到了100%的裂化转化率,同时制备了淡黄色的汽油有机相。在酮类与醇类共裂化的研究基础上,进一步开展了乙酸与乙醇的共裂化研究。结果表明,乙醇的存在使得原本极易于导致催化剂失活的乙酸也得以顺利裂化,乙酸的裂化转化率也达到了100%,同时还获得了高达42.79wt%汽油相收率。在模化物与醇类共裂化制备汽油研究的基础上,尝试了分子蒸馏中质馏分油与乙醇的共裂化研究,考察了不同醇类配比下中质馏分油的裂化特性。中质馏分油与醇类共裂化过程运转顺利,获得了最高26.7wt%的汽油相收率。此外,还开展了机械乳化与超声波乳化下的馏分油与柴油乳液的制备研究,考察了中质馏分油与重质馏分油的乳液制备性能。在机械与超声波乳化技术叠加的情况下,比较了生物油原油、中质馏分油以及重质馏分油与柴油的乳液制备特性,发现原油制备的乳液具有最长的稳定时间,重质馏分油因密度远远大于柴油,其乳液的稳定性最差。在馏分油及生物油原油乳液稳定性对比的基础上,提出了膜包裹结构单元模型对原油及馏分油的乳化差异进行了解释。
Fast pyrolysis technology can convert agriculture and forestry'biomass waste into liquid bio-oil. Crude bio-oil has several disadvantages, such as high water content, low heating value, corrosivity and high viscosity. It is necessary to be upgraded before high-grade transport fuel application. Bio-oil upgrading process has been holden back for a long time because of its complex components. To accelerate the high-grade application process of bio-oil the present paper put forward a new upgrading route that is conducting the bio-oil upgrading researches on its molecular distillation fractions.
Molecular distillation technique was first adopted by us to carry out the efficient separation of bio-oil. It indicated that the thermal sensitivie bio-oil was successfully separated into bio-oil fractions without coking problems.. During bio-oil molecular distillation procedures, separation characteristics of single distillation process and multiple distillation procedures were investigated. Physical properties and compounds distribution characteritics of bio-oil fractions were studied. Furthermore, separation factor model was proposed to evaluate the separation characteristics of compounds in bio-oil. It was found that cyclopentenone, hydroxyl-acetone, acetic acid and furfural showed good distillation characteristics and were easy to be enriched in the distilled out fractions.
Combined with bio-oil fractions from molecular distillation process, upgrading researches by catalytic esterification technology, catalytic cracking technology and emulsifying technology were carried out. During the esterification upgrading of bio-oil fractions, solid acid catalyst was prepared with washing pretreatments. Solid acid catalysts with high activity and stability were prepared. The esterification refinement of bio-oil fraction was done with optimal solid acid catalyst. It showed that the content of carboxylic acids reduced from18.39%to2.70%in upgraded bio-oil fraction, and its ester content increased to31.17%. In the catalytic cracking researches. concept of effective hydrogen to carbon ratio was introduced, and the co-cracking of compounds in bio-oil with ethanols was done. When cyclopentanone and hydroxyl-acetone were cracked separately without ethanols. HZSM-5molecular sieve was easy to deactivate, and the content of liquid hydrocarbons in the cracking products was also very low. However, when methanol or ethanol was introduced as co-cracking reactant. the conversion yield of cyclopentanone and hydroxyl-acetone reached100%. Light yellow gasoline phase was also produced. Based on the good results from of ketones cracking, co-cracking of acetic acid and ethanol was also further developed. Acetic acid got a conversion rate of100%, and a high gasoline phase yield up to42.79wt%was also obtained. Based on cracking research on bio-oil model compounds, the gasoline production research by cracking of bio-oil fractions was attempted. The co-cracking procedure of bio-oil fractions and ethanol ran steadly, and successfully procuded gasoline phase with a yield of26.7wt%. Besides, emulsions preparation between bio-oil fractions (middle fraction and heavy fraction) and0#diesel was investigated by mechanical emulsification and ultrasonic emulsification technologies. In the condition of mechanical emulsification accompanied with ultrasonic emulsification, emulsion preparation characteristics among crude bio-oil, middle fraction and heavy fracion were compared. It was found that emulsion produced from crude bio-oil had the longest stabilization time. Emulsion produced from heavy distillates had the shortest stabile time as a result of the big density dfference between heavy fraction and diesel. Based on comparation of emulsion stability between bio-oil fractions and crude bio-oil, an emulsification model was raised to explain their differences in emulsion properties.
首次在国际上依托分子蒸馏分离技术成功实现了热敏性生物油的高效分离,获得了相应的生物油馏分油。在生物油的分子蒸馏分离过程中,分别考察了单次蒸馏过程与两次复合式分子蒸馏过程中生物油的分离特性,分析了相应馏分的物理性质及其内部的化合物分布规律。同时,针对性地提出了分离因子模型对生物油的分离特性进行量化评价,发现环戊烯酮、羟基丙酮、乙酸以及糠醛具有良好的蒸出特性,易于在生物油分子蒸馏的中质馏分油当中富集。
结合分子蒸馏获得的馏分油,分别采用了催化酯化精制技术、催化裂化精制技术与乳化技术进行了油品的分级改性研究。在馏分油的酯化改性研究中,通过水洗预处理操作制备了既具有较高酯化活性,又具有低游离酸含量的高效固体酸催化剂,利用此固体酸催化剂开展了馏分油的酯化精制研究。酯化改性后馏分油内的羧酸总含量由18.39%下降至2.70%,酯类化合物的含量由0.72%上升至31.17%。在生物油的催化裂化精制过程中,引进了化合物有效氢碳比的概念并考察了生物油内酮类、羧酸化合物与高氢碳比醇类的共裂化性能。环戊酮与羟基丙酮单独裂化时,HZSM-5分子筛比较容易失活,裂化产物中烃类含量比较低；当引入甲醇或者乙醇进行共裂化时,环戊酮与羟基丙酮均达到了100%的裂化转化率,同时制备了淡黄色的汽油有机相。在酮类与醇类共裂化的研究基础上,进一步开展了乙酸与乙醇的共裂化研究。结果表明,乙醇的存在使得原本极易于导致催化剂失活的乙酸也得以顺利裂化,乙酸的裂化转化率也达到了100%,同时还获得了高达42.79wt%汽油相收率。在模化物与醇类共裂化制备汽油研究的基础上,尝试了分子蒸馏中质馏分油与乙醇的共裂化研究,考察了不同醇类配比下中质馏分油的裂化特性。中质馏分油与醇类共裂化过程运转顺利,获得了最高26.7wt%的汽油相收率。此外,还开展了机械乳化与超声波乳化下的馏分油与柴油乳液的制备研究,考察了中质馏分油与重质馏分油的乳液制备性能。在机械与超声波乳化技术叠加的情况下,比较了生物油原油、中质馏分油以及重质馏分油与柴油的乳液制备特性,发现原油制备的乳液具有最长的稳定时间,重质馏分油因密度远远大于柴油,其乳液的稳定性最差。在馏分油及生物油原油乳液稳定性对比的基础上,提出了膜包裹结构单元模型对原油及馏分油的乳化差异进行了解释。
Fast pyrolysis technology can convert agriculture and forestry'biomass waste into liquid bio-oil. Crude bio-oil has several disadvantages, such as high water content, low heating value, corrosivity and high viscosity. It is necessary to be upgraded before high-grade transport fuel application. Bio-oil upgrading process has been holden back for a long time because of its complex components. To accelerate the high-grade application process of bio-oil the present paper put forward a new upgrading route that is conducting the bio-oil upgrading researches on its molecular distillation fractions.
Molecular distillation technique was first adopted by us to carry out the efficient separation of bio-oil. It indicated that the thermal sensitivie bio-oil was successfully separated into bio-oil fractions without coking problems.. During bio-oil molecular distillation procedures, separation characteristics of single distillation process and multiple distillation procedures were investigated. Physical properties and compounds distribution characteritics of bio-oil fractions were studied. Furthermore, separation factor model was proposed to evaluate the separation characteristics of compounds in bio-oil. It was found that cyclopentenone, hydroxyl-acetone, acetic acid and furfural showed good distillation characteristics and were easy to be enriched in the distilled out fractions.
