聚合物/纳米银复合微球的制备、SERS性能及其应用研究
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摘要
表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)是一种具有指纹性质和超高检测灵敏度的振动光谱,其在分析领域具有重要的应用价值。特别是SERS信号具有高稳定性、高光谱分辨率等特点使得SERS光谱在生物分析领域受到了极大的关注。基于SERS标签检测生物分子的方法,具有极高的检测灵敏度和优良的多元检测能力,因而在基因治疗、食品安全监测、医学诊断、法医分析、文物鉴定等领域具有巨大的应用前景。SERS光谱的灵敏度和信号重现性主要决定于SERS基底材料的形貌和尺寸等微观结构。因此本论文研究工作主要围绕着高活性SERS基底材料的制备与其在生物分析领域的应用展开,主要取得了以下几方面的研究结果：
(1)开发了一种简单、高效、环境友好的制备PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球的方法。首先通过无皂乳液聚合法,使用丙烯酸(AA)和苯乙烯(St)为单体制备了表面富含羧基的聚(苯乙烯-co-丙烯酸)(PSA)微球。然后以PSA微球为模板,硝酸银水溶液为银源,PVP为还原剂和稳定剂,原位还原制备了PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球。考察了微球表面羧基含量和反应温度对微球表面银纳米粒子覆盖度的影响。另外,TEM、XRD、TGA、UV-vis表征结果表明,银纳米粒子的覆盖度随PSA微球共聚单体中AA用量的增加而增大,即微球表面银纳米粒子的覆盖度随着PSA微球表面羧基含量增加逐渐增多；高温反应有助于增加微球表面银纳米粒子的覆盖度,但是过高的反应温度会导致在微球表面形成银纳米粒子聚集体,并在反应溶液中生成大量自由银纳米粒子。
(2)使用PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球作为SERS基底检测三聚氰胺。首先以4-ABT为模型分子,考察了微球表面银纳米粒子覆盖度对PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球SERS活性的影响,得到PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球的SERS活性随着表面银纳米粒子覆盖度的增加而逐渐增大。表面完全被银纳米粒子覆盖的PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球的SERS活性最高,对4-ABT的检测限为10-9M。利用PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球作为SERS基底检测三聚氰胺,得到检测限为10-3M而且谱图中有许多PVP和杂质的信号,信噪比很低。使用四氢呋喃(THF)将PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球表面吸附的PVP和杂质溶解除去后,大大提高了信噪比和检测灵敏度,得到检测限为10-7M。
(3)SERS-tags的制备和表征。以PSA/Ag-NPs为SERS基底,高Raman活性的芳香类化合物作为Raman条码分子,再通过改进的Stober方法包覆Si02制备了核壳结构的SERS标签(SERS-tags)即PSA/Ag-NPs-Raman repoter/SiO2。通过一系列的实验考察了SERS-tags的性能,发现：(a)SERS-tags能够抵抗强酸的侵蚀,具有高的化学稳定性；(b)SERS信号强度与SERS-tags粒子浓度成线性关系,拟合直线的确定系数(R2)为0.989,因此SERS-tags具有优异的定量检测能力；(c)在二元、三元、四元混合标签的SERS光谱中,能清晰的分辨出各个SERS-tags的特征Raman峰,因此SERS-tags具有优良的多元检测能力。采用芯片式“三明治”夹心方法初步进行了DNA检测,应用三种不同的SERS-tags在三种目标DNA混合溶液中成功的检测到了特异的目标DNA序列。因此该检测方法可以用于复杂的生物体系中生物分子的选择性和特异性检测分析。
(4)SERS-tags在DNA检测中的应用。首先采用溶剂热法制备了具有高磁饱和强度的四氧化三铁纳米晶簇(MCNCs),再通过蒸馏沉淀的方法在MCNCs外包覆生物相容性的聚丙烯酸(PAA)壳层,得到了表面富含羧基、具有良好的磁响应性和生物相容性的MCNCs/PAA核壳结构磁性复合纳米粒子。然后以磁性复合纳米粒子为悬浮捕获材料和分离手段,结合制备的SERS-tags构建了一类灵敏的“三明治”SERS液相芯片。应用SERS液相芯片技术检测目标DNA,得到检测限为10-11M。最后将磁性复合纳米粒子表面固定三种捕获DNA后构建了多元检测SERS液相芯片,应用该液相芯片在目标DNA混合溶液中同时成功检测到了多个目标DNA。因此该方法在高通量的生物分子检测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) holds great potential for analytic application due to its fingerprint-like and ultra-highly sensitive property, espically SERS has been subjected to intensive attention in biomolecular analysis because of the advantages of extremely stable signal and high spectral revolution. Biological analysis based on SERS-tags has wide applications in biomedical research, food safety monitoring, medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, cultural relic identification and so on. The sensitivity of SERS mainly depends on the morphology and size of SERS substrates. Based on the research background, this thesis has focused on the preparation of highly active SERS substrates and their application in biological analysis area. The detailed results of each part are listed as following:
(1) A facile, efficient and environmentally friendly route for preparation of PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres was developed. Firstly, a series of poly (styrene-co-acrylic acid)(PSA) microspheres with different contents of-COOH were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization using different ratios of styrene (St) and acrylic acid (AA) as monomers. Secondly, PSA microspheres served as the supporting template and PVP acted as a reducer and stabilizer to obtain Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) coated PSA composite microspheres (PSA/Ag-NPs) via in situ reduction of AgNO3by PVP in aqueous solution. The effect of carboxyl group amount and reaction temperature on surface coverage and morphology of Ag-NPs immobilized on PSA microspheres was systematically studied. The results reveal that the bigger-COOH amount on the surface of microspheres and higher reaction temperature was in favor of the increase of Ag-NPs coverage, but too high reaction temperature led to the formation of silver nanoparticle agglomerates on the microsphere surface and a great amount of colloidal silver nanoparticles in the solution.
