高浓度石油污染土壤溶剂萃取过程的研究
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摘要
石油是一非常复杂的烃类混合物，且所含的大多数化合物对人类健康和环境存在着潜在的风险。目前，石油污染土壤已成为一个全球性的环境问题。为此，大量的学者对石油污染土壤治理的相关修复技术进行了研究。其中溶剂萃取是一种具有发展前途的土壤修复技术，它可以快速有效地去除土壤中的有机污染物，同时还可以对具有一定价值的污染物进行回收利用。
本文研究的石油污染土壤采自胜利油田孤岛采油区。经检测，土壤中石油污染物的浓度高达98200mg·kg~(-1)。其中，15种优先控制的多环芳烃化合物可以在石油污染物中检测到。四组分分析结果显示，重油组分胶质和沥青质在石油污染物中所占的比例达到50%以上。
以汉森溶解度参数和“相似相溶”原则为基础，研究了溶剂对石油污染物萃取效率与其溶解度参数之间的关系，并得出高效溶剂的汉森溶解度参数范围（RM=3.2）和其分数形式范围（色散力参数分数fd为62~85；极性力参数分数fp为2~20；氢键粘合力参数分数fh为7~22）。在此基础上，开发出了一系列高效、价廉、低毒和环境友好的萃取溶剂。
通过研究石油污染土壤的萃取过程得出，土壤中水分含量的增加会降低溶剂对石油污染物的去除率。液固比为萃取过程中最重要的影响因素，且萃取效率随液固比的增大而增加，并根据石油污染物在溶剂中的线性脱附模式，获得了萃取效率与液固比之间的关联式。在最佳的操作条件（液固比6:1）下，用正己烷-丙酮（0.25）复合溶剂可以从土壤中萃取出超过90%的饱和分、芳香分、胶质和60%的沥青质。多级错流和多级逆流萃取可以显著地提高溶剂的萃取效率。为了降低溶剂用量，可在低液固比条件下对石油污染土壤进行多级萃取。
利用水洗法对萃取后残余在土壤中的溶剂进行了去除和回收。土壤中的石油污染物是导致水洗过程中溶剂去除效率降低的主要原因。由于表面活性剂具有降低界面张力和增溶的作用，本文采用表面活性剂辅助水洗法可以有效地提高对土壤中残余溶剂的去除效率。处理后土壤中残余溶剂的含量可降到1%左右，同时对土壤中憎水性残余溶剂的回收率达到95%以上。此外，在水洗过程中大部分表面活性剂溶液可实现重复利用。
在上述研究基础上，建立了基于溶剂萃取的石油污染土壤修复工艺。通过对工艺方法进行环境评价，得出此修复工艺可有效地降低污染物危害风险的能力。
Crude oil is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbons，and most oilcomponents have the potential risk to human health and environment. At present,Soils contamination with crude oil have been a global environment problem, and anumber of technologies have been developed for remediating soils contaminated withpetroleum hydrocarbons. Solvent extraction is a promising technology for soilsremediation. Such method can be efficient in removing hydrophobic organiccontaminants from polluted soils. Meanwhile, the contaminants can be recovered andrecycled.
The soil samples used in this study were obtained from Gudong Oil ProductionPlant at the Shengli Oil Field located in Shandong Province, China. The oil contentwas98000mg·kg~(-1)and15priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons weredeterminated. The four oil fractions analysis results showed that the total content ofheavy oil fractions (resins and asphaltenes) was more than50%in petroleumcontaminants.
Based on Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) and the basic principle (“likedissolves like”) in solvent selection，the relations between HSP of solvent and theextraction efficiency in removing oil pollutants from soils were investigated. The HSPsphere of high-efficiency solvent was RM=3.2and the fractional parameters spherewas dispersion component fractional parameter (fd)62-85, polar component fractionalparameter (fp)2-20and hydrogen bonding component fractional parameter (fh)7-22.According to the HPS sphere, a series of mixed-solvents with character of low-toxic,acceptable cost, high efficiency and environmental friend were developed.
The extraction process for oil contaminants removal from polluted soils wasinvestigated. The oil removal decreased with the increasing of the moisture content inthe polluted soils. The ratio between solvent and soil played a significant role insolvent extraction and results showed that the effciency would increase following thehigher solvent soil ratio. The desorption of oil from soils took place according to thelinear isotherm and the extraction efficiency was calculated as a function of thesolvent soil ratio. At the optimal conditions (solvent soil ratio6:1), approx90%ofsaturates, aromatics, resins, and60%of asphaltenes were removed using the mixturesof hexane and acetone (25vol%). The multistage crosscurrent and countercurrentextraction could obviously enhance the removal efficiency of oil pollutants. In order to reduce the solvent consuming, the multistage extraction with small solvent soilratio was necessary to achieve the high removal of oil.
The application of water washing technology for removing and recycling thesolvent remained in soils after extraction was investigated. The residual oil pollutantsin soils played a significant role in water washing and could obviously decrease theremoval rate of solvent. With the lower interfacial tension and the solubilization ofsurfactant solution, surfactant enhanced washing could effectively increase theremoval rate of solvent remained in soils. After disposing，the content of solventwhich remained in soils dropped down to1%and the recovery rate of hydrophobicorganic solvent exceeded to95%. Meanwhile, the majority of surfactant solutioncould be recycled and reused in washing process.