Combined with bio-oil fractions from molecular distillation process, upgrading researches by catalytic esterification technology, catalytic cracking technology and emulsifying technology were carried out. During the esterification upgrading of bio-oil fractions, solid acid catalyst was prepared with washing pretreatments. Solid acid catalysts with high activity and stability were prepared. The esterification refinement of bio-oil fraction was done with optimal solid acid catalyst. It showed that the content of carboxylic acids reduced from18.39%to2.70%in upgraded bio-oil fraction, and its ester content increased to31.17%. In the catalytic cracking researches. concept of effective hydrogen to carbon ratio was introduced, and the co-cracking of compounds in bio-oil with ethanols was done. When cyclopentanone and hydroxyl-acetone were cracked separately without ethanols. HZSM-5molecular sieve was easy to deactivate, and the content of liquid hydrocarbons in the cracking products was also very low. However, when methanol or ethanol was introduced as co-cracking reactant. the conversion yield of cyclopentanone and hydroxyl-acetone reached100%. Light yellow gasoline phase was also produced. Based on the good results from of ketones cracking, co-cracking of acetic acid and ethanol was also further developed. Acetic acid got a conversion rate of100%, and a high gasoline phase yield up to42.79wt%was also obtained. Based on cracking research on bio-oil model compounds, the gasoline production research by cracking of bio-oil fractions was attempted. The co-cracking procedure of bio-oil fractions and ethanol ran steadly, and successfully procuded gasoline phase with a yield of26.7wt%. Besides, emulsions preparation between bio-oil fractions (middle fraction and heavy fraction) and0#diesel was investigated by mechanical emulsification and ultrasonic emulsification technologies. In the condition of mechanical emulsification accompanied with ultrasonic emulsification, emulsion preparation characteristics among crude bio-oil, middle fraction and heavy fracion were compared. It was found that emulsion produced from crude bio-oil had the longest stabilization time. Emulsion produced from heavy distillates had the shortest stabile time as a result of the big density dfference between heavy fraction and diesel. Based on comparation of emulsion stability between bio-oil fractions and crude bio-oil, an emulsification model was raised to explain their differences in emulsion properties.
引文
1. 中华人民共和国国家统计局编,中国统计年鉴2011.中国统计出版社.
2. 吴创之,马隆龙，生物质能现代化利用技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2003.5.
3. 周中仁,吴文良,生物质能研究现状及展望.农业工程学报,2005.21(12)：p.12-15.
4. 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会,《可再生能源中长期发展规划》.2007.
5. 于宏奇杨村,冯武文,分子蒸馏技术.2003,北京：化学工业出版社.
6. A. Oasmaa, Y. Solantausta, V. Arpiainen, E. Kuoppala, K. Sipila, Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Wood and Agricultural Residues. Energy & Fuels,2010.24:p.1380-1388.
7. 王琦,刘倩.贺博,王树荣,骆仲泱.岑可法,流化床生物质快速热解制取生物油试验研究.工程热物理学报,2008.29(5)：p.885-888.
8. 王琦,王树荣.王乐,谭洪,骆仲泱.岑可法,生物质快速热裂解制取生物油试验研究.工程热物理学报.2007.28(1)：p.173-176.
9. Q. Lu. X. F. Zhu, Q. X. Li, Q. X. Guo, Q. S. Zhu, Biomass fast pyrolysis for liquid fuels. Progress in Chemistry.2007.19(7-8):p.1064-1071.
10. Q. Lu, W. Z. Li, X. F. Zhu, Overview of fuel properties of biomass fast pyrolysis oils. Energy Conversion and Management,2009.50(5):p.1376-1383.
11. Brown Db. Continuous ablative regenerator system, in Bio-oil:Production and Utilisation. Proceedings of the 2nd EU-Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing ed by Bridgwater AV and Hogan EN. CPL Press, Newbury,1996:p.96-100.
12. Meier D, Aus Holz Wird Oel, Forstmaschinen Profi.2007.15(12):p.26-28.
13. Meier D, New ablative pyrolyzer in operation in Germany. PyNe Newsletter,2004.17.
14. Roy C, Morin D, Dube F, The biomass PyrocyclingTM process.in Biomass Gasifi cation and Pyrolysis:State of the Art and Future. Prospects, ed by Kaltschmitt M and Bridgwater AV. CPL Scientifi c Ltd,Newbury, Berkshire, UK,1997.
15. Roy C., Yang J., Blanchette D., Korving L., De Caumia B., Development of a novel vacuum pyrolysis reactor with improved heat transfer potential. Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, ed by Bridgwater A. V. and Boocock D.GB.. Blackie Academic & Professional.London,1997:p.35]-367.
16. http://www.newearth 1.net/newearth-eco-technologv.html Jan 2010.
17. Wagenaar Bm, The rotating cone reactor for rapid thermal solids processing. Thesis. University of Twente, the Netherlands.1994.
18. Venderbosch Rh. Prins W, Wagenaar Bm, Flash pyrolysis of wood for energy and chemicals:Part 1. NPT Procestechnologie,1999.6:p.18-23.
19. Venderbosch Rh. Prins W, Wagenaar Bm. Flash pyrolysis of wood for energy and chemicals:Part 2. NPT Procestechnologie,2000.1:p.16-20.
20. Genting Berhad, Annual Report 2007.Review of Operations.2007.
21. Venderbosch Rh, Gansekoele E, Florijn J, Assink D, Ng Hy, Pyrolysis of palm oil residues in Malaysia ThermalNet Newsletter Feb.2006.
22. www.btg-btl.com Jan 2010.
23. R. H. Venderbosch, W. Prins. Fast pyrolysis technology development. Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr,2010.4(2):p.178-208.
24. A. Oasmaa, D. C. Elliott, J. Korhonen, Acidity of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils. Energy & Fuels.2010.24:p.6548-6554.
25. 张琦,常杰,王铁军,吴创之,徐莹,朱锡锋,固体酸改质生物油的研究.燃料化学学报,2006.34(6)：p.680-684.
26. 姚燕,生物油的分馏及品位提升试验研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2007.
27. Anja Oasmaa, A guide to physical property characterisation of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids.2001. Finland:Technical Research Centre of Finland.102.
28. Anja Oasmaa, Peacocke Cordner, A guide to physical property characterisation of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids. A guide VTT Publications 731,2010. VTT.79 p. +app.46 p.
29. Morris K W, Fast pyrolysis of bagasse to produce bio-oil fuel for power generation. International sugar journal,2001.103:p.259-263.
30. S. R. Wang, Y. L. Gu, Q. Liu, Y. Yao, Z. G. Guo, Z. Y. Luo, K. F. Cen, Separation of bio-oil by molecular distillation. Fuel Processing Technology,2009.90(5):p.738-745.
31. Zuo-Gang Guo, Shu-Rong Wang, Ying-Ying Zhu, Zhong-Yang Luo, Ke-Fa Cen, Separation of acid compounds for refining biomass pyrolysis oil. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao/Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2009.37(1):p.49-52.
32. Zuogang Guo, Shurong Wang, Yueling Gu, Guohui Xu, Xin Li, Zhongyang Luo, Separation characteristics of biomass pyrolysis oil in molecular distillation. Separation and Purification Technology,2010.76(1):p.52-57.
33. Qi Wang, Shu-Rong Wang, Le Wang, Hong Tan, Zhong-Yang Luo, Ke-Fa Cen, Experimental study of biomass flash pyrolysis for bio-oil production. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2007.28(1):p.173-176.
34. Qi Wang, Qian Liu, Bo He, Shu-Rong Wang, Zhong-Yang Luo, Ke-Fa Cen, Experimental research on biomass flash pyrolysis for bio-oil in a fluidized bed reactor. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2008.29(5):p.885-888.
35. J. N. Murwanashyaka, H. Pakdel, C. Roy, Seperation of syringol from birch wood-derived vacuum pyrolysis oil. Separation and Purification Technology,2001. 24(1-2):p.155-165.
36. Garcia-Perez M, Chaala A, Pakdel H, Characterization of bio-oils in chemical families. Biomass and Bioenergy,2007.31(4):p.222-242.
37. 戴佳佳,仲兆平,宋敏,生物油溶剂萃取以及萃取-柱层析分离法的研究进展.能源研究与利用,2009(5)：p.15-19.
38. 李世光,徐绍平,路庆花,快速热解生物油柱层析分离与分析.太阳能学报.2005.4：p.549-555.
39. 徐绍平,刘娟,李世光,杏核热解生物油萃取-柱层析分离分析和制备工艺.大连理工大学学报.2005(4)：p.505-510.