(2) PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres were used as SERS substrates to detect trace melamine in solution. At first, their SERS activity was evaluated using4-ABT as the model molecule. The result shows that the SERS activity of PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres increases with the increase of the Ag-NPs coverage on the surface of the PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres, and the composite microspheres with the uniform and complete coverage show the highest SERS activity with the detection limit down to10-9M for4-ABT. Potential application of the PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres as SERS substrates was demonstrated with the detection of melamine, and the detection limit was about10-3M. Chemical noises from PVP and other impurities were observed, which were attributed mainly to the competitive adsorption of PVP on the surfaces of Ag-NPs. After tetrahydrofuran (THF) washing of the PSA/Ag-NPs that removed the PVP and other residuals, the signal/noise levels of SERS were greatly improved and the detection limit of melamine was increased to be10-7M.
(3) A class of SERS encoded core-shell microspheres (SERS-tags) was synthesized. The SERS-tags are composed of PSA/Ag-NPs microspheres as SERS-active substrates, Raman active molecules as coding for specific analyte, and silica shell for protecting the Ag-NPs and the Raman molecules from the exterior chemical and biological interferences and conjugation with biomolecules. The experimental results show that:(a) the SERS-tags exhibited high chemical stability and could resist to the etching of strong acid;(b) the SERS-tags at different concentrations produced consistent Raman signals under the identical measuring conditions and a highly linear relationship between SERS signal intensities and concentrations of nanoparticle SERS-tags with an R2=0.989was obtained;(c) At least four different tags (a four "color" system) were quantitatively differentiated in a mixture of SERS-tags indicating an excellent multiplexing potential of SERS-tags. The silica surfaces of SERS-tags were further conjugated with probe DNA to prepare SERS-probes. The detection of single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssDNA) targets was successfully accomplished using SERS-probes in a chip-based sandwich hybridization assay in a mixed ssDNA target solution. Therefore, the as-prepared SERS-probes are suitable for high specific detection of biomolecules with high sensitivity and the remarkable multiplexing capability associated with the SERS method.
(4) We demonstrated a strategy for the detection of target DNA based on SERS-tags. Firstly, the magnetite colloidal nanocrystal clusters (MCNCs) with high saturation magnetization value were synthesized via a solvothermal reaction, and then they were coated with high biocompatible poly (acrylic acid)(PAA) to obtain MCNCs/PAA core/sell microspheres with fast magnetic responsiveness and excellent biocompatibility. A proof-of-concept sandwich hybridization assay for DNA detection was performed utilizing DNA-functionalized SERS-tags as probes and magnetic nanoparticles as suspended capture substrates and a separating tool, respectively. The quantitative detection of target DNA strands showed a well-defined linear correlation between SERS signal intensity and concentrations of target DNA strands, and the limit of detection was as low as10-11M. Multiplexed detection was further successfully performed with simultaneous spectral identification of up to three different kinds of DNA targets in an assay in light of the unique spectroscopic fingerprints of each type of SERS-tags. So the as-developed strategy holds significant promise for specific detection of biomolecules with high sensitivity and exquisite multiplexing capability.