Base on the above experimental research, the technological process that usingsolvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils has been built.The environment evaluation results showed that this technique could effectivelyreduce the risk of pollutants.
本文研究的石油污染土壤采自胜利油田孤岛采油区。经检测，土壤中石油污染物的浓度高达98200mg·kg~(-1)。其中，15种优先控制的多环芳烃化合物可以在石油污染物中检测到。四组分分析结果显示，重油组分胶质和沥青质在石油污染物中所占的比例达到50%以上。
以汉森溶解度参数和“相似相溶”原则为基础，研究了溶剂对石油污染物萃取效率与其溶解度参数之间的关系，并得出高效溶剂的汉森溶解度参数范围（RM=3.2）和其分数形式范围（色散力参数分数fd为62~85；极性力参数分数fp为2~20；氢键粘合力参数分数fh为7~22）。在此基础上，开发出了一系列高效、价廉、低毒和环境友好的萃取溶剂。
通过研究石油污染土壤的萃取过程得出，土壤中水分含量的增加会降低溶剂对石油污染物的去除率。液固比为萃取过程中最重要的影响因素，且萃取效率随液固比的增大而增加，并根据石油污染物在溶剂中的线性脱附模式，获得了萃取效率与液固比之间的关联式。在最佳的操作条件（液固比6:1）下，用正己烷-丙酮（0.25）复合溶剂可以从土壤中萃取出超过90%的饱和分、芳香分、胶质和60%的沥青质。多级错流和多级逆流萃取可以显著地提高溶剂的萃取效率。为了降低溶剂用量，可在低液固比条件下对石油污染土壤进行多级萃取。
利用水洗法对萃取后残余在土壤中的溶剂进行了去除和回收。土壤中的石油污染物是导致水洗过程中溶剂去除效率降低的主要原因。由于表面活性剂具有降低界面张力和增溶的作用，本文采用表面活性剂辅助水洗法可以有效地提高对土壤中残余溶剂的去除效率。处理后土壤中残余溶剂的含量可降到1%左右，同时对土壤中憎水性残余溶剂的回收率达到95%以上。此外，在水洗过程中大部分表面活性剂溶液可实现重复利用。
在上述研究基础上，建立了基于溶剂萃取的石油污染土壤修复工艺。通过对工艺方法进行环境评价，得出此修复工艺可有效地降低污染物危害风险的能力。
Crude oil is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbons，and most oilcomponents have the potential risk to human health and environment. At present,Soils contamination with crude oil have been a global environment problem, and anumber of technologies have been developed for remediating soils contaminated withpetroleum hydrocarbons. Solvent extraction is a promising technology for soilsremediation. Such method can be efficient in removing hydrophobic organiccontaminants from polluted soils. Meanwhile, the contaminants can be recovered andrecycled.
The soil samples used in this study were obtained from Gudong Oil ProductionPlant at the Shengli Oil Field located in Shandong Province, China. The oil contentwas98000mg·kg~(-1)and15priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons weredeterminated. The four oil fractions analysis results showed that the total content ofheavy oil fractions (resins and asphaltenes) was more than50%in petroleumcontaminants.
Based on Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) and the basic principle (“likedissolves like”) in solvent selection，the relations between HSP of solvent and theextraction efficiency in removing oil pollutants from soils were investigated. The HSPsphere of high-efficiency solvent was RM=3.2and the fractional parameters spherewas dispersion component fractional parameter (fd)62-85, polar component fractionalparameter (fp)2-20and hydrogen bonding component fractional parameter (fh)7-22.According to the HPS sphere, a series of mixed-solvents with character of low-toxic,acceptable cost, high efficiency and environmental friend were developed.
The extraction process for oil contaminants removal from polluted soils wasinvestigated. The oil removal decreased with the increasing of the moisture content inthe polluted soils. The ratio between solvent and soil played a significant role insolvent extraction and results showed that the effciency would increase following thehigher solvent soil ratio. The desorption of oil from soils took place according to thelinear isotherm and the extraction efficiency was calculated as a function of thesolvent soil ratio. At the optimal conditions (solvent soil ratio6:1), approx90%ofsaturates, aromatics, resins, and60%of asphaltenes were removed using the mixturesof hexane and acetone (25vol%). The multistage crosscurrent and countercurrentextraction could obviously enhance the removal efficiency of oil pollutants. In order to reduce the solvent consuming, the multistage extraction with small solvent soilratio was necessary to achieve the high removal of oil.
The application of water washing technology for removing and recycling thesolvent remained in soils after extraction was investigated. The residual oil pollutantsin soils played a significant role in water washing and could obviously decrease theremoval rate of solvent. With the lower interfacial tension and the solubilization ofsurfactant solution, surfactant enhanced washing could effectively increase theremoval rate of solvent remained in soils. After disposing，the content of solventwhich remained in soils dropped down to1%and the recovery rate of hydrophobicorganic solvent exceeded to95%. Meanwhile, the majority of surfactant solutioncould be recycled and reused in washing process.
Base on the above experimental research, the technological process that usingsolvent extraction for heavy crude oil removal from contaminated soils has been built.The environment evaluation results showed that this technique could effectivelyreduce the risk of pollutants.
引文
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