40. K. Sipila, E. Kuoppala, L. Fagernas, A. Oasmaa. Characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis oils. BIOMASS & BIOENERG Y,1998.14(2):p.103-113
41. A. Oasmaa, E. Kuoppala, Y. Solantausta, Fast pyrolysis of forestry residue.2. Physicochemical composition of product liquid. Energy & Fuels,2003.17(2):p. 433-443.
42. S. Nenkova, T. Vasileva, K. Stanulov, Production of phenol compounds by alkaline treatment of technical hydrolysis Iignin and wood biomass. Chemistry of Natural Compounds.2008.44(2):p.182-185.
43. R. N. Patel, S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Ganesh. Extraction of cardanol and phenol from bio-oils obtained through vacuum pyrolysis of biomass using supercritical fluid extraction. Energy,2011.36(3):p.1535-1542.
44. Roy C, Liu X, Pakdel H, Process for the production of phenolic-rich pyrolysis oils for use in making phenol-formaldehyde resole resins:US,6143856[P].2000-07-11.2000.
45. Alma Mh, Bastl]Rk Ma, Shiraishi N, Cocondensation of NaOH-catalyzed liquefied wood wasps, phenol, and formaldehyde for the production of resol type adhesives. Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2001.40(22):p.5036-5039.
46. Shiraishi N, Hse Cy. Liquefaction of the used creosote-treated wood in the presence of phenol and its application to phenolic resin. Advanced Wood Adhesives Formulations, 2001(1):p.259-265.
47. 许守强,常建民,夏碧华,张继宗.四种原料生物油-酚醛树脂胶粘剂特性研究.中国胶粘剂2010.19(7)：p.5-8.
48. http://www.dvnamotive.com/.
49. http://www.btgworld.com/.
50. http://www.ahenable.com/news.asp?page=1&id=136.
51. Y. Solantausta, N. O. Nylund, M. Westerhokn, T. Koljonen, A. Oasmaa. Wood-pyrolysis oil as fuel in a diesel-power plant.1993. Espoo, Finl:Publ by Elsevier Science Publ Ltd.
52. Bertoli C, Alessio J, Giacomo N. Running light-duty diesel engines with wood pyrolysis oil. Journal of fuels & lubricants.2001(109):p.3090-3096.
53. Ormrod D, Webster A, Progress in utilization of bio-oil in diesel engines. PYNe Newsletter.2000-10-15.
54. D. Chiaramonti. M. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi. K. Gartner, A. V. Bridgwater, H. P. Grimm, I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni, Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 1:Emulsion production. Biomass and Bioenergy.2003.25(1):p.85-99.
55. D. Chiaramonti, M. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi, K. Gartner. A. V. Bridgwater. H. P. Grimm,I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni. Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 2:Tests in diesel engines. Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,25(1):p.101-111.
56. Andrews Rg, Fuleki D, Zukoski S. Results of industrial gas turbine tests using a biomass-derived fuel. In marking a business from biomass in energy.environment, chemicals, fibers, and materials, New York.1997.
57. 汪丛伟武景丽,阴秀丽,等,生物油分离方法的研究进展.石油化工,2008(1)：p.95-99.
58. 赵炜闫彩辉,盛晨.等.柱层析法在生物油分离方面应用的研究进展.林产化学与工业.2011(4)：p.123-126.
59. 徐绍平李世光,路庆花.等,快速热解生物油柱层析分离与分析.太阳能学报,2005(4)：p.549-555.
60. O. Onay, A. F. Gaines, O. M. Kockar, M. Adams, T. R. Tyagi, C. E. Snape, Comparison of the generation of oil by the extraction and the hydropyrolysis of biomass. Fuel,2006. 85(3):p.382-392.
61. 熊万明,生物油的分离与精制研究.2010,中国科学技术大学：合肥.
62. Yanling Chen, Jing He, Yuanqing Wang, Pei Li, GC-MS used in study on the mechanism of the viscosity reduction of heavy oil through aquathermolysis catalyzed by aromatic sulfonic H3PMol2O40. Energy,2010.35(8):p.3454-3460.
63. Murat Ertas, M. Hakki Alma. Pyrolysis of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) extraction residues in a fixed-bed reactor:Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2010. M. Hakki Alma88(1):p.22-29.
64. Tushar P. Vispute, George W. Huber, Production of hydrogen, alkanes and polyols by aqueous phase processing of wood-derived pyrolysis oils. Green Chemistry,2009.11(9): p.1433-1445.
65. Tuya Ba, Abdelkader Chaala, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Denis Rodrigue, Christian Roy, Colloidal Properties of Bio-oils Obtained by Vacuum Pyrolysis of Softwood Bark. Characterization of Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Fractions. Energy & Fuels,2004. 18(3):p.704-712.
66. F. H. Mahfud, F. P. Van Geel, R. H. Venderbosch. H. J. Heeres, Acetic Acid Recovery from Fast Pyrolysis Oil. An Exploratory Study on Liquid-Liquid Reactive Extraction using Aliphatic Tertiary Amines. Separation Science and Technology,2008.43(11-12):p. 3056-3074.
67. C. Amen-Chen, H. Pakdel. C. Roy, Separation of phenols from Eucalyptus wood tar. Biomass & Bioenergy,1997.13(1-2):p.25-37.
68. 仲兆平戴佳佳,宋敏,生物油溶剂萃取以及萃取-柱层析分离法的研究进展.能源研究与利用.2009(5)：p.15-19.
69. 颜涌捷张素萍,任铮伟,等,生物质快速裂解液体产物的分析.华东理工大学学报,2001(6)：p.666-668.
70. 周立雪王艳秋,赵锁奇,等,大港减压渣油超临界萃取物的柱层析分离及GC／MS分析.应用化工,2010(2)：p.284-288.
71. P. K. Rout, M. K. Naik, S. N. Naik, Vaibhav V. Goud. L. M. Das, Ajay K. Dalai, Supercritical CO2 Fractionation of Bio-oil Produced from Mixed Biomass of Wheat and Wood Sawdust. Energy & Fuels,2009.23(12):p.6181-6188.
72. 王景华崔洪友,魏书芹,等,超临界CO_2萃取分离生物油.山东理工大学学报(自然科学版,2010(6)：p.1-5.
73. S. Czernik, A. V. Bridgwater, Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy and Fuels,2004.18(2):p.590-598.
74. M. E. Boucher, A. Chaala, C. Roy, Bio-oils obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark as a liquid fuel for gas turbines. Part I:Properties of bio-oil and its blends with methanol and a pyrolytic aqueous phase. Biomass and Bioenergy,2000.19(5):p. 337-350.
75. Lisa Starkey Ott, Beverly L. Smith, Thomas J. Bruno. Advanced distillation curve measurement:Application to a bio-derived crude oil prepared from swine manure. Fuel. 2008.87(15鈥?6):p.3379-3387.
76. 彭军,超临界流体中生物油提质的研究.2009,浙江大学：杭州.
77. Ji-Lu Zheng, Qin Wei, Improving the quality of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by reduced pressure distillation. Biomass and Bioenergy,2011.35(5):p.1804-1810.
78. Carazza F, Rezende M, Pasa V, Fractionation of wood tar[A]. Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion,1994:p.1465-1474.
79. Hans Darmstadt, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Alain Adnot, Abdelkader Chaala, Detlef Kretschmer, Christian Roy, Corrosion of metals by bio-oil obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark residues. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy study. Energy and Fuels.2004.18(5):p.1291-1301.
80. X. G Hu. L. L. Zhou, Q. J. Wang, Y. F. Xu, X. F. Zhu, On corrosion behaviour of metal in biomass oil. Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology,2011.46(4):p.400-405.
81. 郭春霞,蒋晓原,楼辉,郑小明,微波条件下固体酸催化剂催化酯化生物油的研究.燃料化学学报2011.39(2)：p.103-108.
82. 崔洪友,王景华,魏书芹,禚淑萍,李志合,王丽红,易维明.生物油超临界C02酯化反应研究.燃料化学学报2010.38(6)：p.673-678.
83. 王锦江,常杰,范娟,离子交换树脂催化酯化生物油的试验研究.燃料化学学报.201 0.38(5)：p.560-564.
84. 熊万明,傅尧,来大明,郭庆祥,酸性离子交换树脂催化酯化改质生物油的研究.高等学校化学学报2009.30(9)：p.1754-1758.