(1)开发了一种简单、高效、环境友好的制备PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球的方法。首先通过无皂乳液聚合法,使用丙烯酸(AA)和苯乙烯(St)为单体制备了表面富含羧基的聚(苯乙烯-co-丙烯酸)(PSA)微球。然后以PSA微球为模板,硝酸银水溶液为银源,PVP为还原剂和稳定剂,原位还原制备了PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球。考察了微球表面羧基含量和反应温度对微球表面银纳米粒子覆盖度的影响。另外,TEM、XRD、TGA、UV-vis表征结果表明,银纳米粒子的覆盖度随PSA微球共聚单体中AA用量的增加而增大,即微球表面银纳米粒子的覆盖度随着PSA微球表面羧基含量增加逐渐增多；高温反应有助于增加微球表面银纳米粒子的覆盖度,但是过高的反应温度会导致在微球表面形成银纳米粒子聚集体,并在反应溶液中生成大量自由银纳米粒子。
(2)使用PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球作为SERS基底检测三聚氰胺。首先以4-ABT为模型分子,考察了微球表面银纳米粒子覆盖度对PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球SERS活性的影响,得到PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球的SERS活性随着表面银纳米粒子覆盖度的增加而逐渐增大。表面完全被银纳米粒子覆盖的PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球的SERS活性最高,对4-ABT的检测限为10-9M。利用PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球作为SERS基底检测三聚氰胺,得到检测限为10-3M而且谱图中有许多PVP和杂质的信号,信噪比很低。使用四氢呋喃(THF)将PSA/Ag-NPs复合微球表面吸附的PVP和杂质溶解除去后,大大提高了信噪比和检测灵敏度,得到检测限为10-7M。
(3)SERS-tags的制备和表征。以PSA/Ag-NPs为SERS基底,高Raman活性的芳香类化合物作为Raman条码分子,再通过改进的Stober方法包覆Si02制备了核壳结构的SERS标签(SERS-tags)即PSA/Ag-NPs-Raman repoter/SiO2。通过一系列的实验考察了SERS-tags的性能,发现：(a)SERS-tags能够抵抗强酸的侵蚀,具有高的化学稳定性；(b)SERS信号强度与SERS-tags粒子浓度成线性关系,拟合直线的确定系数(R2)为0.989,因此SERS-tags具有优异的定量检测能力；(c)在二元、三元、四元混合标签的SERS光谱中,能清晰的分辨出各个SERS-tags的特征Raman峰,因此SERS-tags具有优良的多元检测能力。采用芯片式“三明治”夹心方法初步进行了DNA检测,应用三种不同的SERS-tags在三种目标DNA混合溶液中成功的检测到了特异的目标DNA序列。因此该检测方法可以用于复杂的生物体系中生物分子的选择性和特异性检测分析。
(4)SERS-tags在DNA检测中的应用。首先采用溶剂热法制备了具有高磁饱和强度的四氧化三铁纳米晶簇(MCNCs),再通过蒸馏沉淀的方法在MCNCs外包覆生物相容性的聚丙烯酸(PAA)壳层,得到了表面富含羧基、具有良好的磁响应性和生物相容性的MCNCs/PAA核壳结构磁性复合纳米粒子。然后以磁性复合纳米粒子为悬浮捕获材料和分离手段,结合制备的SERS-tags构建了一类灵敏的“三明治”SERS液相芯片。应用SERS液相芯片技术检测目标DNA,得到检测限为10-11M。最后将磁性复合纳米粒子表面固定三种捕获DNA后构建了多元检测SERS液相芯片,应用该液相芯片在目标DNA混合溶液中同时成功检测到了多个目标DNA。因此该方法在高通量的生物分子检测领域具有巨大的应用潜力。
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) holds great potential for analytic application due to its fingerprint-like and ultra-highly sensitive property, espically SERS has been subjected to intensive attention in biomolecular analysis because of the advantages of extremely stable signal and high spectral revolution. Biological analysis based on SERS-tags has wide applications in biomedical research, food safety monitoring, medical diagnostics, forensic analysis, cultural relic identification and so on. The sensitivity of SERS mainly depends on the morphology and size of SERS substrates. Based on the research background, this thesis has focused on the preparation of highly active SERS substrates and their application in biological analysis area. The detailed results of each part are listed as following:
(1) A facile, efficient and environmentally friendly route for preparation of PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres was developed. Firstly, a series of poly (styrene-co-acrylic acid)(PSA) microspheres with different contents of-COOH were prepared by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization using different ratios of styrene (St) and acrylic acid (AA) as monomers. Secondly, PSA microspheres served as the supporting template and PVP acted as a reducer and stabilizer to obtain Ag nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) coated PSA composite microspheres (PSA/Ag-NPs) via in situ reduction of AgNO3by PVP in aqueous solution. The effect of carboxyl group amount and reaction temperature on surface coverage and morphology of Ag-NPs immobilized on PSA microspheres was systematically studied. The results reveal that the bigger-COOH amount on the surface of microspheres and higher reaction temperature was in favor of the increase of Ag-NPs coverage, but too high reaction temperature led to the formation of silver nanoparticle agglomerates on the microsphere surface and a great amount of colloidal silver nanoparticles in the solution.
