夏季西北冰洋三界面碳通量的估算与测定
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摘要
北冰洋碳循环是全球气候变化研究中的核心问题,海-气界面二氧化碳(CO_2)交换、真光层颗粒有机碳(POC)输出及有机碳沉积是北冰洋碳循环中的关键过程。定量估算和测定上述过程中碳元素的吸收、转移、埋藏速率在全球碳循环及全球气候变化研究中有重要意义。
本研究利用海-气CO_2分压差法、(234)~Th-(238)~U不平衡法和210Pb定年法,分别研究夏季西北冰洋海-气界面CO_2交换通量、真光层POC输出通量和有机碳沉积通量等三个界面的碳通量。通过估算及测定它们的大小并分析它们之间的联系,评估北冰洋碳循环效率和碳汇效应,有助于加强认识北冰洋碳循环过程在全球气候变化背景下的现状和反馈作用。
考察区域内,海-气CO_2分压差的变化范围为-256.3~10.7μatm,平均值为-92.9±60.6μatm,在海盆区主要受物理因素控制,而在陆架区和低纬海盆区受生物因素影响较明显。经海冰覆盖率校正后的平均风速海-气界面CO_2交换通量平均值为-7.0±6.7 mmol C/m~2/d。
考察区域内上层水柱中(234)~Th与(238)~U的比活度比值平均值为0.86±0.34,陆架区出现明显的(234)~Th亏损,而在海盆冰缘区受融冰颗粒物释放作用影响出现(234)~Th过剩现象。真光层POC输出通量变化范围为1.8~79.2 mmol C/m~2/d,平均值为24.9±23.3 mmol C/m~2/d,且在夏季末期仍保持较高的POC输出通量。ThE比值为21 %,表明北冰洋陆架有着较高的生物泵运转效率。
楚科奇海陆架北部的沉积速率为0.6 mm/a,表观沉积质量通量为0.72 kg/m~2/a,有机碳沉积通量为517 mmol C/m~2/a,表明考察区域有着很高的有机碳埋藏效率。
综合三界面的碳通量,可知从大气进入楚科奇海陆架区表层海水中的CO_2基本全部通过生物泵作用被转化为颗粒有机碳并输送至深层水体,其中有29 %以有机碳的形式被永久封存于沉积物中,三界面碳通量之比为1:2:0.6。
楚科奇海短期碳汇效应为10.0±3.4 T g C/a,中长期碳汇效应为11.6±9.0 T g C/a,最终碳汇净效应为3.4 T g C/a,分别约占全球海洋每年碳汇效应总量、海洋真光层输出POC总量和海洋有机碳沉积总量的0.5~0.7 %,0.3 %和2.1 %。
The carbon cycling in Arctic Ocean is one of the essential problems in global climate change research, the key processes of which include air-sea CO_2 exchange, particulate organic carbon export from euphotic zone and organic carbon sedimentation. Quantitative determination and estimation of the carbon absorbing, transferring and burial rate in the processes above have important significances.
In this study, the air-sea CO_2 exchange fluxes were estimated from CO_2 partial pressure in the atmosphere and surface seawater, the euphotic zone POC export fluxes were derived with (234)~Th/238U disequilibrium in the upper water column and the organic carbon burial rate was measured from 210Pb specific activity vertical distribution in the sediment. By determining these parameters and analyze the relationship between them, evaluations of carbon cycling efficiency and carbon sink capacity of Arctic Ocean were made, to enhance the understanding of the status and feedback of Arctic Ocean under the background of global climate change.
The air-sea difference of CO_2 partial pressure ranged from -256.3 to 10.7μatm, with an average of -92.9±60.6μatm, which was mainly controlled by physical factors in basin region while by biological pump in Chukchi shelf or southern Canada Basin. With the seaice coverage correction, air-sea CO_2 exchange fluxes showed variation from -24.8 to 1.0 mmol C/m~2/d, with an average of -7.0±6.7 mmol C/m~2/d.
The average of specific activity ratios of (234)~Th and 238U was 0.86±0.34. (234)~Th deficit to 238U were widely found in the shelf area, but excess of (234)~Th were observed in frozen ice zone in Canada Basin due to the release of particles during the sea ice melting. The POC export fluxes from euphotic zone ranged from 1.8 to 79.2 mmol C/m~2/d (on average of 24.9±23.3 mmol C/m~2/d). High ThE ratio of 21 % was estimated, revealing an efficient biological pump in study region.