85. 徐莹常杰张琦王铁军王晨光,固体碱催化剂上生物油催化酯化改质.石油化工.2006.35(7)：p.615-619.
86. Y. Tang. W. J. Yu, L. Y. Mo, H. Lou, X. M. Zheng. One-step hydrogenation-esterification of aldehyde and acid to ester over bifunctional Pt catalysts:A model reaction as novel route for catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil. Energy & Fuels,2008.22(5):p. 3484-3488.
87. J. D. Adjaye; N. N. Bakhshi. PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS BY CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF A FAST PYROLYSIS BIO-OIL.1. CONVERSION OVER VARIOUS CATALYSTS. Fuel Processing Technology.1995.45(3):p.161-183.
88. J. D. Adjaye, S. P. R. Katikaneni, N. N. Bakhshi, Catalytic conversion of a biofuel to hydrocarbons:Effect of mixtures of HZSM-5 and silica-alumina catalysts on product distribution. Fuel Processing Technology,1996.48(2):p.115-143.
89. S. Vitolo, M. Seggiani, P. Frediani, G. Ambrosini, L. Politi. Catalytic upgrading of pyrolytic oils to fuel over different zeolites. Fuel.1999.78(10):p.1147-1159.
90. 郭晓亚,颜涌捷,生物质快速裂解油的催化裂解精制.化学反应工程与工艺,2005.21(3)：p.227-233.
91. 夏发俊.缪冶炼,生物油催化裂解的动力学分析.太阳能学报,2008.29(8)：p.1034-1037.
92. B. Valle, A. G. Gayubo, A. T. Aguayo, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, Selective Production of Aromatics by Crude Bio-oil Valorization with a Nickel-Modified HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst. Energy & Fuels,2010.24:p.2060-2070.
93. J. D. Adjaye, N. N. Bakhshi, CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF A BIOMASS-DERIVED OIL TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS.1. MODEL-COMPOUND STUDIES AND REACTION PATHWAYS. Biomass & Bioenergy,1995.8(3):p.131-149.
94. A. G. Gayubo, A. T. Aguayo, A. Atutxa, R. Aguado, J. Bilbao, Transformation of oxygenate components of biomass pyrolysis oil on a HZSM-5 zeolite. I. Alcohols and phenols. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2004.43(11):p.2610-2618.
95. A. G. Gayubo, A. T. Aguayo, A. Atutxa, R. Aguado, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, Transformation of oxygenate components of biomass pyrolysis oil on a HZSM-5 zeolite. H. Aldehydes, ketones, and acids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2004.43(11):p. 2619-2626.
96. U. V. Mentzel, M. S. Holm, Utilization of biomass:Conversion of model compounds to hydrocarbons over zeolite H-ZSM-5. Applied Catalysis a-General,2011.396(1-2):p. 59-67.
97. Minmin Liang, Meiling Qi, Changbin Zhang, Shan Zhou, Ruonong Fu, Junxiong Huang. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of volatile compounds from Houttuynia cordata Thunb after extraction by solid-phase microextraction, flash evaporation and steam distillation. Analytica Chimica Acta.2005.531(1):p.97-104.
98. T. Q. Hoang. X. L. Zhu, T. Sooknoi. D. E. Resasco, R. G. Mallinson, A comparison of the reactivities of propanal and propylene on HZSM-5. Journal of Catalysis,2010.271(2):p. 201-208.
99. 梅丽敏,宗志敏,位艳宾,魏贤勇,微波辅助下固体酸催化剂对稻壳热解油的催化加氢.化工时刊,2011.25(7)：p.19-22.
100. Yong Wang, Mourning Zhao, Keke Song, Lili Wang, Xue Han, Shuze Tang, Ying Wang, Separation of diacylglycerols from enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean oil by molecular distillation. Separation and Purification Technology.2010.75(2):p.114-120.
101. J. Wildschut, F. H. Mahfud, R. H. Venderbosch, H. J. Heeres, Hydrotreatment of Fast Pyrolysis Oil Using Heterogeneous Noble-Metal Catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2009.48(23):p.10324-10334.
102. A. R. Ardiyanti, A. Gutierrez, M. L. Honkela, A. O. I. Krause, H. J. Heeres, Hydrotreatment of wood-based pyrolysis oil using zirconia-supported mono-and bimetallic (Pt. Pd, Rh) catalysts. Applied Catalysis a-General,2011.407(1-2):p.56-66.
103. A. Gutierrez, R. K. Kaila. M. L. Honkela, R. Slioor, A. O. I. Krause, Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol on noble metal catalysts. Catalysis Today,2009. 147(3-4):p.239-246.
104. 魏宏鸽,仲兆平,李睿,靳立维,固体催化剂下生物油模型化合物的催化加氢研究.可再生能源,2010(1)：p.52-55,62.
105. F. H. Mahfud. I. Melin-Cabrera, R. Manurung, H. J. Heeres, Biomass to Fuels: Upgrading of Flash Pyrolysis Oil by Reactive Distillation Using a High Boiling Alcohol and Acid Catalysts. Process Safety and Environmental Protection.2007.85(5):p. 466-472.
106. D. C. Elliott, T. R. Hart, Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chemical Models for Bio-oil. Energy & Fuels,2009.23(1):p.631-637.
107. M. Ikura, M. Stanciulescu, E. Hogan. Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel. Biomass & Bioenergy,2003.24(3):p.221-232.
108. D. Chiaramonti, A. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi, K. Gartner, A. V. Bridgwater, H. P. Grimm, I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni, Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 1:emulsion production. Biomass & Bioenergy.2003.25(1):p.85-99.
109. D. Chiaramonti, A. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi, K. Gartner. A. V. Bridgwater, H. P. Grimm, I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni, Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 2:tests in diesel engines. Biomass & Bioenergy,2003.25(1):p.101-111.
110. 张健,李文志,陆强朱,锡锋,复配乳化剂乳化生物油／柴油技术.农业机械学报,2009.40(2)：p.103-106.
111. 梁伟,王铁军,张琦,汪璐,徐莹,吴创之,生物质快速热裂解油水相溶液超声乳化特性.燃料化学学报.2009.37(6)：p.684-689.
112. 于济业,彭艳丽,李燕飞,李贞,易维明.柏雪源.生物油／柴油乳化燃油稳定性试验.山东理工大学学报：自然科学版,2007.21(5)：p.101-103.
113. Qianqian Yin, Xinbao Li, Zuogang Guo, Xin Lee, Qinjie Cai, Shurong Wang. Effect of salt addition on the emulsification of bio-oil and diesel.2011. Wuhan. China:IEEE Computer Society.
114. Yueling Gu. Qianqian Yin. Shurong Wang. Xinbao Li. Zuogang Guo, Zhongyang Luo. Experimental study on the physico-chemical properties of bio-oil and diesel emulsification.2012. Singapore. Singapore:Trans Tech Publications.
115. 王琦.李信宝,王树荣,骆仲泱,岑可法,生物质热解生物油与柴油乳化的试验研究.太阳能学报,2010.31(3)：p.380-384.
116. Zuogang Guo, Qianqian Yin, Shurong Wang. Bio-oil emulsion fuels production using power ultrasound. Advanced Materials Research.2012.347-353:p.2709-2712.
117. P. N. Kechagiopoulos, S. S. Voutetakis, A. A. Lemonidou, I. A. Vasalos, Hydrogen production via steam reforming of the aqueous phase of bio-oil in a fixed bed reactor. Energy & Fuels,2006.20(5):p.2155-2163.
118. C. Rioche, S. Kulkarni, F. C. Meunier, J. P. Breen, R. Burch. Steam reforming of model compounds and fast pyrolysis bio-oil on supported noble metal catalysts. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental,2005.61(1-2):p.130-139.
119. J. A. Medrano, M. Oliva, J. Ruiz, L. Garcia, J. Arauzo. Catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis liquids in fluidized bed reactor with modified Ni/Al catalysts. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2009.85(1-2):p.214-225.
120. C. Wu, Q. Huang, M. Sui, Y. Yan, F. Wang, Hydrogen production via catalytic steam reforming of fast pyrolysis bio-oil in a two-stage fixed bed reactor system. Fuel Processing Technology.2008.89(12):p.1306-1316.
121. Xun Hu, Gongxuan Lu, Investigation of the steam reforming of a series of model compounds derived from bio-oil for hydrogen production. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,2009.88(3-4):p.376-385.