(2) PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres were used as SERS substrates to detect trace melamine in solution. At first, their SERS activity was evaluated using4-ABT as the model molecule. The result shows that the SERS activity of PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres increases with the increase of the Ag-NPs coverage on the surface of the PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres, and the composite microspheres with the uniform and complete coverage show the highest SERS activity with the detection limit down to10-9M for4-ABT. Potential application of the PSA/Ag-NPs composite microspheres as SERS substrates was demonstrated with the detection of melamine, and the detection limit was about10-3M. Chemical noises from PVP and other impurities were observed, which were attributed mainly to the competitive adsorption of PVP on the surfaces of Ag-NPs. After tetrahydrofuran (THF) washing of the PSA/Ag-NPs that removed the PVP and other residuals, the signal/noise levels of SERS were greatly improved and the detection limit of melamine was increased to be10-7M.
(3) A class of SERS encoded core-shell microspheres (SERS-tags) was synthesized. The SERS-tags are composed of PSA/Ag-NPs microspheres as SERS-active substrates, Raman active molecules as coding for specific analyte, and silica shell for protecting the Ag-NPs and the Raman molecules from the exterior chemical and biological interferences and conjugation with biomolecules. The experimental results show that:(a) the SERS-tags exhibited high chemical stability and could resist to the etching of strong acid;(b) the SERS-tags at different concentrations produced consistent Raman signals under the identical measuring conditions and a highly linear relationship between SERS signal intensities and concentrations of nanoparticle SERS-tags with an R2=0.989was obtained;(c) At least four different tags (a four "color" system) were quantitatively differentiated in a mixture of SERS-tags indicating an excellent multiplexing potential of SERS-tags. The silica surfaces of SERS-tags were further conjugated with probe DNA to prepare SERS-probes. The detection of single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssDNA) targets was successfully accomplished using SERS-probes in a chip-based sandwich hybridization assay in a mixed ssDNA target solution. Therefore, the as-prepared SERS-probes are suitable for high specific detection of biomolecules with high sensitivity and the remarkable multiplexing capability associated with the SERS method.
(4) We demonstrated a strategy for the detection of target DNA based on SERS-tags. Firstly, the magnetite colloidal nanocrystal clusters (MCNCs) with high saturation magnetization value were synthesized via a solvothermal reaction, and then they were coated with high biocompatible poly (acrylic acid)(PAA) to obtain MCNCs/PAA core/sell microspheres with fast magnetic responsiveness and excellent biocompatibility. A proof-of-concept sandwich hybridization assay for DNA detection was performed utilizing DNA-functionalized SERS-tags as probes and magnetic nanoparticles as suspended capture substrates and a separating tool, respectively. The quantitative detection of target DNA strands showed a well-defined linear correlation between SERS signal intensity and concentrations of target DNA strands, and the limit of detection was as low as10-11M. Multiplexed detection was further successfully performed with simultaneous spectral identification of up to three different kinds of DNA targets in an assay in light of the unique spectroscopic fingerprints of each type of SERS-tags. So the as-developed strategy holds significant promise for specific detection of biomolecules with high sensitivity and exquisite multiplexing capability.
引文
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