122. Zuogang Guo, Shurong Wang, Long Guo, Xinbao Li, Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production over Ni/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts. BioResources 2011.6(4): p.4092-4102.
123. D. C. Elliott, Historical developments in hydroprocessing bio-oils. Energy & Fuels,2007. 21(3):p.1792-1815.
124. T. Barth, M. Kleinert, Motor fuels from biomass pyrolysis. Chemical Engineering & Technology,2008.31(5):p.773-781.
125. M. Al-Sabawi, J. A. Atias, H. De Lasa, Heterogeneous Approach to the Catalytic Cracking of Vacuum Gas Oil. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.2008. 47(20):p.7631-7641.
126. C. Boutekedjiret, F. Bentahar, R. Belabbes, J. M. Bessiere, Extraction of rosemary essential oil by steam distillation and hydrodistillation. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2003.18(6):p.481-484.
127. S.C. Cermak, T.A. Isbell, Pilot-plant distillation of meadowfoan fatty acids. Ind.Crops Prod..2002.15:p.145-154.
128. K. C. D. Hickman. E. L. Gray, Molecular distillation-Examination of natural vitamin D. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,1938.30:p.796-802.
129. K. C. D. Hickman, Molecular distillation-State of the vitamins in certain fish liver oils. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,1937.29:p.1107-1111.
130. A. Winter, C.B. Batistella, M.R. Wolf Maciel, R. Maciel Filho, L.C. Medina, Characterizing a brazilian petroleum residue by molecular distillation process. Proceedings of European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE-6) Copenhagen, 2007.
131. C.B. Batistella, P. Sbaite, M.R. Wolf Maciel, R. Maciel Filho, A. Winter, A. Gomes, L Medina, R. Kunert, Heavy petroleum fractions characterization:a new approach through molecular distillation.2nd Mercosur Congress on Chemical Engineering & 4th Mercosur Congress on Process Systems Engineering, Costa Verde-RJ, Brazil,.2005.
132. 李鑫钢,现代蒸馏技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2009.1.
133. 杨村,于宏奇,冯武文,分子蒸馏技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2003.1.
134. A. Demirbas, The influence of temperature on the yields of compounds existing in bio-oils obtained from biomass samples via pyrolysis. Fuel Processing Technology,2007. 88(6):p.591-597.
135. David C. Jay, Kai H. Sipila, Olli A. Rantanen, Nils-Olof Nylund. Wood pyrolysis oil for diesel engines.1995. Milwaukee, WI, USA:ASME.
136. 陈洁,蒋剑春,徐俊明,催化酯化反应中固体酸催化剂研究进展.精细石油化工进展2009.10(3)：p.32-37.
137. 闫鹏,郭海福,陈志胜,王赵志,吴燕妮,固体酸催化合成马来酸二丁酯.化学研究与应用2011.23(5)：p.539-543.
138. 周海峰,朱光明,SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3+催化合成季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯.日用化学工业.2005.35(1)：p.19-22.
139. 郭锡坤,谌宁,杨阳,镧及其引入方式对锆交联累托土固体酸催化剂性能的影响.分子催化,2004.18(3)：p.179-184.
140. E. Furimsky, Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Applied Catalysis a-General,2000.199(2): p.147-190.
141. A. G. Gayubo, B. Valle, A. T. Aguayo, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, Attenuation of Catalyst Deactivation by Cofeeding Methanol for Enhancing the Valorisation of Crude Bio-oil. Energy & Fuels,2009.23(8):p.4129-4136.
142. B. Valle. A. G. Gayubo, A. Alonso, A. T. Aguayo. J. Bilbao, Hydrothermally stable HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts for the transformation of crude bio-oil into hydrocarbons. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental,2010.100(1-2):p.318-327.
143. J. D. Adjaye, N. N. Bakhshi, Production of hydrocarbons by catalytic upgrading of a fast pyrolysis bio-oil:1. conversion over various catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology,1995. 45(3):p.161-183.
144. G. L. Juste, J. J. S. Monfort, Preliminary test on combustion of wood derived fast pyrolysis oils in a gas turbine combustor. Biomass & Bioenergy,2000.19(2):p.119-128.
145. 梁治齐,李金华,功能性乳化剂与乳状液.中国轻工业出版社,2000年4月第一版.
146. 于世涛,郭英男.卓斌,刘金山,杨林,乙醇柴油混合燃料的理化特性的研究.内燃机工程,2004.25(6)：p.30-33.
147. 陈虎,帅石金,王建昕,乙醇、柴油及其混合燃料的喷雾特性.燃烧科学与技术,2005.11(5)：p.465-469.
148. 于世涛,郭英男,刘金山,谭满志,卓斌,柴油乙醇混合燃料的性质及其对发动机性能的影响.上海交通大学学报,2005.39(8)：p.1252-1260.
2. 吴创之,马隆龙，生物质能现代化利用技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2003.5.
3. 周中仁,吴文良,生物质能研究现状及展望.农业工程学报,2005.21(12)：p.12-15.
4. 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会,《可再生能源中长期发展规划》.2007.
5. 于宏奇杨村,冯武文,分子蒸馏技术.2003,北京：化学工业出版社.
6. A. Oasmaa, Y. Solantausta, V. Arpiainen, E. Kuoppala, K. Sipila, Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils from Wood and Agricultural Residues. Energy & Fuels,2010.24:p.1380-1388.
7. 王琦,刘倩.贺博,王树荣,骆仲泱.岑可法,流化床生物质快速热解制取生物油试验研究.工程热物理学报,2008.29(5)：p.885-888.
8. 王琦,王树荣.王乐,谭洪,骆仲泱.岑可法,生物质快速热裂解制取生物油试验研究.工程热物理学报.2007.28(1)：p.173-176.
9. Q. Lu. X. F. Zhu, Q. X. Li, Q. X. Guo, Q. S. Zhu, Biomass fast pyrolysis for liquid fuels. Progress in Chemistry.2007.19(7-8):p.1064-1071.
10. Q. Lu, W. Z. Li, X. F. Zhu, Overview of fuel properties of biomass fast pyrolysis oils. Energy Conversion and Management,2009.50(5):p.1376-1383.
11. Brown Db. Continuous ablative regenerator system, in Bio-oil:Production and Utilisation. Proceedings of the 2nd EU-Canada Workshop on Thermal Biomass Processing ed by Bridgwater AV and Hogan EN. CPL Press, Newbury,1996:p.96-100.
12. Meier D, Aus Holz Wird Oel, Forstmaschinen Profi.2007.15(12):p.26-28.
13. Meier D, New ablative pyrolyzer in operation in Germany. PyNe Newsletter,2004.17.
14. Roy C, Morin D, Dube F, The biomass PyrocyclingTM process.in Biomass Gasifi cation and Pyrolysis:State of the Art and Future. Prospects, ed by Kaltschmitt M and Bridgwater AV. CPL Scientifi c Ltd,Newbury, Berkshire, UK,1997.
15. Roy C., Yang J., Blanchette D., Korving L., De Caumia B., Development of a novel vacuum pyrolysis reactor with improved heat transfer potential. Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, ed by Bridgwater A. V. and Boocock D.GB.. Blackie Academic & Professional.London,1997:p.35]-367.
16. http://www.newearth 1.net/newearth-eco-technologv.html Jan 2010.
17. Wagenaar Bm, The rotating cone reactor for rapid thermal solids processing. Thesis. University of Twente, the Netherlands.1994.
18. Venderbosch Rh. Prins W, Wagenaar Bm, Flash pyrolysis of wood for energy and chemicals:Part 1. NPT Procestechnologie,1999.6:p.18-23.
19. Venderbosch Rh. Prins W, Wagenaar Bm. Flash pyrolysis of wood for energy and chemicals:Part 2. NPT Procestechnologie,2000.1:p.16-20.
20. Genting Berhad, Annual Report 2007.Review of Operations.2007.
21. Venderbosch Rh, Gansekoele E, Florijn J, Assink D, Ng Hy, Pyrolysis of palm oil residues in Malaysia ThermalNet Newsletter Feb.2006.
22. www.btg-btl.com Jan 2010.
23. R. H. Venderbosch, W. Prins. Fast pyrolysis technology development. Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining-Biofpr,2010.4(2):p.178-208.
24. A. Oasmaa, D. C. Elliott, J. Korhonen, Acidity of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils. Energy & Fuels.2010.24:p.6548-6554.
25. 张琦,常杰,王铁军,吴创之,徐莹,朱锡锋,固体酸改质生物油的研究.燃料化学学报,2006.34(6)：p.680-684.
26. 姚燕,生物油的分馏及品位提升试验研究[D].浙江大学博士学位论文,2007.
27. Anja Oasmaa, A guide to physical property characterisation of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids.2001. Finland:Technical Research Centre of Finland.102.
28. Anja Oasmaa, Peacocke Cordner, A guide to physical property characterisation of biomass-derived fast pyrolysis liquids. A guide VTT Publications 731,2010. VTT.79 p. +app.46 p.
29. Morris K W, Fast pyrolysis of bagasse to produce bio-oil fuel for power generation. International sugar journal,2001.103:p.259-263.
30. S. R. Wang, Y. L. Gu, Q. Liu, Y. Yao, Z. G. Guo, Z. Y. Luo, K. F. Cen, Separation of bio-oil by molecular distillation. Fuel Processing Technology,2009.90(5):p.738-745.
31. Zuo-Gang Guo, Shu-Rong Wang, Ying-Ying Zhu, Zhong-Yang Luo, Ke-Fa Cen, Separation of acid compounds for refining biomass pyrolysis oil. Ranliao Huaxue Xuebao/Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2009.37(1):p.49-52.
32. Zuogang Guo, Shurong Wang, Yueling Gu, Guohui Xu, Xin Li, Zhongyang Luo, Separation characteristics of biomass pyrolysis oil in molecular distillation. Separation and Purification Technology,2010.76(1):p.52-57.
33. Qi Wang, Shu-Rong Wang, Le Wang, Hong Tan, Zhong-Yang Luo, Ke-Fa Cen, Experimental study of biomass flash pyrolysis for bio-oil production. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2007.28(1):p.173-176.
34. Qi Wang, Qian Liu, Bo He, Shu-Rong Wang, Zhong-Yang Luo, Ke-Fa Cen, Experimental research on biomass flash pyrolysis for bio-oil in a fluidized bed reactor. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics,2008.29(5):p.885-888.
35. J. N. Murwanashyaka, H. Pakdel, C. Roy, Seperation of syringol from birch wood-derived vacuum pyrolysis oil. Separation and Purification Technology,2001. 24(1-2):p.155-165.
36. Garcia-Perez M, Chaala A, Pakdel H, Characterization of bio-oils in chemical families. Biomass and Bioenergy,2007.31(4):p.222-242.
37. 戴佳佳,仲兆平,宋敏,生物油溶剂萃取以及萃取-柱层析分离法的研究进展.能源研究与利用,2009(5)：p.15-19.
38. 李世光,徐绍平,路庆花,快速热解生物油柱层析分离与分析.太阳能学报.2005.4：p.549-555.
39. 徐绍平,刘娟,李世光,杏核热解生物油萃取-柱层析分离分析和制备工艺.大连理工大学学报.2005(4)：p.505-510.
40. K. Sipila, E. Kuoppala, L. Fagernas, A. Oasmaa. Characterization of biomass-based flash pyrolysis oils. BIOMASS & BIOENERG Y,1998.14(2):p.103-113
41. A. Oasmaa, E. Kuoppala, Y. Solantausta, Fast pyrolysis of forestry residue.2. Physicochemical composition of product liquid. Energy & Fuels,2003.17(2):p. 433-443.
42. S. Nenkova, T. Vasileva, K. Stanulov, Production of phenol compounds by alkaline treatment of technical hydrolysis Iignin and wood biomass. Chemistry of Natural Compounds.2008.44(2):p.182-185.
43. R. N. Patel, S. Bandyopadhyay, A. Ganesh. Extraction of cardanol and phenol from bio-oils obtained through vacuum pyrolysis of biomass using supercritical fluid extraction. Energy,2011.36(3):p.1535-1542.
44. Roy C, Liu X, Pakdel H, Process for the production of phenolic-rich pyrolysis oils for use in making phenol-formaldehyde resole resins:US,6143856[P].2000-07-11.2000.
45. Alma Mh, Bastl]Rk Ma, Shiraishi N, Cocondensation of NaOH-catalyzed liquefied wood wasps, phenol, and formaldehyde for the production of resol type adhesives. Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2001.40(22):p.5036-5039.
46. Shiraishi N, Hse Cy. Liquefaction of the used creosote-treated wood in the presence of phenol and its application to phenolic resin. Advanced Wood Adhesives Formulations, 2001(1):p.259-265.
47. 许守强,常建民,夏碧华,张继宗.四种原料生物油-酚醛树脂胶粘剂特性研究.中国胶粘剂2010.19(7)：p.5-8.
48. http://www.dvnamotive.com/.
49. http://www.btgworld.com/.
50. http://www.ahenable.com/news.asp?page=1&id=136.
51. Y. Solantausta, N. O. Nylund, M. Westerhokn, T. Koljonen, A. Oasmaa. Wood-pyrolysis oil as fuel in a diesel-power plant.1993. Espoo, Finl:Publ by Elsevier Science Publ Ltd.
52. Bertoli C, Alessio J, Giacomo N. Running light-duty diesel engines with wood pyrolysis oil. Journal of fuels & lubricants.2001(109):p.3090-3096.
53. Ormrod D, Webster A, Progress in utilization of bio-oil in diesel engines. PYNe Newsletter.2000-10-15.
54. D. Chiaramonti. M. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi. K. Gartner, A. V. Bridgwater, H. P. Grimm, I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni, Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 1:Emulsion production. Biomass and Bioenergy.2003.25(1):p.85-99.
55. D. Chiaramonti, M. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi, K. Gartner. A. V. Bridgwater. H. P. Grimm,I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni. Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 2:Tests in diesel engines. Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,25(1):p.101-111.
56. Andrews Rg, Fuleki D, Zukoski S. Results of industrial gas turbine tests using a biomass-derived fuel. In marking a business from biomass in energy.environment, chemicals, fibers, and materials, New York.1997.
57. 汪丛伟武景丽,阴秀丽,等,生物油分离方法的研究进展.石油化工,2008(1)：p.95-99.
58. 赵炜闫彩辉,盛晨.等.柱层析法在生物油分离方面应用的研究进展.林产化学与工业.2011(4)：p.123-126.
59. 徐绍平李世光,路庆花.等,快速热解生物油柱层析分离与分析.太阳能学报,2005(4)：p.549-555.
60. O. Onay, A. F. Gaines, O. M. Kockar, M. Adams, T. R. Tyagi, C. E. Snape, Comparison of the generation of oil by the extraction and the hydropyrolysis of biomass. Fuel,2006. 85(3):p.382-392.
61. 熊万明,生物油的分离与精制研究.2010,中国科学技术大学：合肥.
62. Yanling Chen, Jing He, Yuanqing Wang, Pei Li, GC-MS used in study on the mechanism of the viscosity reduction of heavy oil through aquathermolysis catalyzed by aromatic sulfonic H3PMol2O40. Energy,2010.35(8):p.3454-3460.
63. Murat Ertas, M. Hakki Alma. Pyrolysis of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) extraction residues in a fixed-bed reactor:Characterization of bio-oil and bio-char. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2010. M. Hakki Alma88(1):p.22-29.
64. Tushar P. Vispute, George W. Huber, Production of hydrogen, alkanes and polyols by aqueous phase processing of wood-derived pyrolysis oils. Green Chemistry,2009.11(9): p.1433-1445.
65. Tuya Ba, Abdelkader Chaala, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Denis Rodrigue, Christian Roy, Colloidal Properties of Bio-oils Obtained by Vacuum Pyrolysis of Softwood Bark. Characterization of Water-Soluble and Water-Insoluble Fractions. Energy & Fuels,2004. 18(3):p.704-712.
66. F. H. Mahfud, F. P. Van Geel, R. H. Venderbosch. H. J. Heeres, Acetic Acid Recovery from Fast Pyrolysis Oil. An Exploratory Study on Liquid-Liquid Reactive Extraction using Aliphatic Tertiary Amines. Separation Science and Technology,2008.43(11-12):p. 3056-3074.
67. C. Amen-Chen, H. Pakdel. C. Roy, Separation of phenols from Eucalyptus wood tar. Biomass & Bioenergy,1997.13(1-2):p.25-37.
68. 仲兆平戴佳佳,宋敏,生物油溶剂萃取以及萃取-柱层析分离法的研究进展.能源研究与利用.2009(5)：p.15-19.
69. 颜涌捷张素萍,任铮伟,等,生物质快速裂解液体产物的分析.华东理工大学学报,2001(6)：p.666-668.
70. 周立雪王艳秋,赵锁奇,等,大港减压渣油超临界萃取物的柱层析分离及GC／MS分析.应用化工,2010(2)：p.284-288.
71. P. K. Rout, M. K. Naik, S. N. Naik, Vaibhav V. Goud. L. M. Das, Ajay K. Dalai, Supercritical CO2 Fractionation of Bio-oil Produced from Mixed Biomass of Wheat and Wood Sawdust. Energy & Fuels,2009.23(12):p.6181-6188.
72. 王景华崔洪友,魏书芹,等,超临界CO_2萃取分离生物油.山东理工大学学报(自然科学版,2010(6)：p.1-5.
73. S. Czernik, A. V. Bridgwater, Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy and Fuels,2004.18(2):p.590-598.
74. M. E. Boucher, A. Chaala, C. Roy, Bio-oils obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark as a liquid fuel for gas turbines. Part I:Properties of bio-oil and its blends with methanol and a pyrolytic aqueous phase. Biomass and Bioenergy,2000.19(5):p. 337-350.
75. Lisa Starkey Ott, Beverly L. Smith, Thomas J. Bruno. Advanced distillation curve measurement:Application to a bio-derived crude oil prepared from swine manure. Fuel. 2008.87(15鈥?6):p.3379-3387.
76. 彭军,超临界流体中生物油提质的研究.2009,浙江大学：杭州.
77. Ji-Lu Zheng, Qin Wei, Improving the quality of fast pyrolysis bio-oil by reduced pressure distillation. Biomass and Bioenergy,2011.35(5):p.1804-1810.
78. Carazza F, Rezende M, Pasa V, Fractionation of wood tar[A]. Advances in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion,1994:p.1465-1474.
79. Hans Darmstadt, Manuel Garcia-Perez, Alain Adnot, Abdelkader Chaala, Detlef Kretschmer, Christian Roy, Corrosion of metals by bio-oil obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark residues. An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy study. Energy and Fuels.2004.18(5):p.1291-1301.
80. X. G Hu. L. L. Zhou, Q. J. Wang, Y. F. Xu, X. F. Zhu, On corrosion behaviour of metal in biomass oil. Corrosion Engineering Science and Technology,2011.46(4):p.400-405.
81. 郭春霞,蒋晓原,楼辉,郑小明,微波条件下固体酸催化剂催化酯化生物油的研究.燃料化学学报2011.39(2)：p.103-108.
82. 崔洪友,王景华,魏书芹,禚淑萍,李志合,王丽红,易维明.生物油超临界C02酯化反应研究.燃料化学学报2010.38(6)：p.673-678.
83. 王锦江,常杰,范娟,离子交换树脂催化酯化生物油的试验研究.燃料化学学报.201 0.38(5)：p.560-564.
84. 熊万明,傅尧,来大明,郭庆祥,酸性离子交换树脂催化酯化改质生物油的研究.高等学校化学学报2009.30(9)：p.1754-1758.
85. 徐莹常杰张琦王铁军王晨光,固体碱催化剂上生物油催化酯化改质.石油化工.2006.35(7)：p.615-619.
86. Y. Tang. W. J. Yu, L. Y. Mo, H. Lou, X. M. Zheng. One-step hydrogenation-esterification of aldehyde and acid to ester over bifunctional Pt catalysts:A model reaction as novel route for catalytic upgrading of fast pyrolysis bio-oil. Energy & Fuels,2008.22(5):p. 3484-3488.
87. J. D. Adjaye; N. N. Bakhshi. PRODUCTION OF HYDROCARBONS BY CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF A FAST PYROLYSIS BIO-OIL.1. CONVERSION OVER VARIOUS CATALYSTS. Fuel Processing Technology.1995.45(3):p.161-183.
88. J. D. Adjaye, S. P. R. Katikaneni, N. N. Bakhshi, Catalytic conversion of a biofuel to hydrocarbons:Effect of mixtures of HZSM-5 and silica-alumina catalysts on product distribution. Fuel Processing Technology,1996.48(2):p.115-143.
89. S. Vitolo, M. Seggiani, P. Frediani, G. Ambrosini, L. Politi. Catalytic upgrading of pyrolytic oils to fuel over different zeolites. Fuel.1999.78(10):p.1147-1159.
90. 郭晓亚,颜涌捷,生物质快速裂解油的催化裂解精制.化学反应工程与工艺,2005.21(3)：p.227-233.
91. 夏发俊.缪冶炼,生物油催化裂解的动力学分析.太阳能学报,2008.29(8)：p.1034-1037.
92. B. Valle, A. G. Gayubo, A. T. Aguayo, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, Selective Production of Aromatics by Crude Bio-oil Valorization with a Nickel-Modified HZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst. Energy & Fuels,2010.24:p.2060-2070.
93. J. D. Adjaye, N. N. Bakhshi, CATALYTIC CONVERSION OF A BIOMASS-DERIVED OIL TO FUELS AND CHEMICALS.1. MODEL-COMPOUND STUDIES AND REACTION PATHWAYS. Biomass & Bioenergy,1995.8(3):p.131-149.
94. A. G. Gayubo, A. T. Aguayo, A. Atutxa, R. Aguado, J. Bilbao, Transformation of oxygenate components of biomass pyrolysis oil on a HZSM-5 zeolite. I. Alcohols and phenols. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2004.43(11):p.2610-2618.
95. A. G. Gayubo, A. T. Aguayo, A. Atutxa, R. Aguado, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, Transformation of oxygenate components of biomass pyrolysis oil on a HZSM-5 zeolite. H. Aldehydes, ketones, and acids. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2004.43(11):p. 2619-2626.
96. U. V. Mentzel, M. S. Holm, Utilization of biomass:Conversion of model compounds to hydrocarbons over zeolite H-ZSM-5. Applied Catalysis a-General,2011.396(1-2):p. 59-67.
97. Minmin Liang, Meiling Qi, Changbin Zhang, Shan Zhou, Ruonong Fu, Junxiong Huang. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of volatile compounds from Houttuynia cordata Thunb after extraction by solid-phase microextraction, flash evaporation and steam distillation. Analytica Chimica Acta.2005.531(1):p.97-104.
98. T. Q. Hoang. X. L. Zhu, T. Sooknoi. D. E. Resasco, R. G. Mallinson, A comparison of the reactivities of propanal and propylene on HZSM-5. Journal of Catalysis,2010.271(2):p. 201-208.
99. 梅丽敏,宗志敏,位艳宾,魏贤勇,微波辅助下固体酸催化剂对稻壳热解油的催化加氢.化工时刊,2011.25(7)：p.19-22.
100. Yong Wang, Mourning Zhao, Keke Song, Lili Wang, Xue Han, Shuze Tang, Ying Wang, Separation of diacylglycerols from enzymatically hydrolyzed soybean oil by molecular distillation. Separation and Purification Technology.2010.75(2):p.114-120.
101. J. Wildschut, F. H. Mahfud, R. H. Venderbosch, H. J. Heeres, Hydrotreatment of Fast Pyrolysis Oil Using Heterogeneous Noble-Metal Catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research,2009.48(23):p.10324-10334.
102. A. R. Ardiyanti, A. Gutierrez, M. L. Honkela, A. O. I. Krause, H. J. Heeres, Hydrotreatment of wood-based pyrolysis oil using zirconia-supported mono-and bimetallic (Pt. Pd, Rh) catalysts. Applied Catalysis a-General,2011.407(1-2):p.56-66.
103. A. Gutierrez, R. K. Kaila. M. L. Honkela, R. Slioor, A. O. I. Krause, Hydrodeoxygenation of guaiacol on noble metal catalysts. Catalysis Today,2009. 147(3-4):p.239-246.
104. 魏宏鸽,仲兆平,李睿,靳立维,固体催化剂下生物油模型化合物的催化加氢研究.可再生能源,2010(1)：p.52-55,62.
105. F. H. Mahfud. I. Melin-Cabrera, R. Manurung, H. J. Heeres, Biomass to Fuels: Upgrading of Flash Pyrolysis Oil by Reactive Distillation Using a High Boiling Alcohol and Acid Catalysts. Process Safety and Environmental Protection.2007.85(5):p. 466-472.
106. D. C. Elliott, T. R. Hart, Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Chemical Models for Bio-oil. Energy & Fuels,2009.23(1):p.631-637.
107. M. Ikura, M. Stanciulescu, E. Hogan. Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel. Biomass & Bioenergy,2003.24(3):p.221-232.
108. D. Chiaramonti, A. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi, K. Gartner, A. V. Bridgwater, H. P. Grimm, I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni, Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 1:emulsion production. Biomass & Bioenergy.2003.25(1):p.85-99.
109. D. Chiaramonti, A. Bonini, E. Fratini, G. Tondi, K. Gartner. A. V. Bridgwater, H. P. Grimm, I. Soldaini, A. Webster, P. Baglioni, Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 2:tests in diesel engines. Biomass & Bioenergy,2003.25(1):p.101-111.
110. 张健,李文志,陆强朱,锡锋,复配乳化剂乳化生物油／柴油技术.农业机械学报,2009.40(2)：p.103-106.
111. 梁伟,王铁军,张琦,汪璐,徐莹,吴创之,生物质快速热裂解油水相溶液超声乳化特性.燃料化学学报.2009.37(6)：p.684-689.
112. 于济业,彭艳丽,李燕飞,李贞,易维明.柏雪源.生物油／柴油乳化燃油稳定性试验.山东理工大学学报：自然科学版,2007.21(5)：p.101-103.
113. Qianqian Yin, Xinbao Li, Zuogang Guo, Xin Lee, Qinjie Cai, Shurong Wang. Effect of salt addition on the emulsification of bio-oil and diesel.2011. Wuhan. China:IEEE Computer Society.
114. Yueling Gu. Qianqian Yin. Shurong Wang. Xinbao Li. Zuogang Guo, Zhongyang Luo. Experimental study on the physico-chemical properties of bio-oil and diesel emulsification.2012. Singapore. Singapore:Trans Tech Publications.
115. 王琦.李信宝,王树荣,骆仲泱,岑可法,生物质热解生物油与柴油乳化的试验研究.太阳能学报,2010.31(3)：p.380-384.
116. Zuogang Guo, Qianqian Yin, Shurong Wang. Bio-oil emulsion fuels production using power ultrasound. Advanced Materials Research.2012.347-353:p.2709-2712.
117. P. N. Kechagiopoulos, S. S. Voutetakis, A. A. Lemonidou, I. A. Vasalos, Hydrogen production via steam reforming of the aqueous phase of bio-oil in a fixed bed reactor. Energy & Fuels,2006.20(5):p.2155-2163.
118. C. Rioche, S. Kulkarni, F. C. Meunier, J. P. Breen, R. Burch. Steam reforming of model compounds and fast pyrolysis bio-oil on supported noble metal catalysts. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental,2005.61(1-2):p.130-139.
119. J. A. Medrano, M. Oliva, J. Ruiz, L. Garcia, J. Arauzo. Catalytic steam reforming of model compounds of biomass pyrolysis liquids in fluidized bed reactor with modified Ni/Al catalysts. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis,2009.85(1-2):p.214-225.
120. C. Wu, Q. Huang, M. Sui, Y. Yan, F. Wang, Hydrogen production via catalytic steam reforming of fast pyrolysis bio-oil in a two-stage fixed bed reactor system. Fuel Processing Technology.2008.89(12):p.1306-1316.
121. Xun Hu, Gongxuan Lu, Investigation of the steam reforming of a series of model compounds derived from bio-oil for hydrogen production. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental,2009.88(3-4):p.376-385.
122. Zuogang Guo, Shurong Wang, Long Guo, Xinbao Li, Catalytic steam reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production over Ni/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts. BioResources 2011.6(4): p.4092-4102.
123. D. C. Elliott, Historical developments in hydroprocessing bio-oils. Energy & Fuels,2007. 21(3):p.1792-1815.
124. T. Barth, M. Kleinert, Motor fuels from biomass pyrolysis. Chemical Engineering & Technology,2008.31(5):p.773-781.
125. M. Al-Sabawi, J. A. Atias, H. De Lasa, Heterogeneous Approach to the Catalytic Cracking of Vacuum Gas Oil. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research.2008. 47(20):p.7631-7641.
126. C. Boutekedjiret, F. Bentahar, R. Belabbes, J. M. Bessiere, Extraction of rosemary essential oil by steam distillation and hydrodistillation. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 2003.18(6):p.481-484.
127. S.C. Cermak, T.A. Isbell, Pilot-plant distillation of meadowfoan fatty acids. Ind.Crops Prod..2002.15:p.145-154.
128. K. C. D. Hickman. E. L. Gray, Molecular distillation-Examination of natural vitamin D. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,1938.30:p.796-802.
129. K. C. D. Hickman, Molecular distillation-State of the vitamins in certain fish liver oils. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,1937.29:p.1107-1111.
130. A. Winter, C.B. Batistella, M.R. Wolf Maciel, R. Maciel Filho, L.C. Medina, Characterizing a brazilian petroleum residue by molecular distillation process. Proceedings of European Congress of Chemical Engineering (ECCE-6) Copenhagen, 2007.
131. C.B. Batistella, P. Sbaite, M.R. Wolf Maciel, R. Maciel Filho, A. Winter, A. Gomes, L Medina, R. Kunert, Heavy petroleum fractions characterization:a new approach through molecular distillation.2nd Mercosur Congress on Chemical Engineering & 4th Mercosur Congress on Process Systems Engineering, Costa Verde-RJ, Brazil,.2005.
132. 李鑫钢,现代蒸馏技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2009.1.
133. 杨村,于宏奇,冯武文,分子蒸馏技术.北京：化学工业出版社,2003.1.
134. A. Demirbas, The influence of temperature on the yields of compounds existing in bio-oils obtained from biomass samples via pyrolysis. Fuel Processing Technology,2007. 88(6):p.591-597.
135. David C. Jay, Kai H. Sipila, Olli A. Rantanen, Nils-Olof Nylund. Wood pyrolysis oil for diesel engines.1995. Milwaukee, WI, USA:ASME.
136. 陈洁,蒋剑春,徐俊明,催化酯化反应中固体酸催化剂研究进展.精细石油化工进展2009.10(3)：p.32-37.
137. 闫鹏,郭海福,陈志胜,王赵志,吴燕妮,固体酸催化合成马来酸二丁酯.化学研究与应用2011.23(5)：p.539-543.
138. 周海峰,朱光明,SO4^2-／TiO2／La^3+催化合成季戊四醇三丙烯酸酯.日用化学工业.2005.35(1)：p.19-22.
139. 郭锡坤,谌宁,杨阳,镧及其引入方式对锆交联累托土固体酸催化剂性能的影响.分子催化,2004.18(3)：p.179-184.
140. E. Furimsky, Catalytic hydrodeoxygenation. Applied Catalysis a-General,2000.199(2): p.147-190.
141. A. G. Gayubo, B. Valle, A. T. Aguayo, M. Olazar, J. Bilbao, Attenuation of Catalyst Deactivation by Cofeeding Methanol for Enhancing the Valorisation of Crude Bio-oil. Energy & Fuels,2009.23(8):p.4129-4136.
142. B. Valle. A. G. Gayubo, A. Alonso, A. T. Aguayo. J. Bilbao, Hydrothermally stable HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts for the transformation of crude bio-oil into hydrocarbons. Applied Catalysis B-Environmental,2010.100(1-2):p.318-327.
143. J. D. Adjaye, N. N. Bakhshi, Production of hydrocarbons by catalytic upgrading of a fast pyrolysis bio-oil:1. conversion over various catalysts. Fuel Processing Technology,1995. 45(3):p.161-183.
144. G. L. Juste, J. J. S. Monfort, Preliminary test on combustion of wood derived fast pyrolysis oils in a gas turbine combustor. Biomass & Bioenergy,2000.19(2):p.119-128.
145. 梁治齐,李金华,功能性乳化剂与乳状液.中国轻工业出版社,2000年4月第一版.
146. 于世涛,郭英男.卓斌,刘金山,杨林,乙醇柴油混合燃料的理化特性的研究.内燃机工程,2004.25(6)：p.30-33.
147. 陈虎,帅石金,王建昕,乙醇、柴油及其混合燃料的喷雾特性.燃烧科学与技术,2005.11(5)：p.465-469.
148. 于世涛,郭英男,刘金山,谭满志,卓斌,柴油乙醇混合燃料的性质及其对发动机性能的影响.上海交通大学学报,2005.39(8)：p.1252-1260.