The sedimentation rate in the north Chukchi Shelf was 0.6 mm/a, the apparent mass sediment accumulation rate was 0.72 kg/m~2/a, and the organic carbon burial rate was 517 mmol C/m~2/a.
Basically all the CO_2 exchanged into surface ocean via air-sea interface was fixed and transferred to deeper water, of which 29 % was buried in the sediment permanently. The ratio of the carbon fluxes on the three interfaces was 1:2:0.6.
The short term, mid-long term and ultimate carbon sink capacity of Chukchi Sea were 10.0±3.4 T g C, 11.6±9.0 T g C and 3.4 T g C/a, occupying 0.5±0.2~0.7±0.2 %, 0.3 % and 2.1 % of the total marine carbon sink capacity, the total marine export productivity and the total marine ultimate carbon sink capacity.
本研究利用海-气CO_2分压差法、(234)~Th-(238)~U不平衡法和210Pb定年法,分别研究夏季西北冰洋海-气界面CO_2交换通量、真光层POC输出通量和有机碳沉积通量等三个界面的碳通量。通过估算及测定它们的大小并分析它们之间的联系,评估北冰洋碳循环效率和碳汇效应,有助于加强认识北冰洋碳循环过程在全球气候变化背景下的现状和反馈作用。
考察区域内,海-气CO_2分压差的变化范围为-256.3~10.7μatm,平均值为-92.9±60.6μatm,在海盆区主要受物理因素控制,而在陆架区和低纬海盆区受生物因素影响较明显。经海冰覆盖率校正后的平均风速海-气界面CO_2交换通量平均值为-7.0±6.7 mmol C/m~2/d。
考察区域内上层水柱中(234)~Th与(238)~U的比活度比值平均值为0.86±0.34,陆架区出现明显的(234)~Th亏损,而在海盆冰缘区受融冰颗粒物释放作用影响出现(234)~Th过剩现象。真光层POC输出通量变化范围为1.8~79.2 mmol C/m~2/d,平均值为24.9±23.3 mmol C/m~2/d,且在夏季末期仍保持较高的POC输出通量。ThE比值为21 %,表明北冰洋陆架有着较高的生物泵运转效率。
楚科奇海陆架北部的沉积速率为0.6 mm/a,表观沉积质量通量为0.72 kg/m~2/a,有机碳沉积通量为517 mmol C/m~2/a,表明考察区域有着很高的有机碳埋藏效率。
综合三界面的碳通量,可知从大气进入楚科奇海陆架区表层海水中的CO_2基本全部通过生物泵作用被转化为颗粒有机碳并输送至深层水体,其中有29 %以有机碳的形式被永久封存于沉积物中,三界面碳通量之比为1:2:0.6。
楚科奇海短期碳汇效应为10.0±3.4 T g C/a,中长期碳汇效应为11.6±9.0 T g C/a,最终碳汇净效应为3.4 T g C/a,分别约占全球海洋每年碳汇效应总量、海洋真光层输出POC总量和海洋有机碳沉积总量的0.5~0.7 %,0.3 %和2.1 %。
The carbon cycling in Arctic Ocean is one of the essential problems in global climate change research, the key processes of which include air-sea CO_2 exchange, particulate organic carbon export from euphotic zone and organic carbon sedimentation. Quantitative determination and estimation of the carbon absorbing, transferring and burial rate in the processes above have important significances.
In this study, the air-sea CO_2 exchange fluxes were estimated from CO_2 partial pressure in the atmosphere and surface seawater, the euphotic zone POC export fluxes were derived with (234)~Th/238U disequilibrium in the upper water column and the organic carbon burial rate was measured from 210Pb specific activity vertical distribution in the sediment. By determining these parameters and analyze the relationship between them, evaluations of carbon cycling efficiency and carbon sink capacity of Arctic Ocean were made, to enhance the understanding of the status and feedback of Arctic Ocean under the background of global climate change.
The air-sea difference of CO_2 partial pressure ranged from -256.3 to 10.7μatm, with an average of -92.9±60.6μatm, which was mainly controlled by physical factors in basin region while by biological pump in Chukchi shelf or southern Canada Basin. With the seaice coverage correction, air-sea CO_2 exchange fluxes showed variation from -24.8 to 1.0 mmol C/m~2/d, with an average of -7.0±6.7 mmol C/m~2/d.
The average of specific activity ratios of (234)~Th and 238U was 0.86±0.34. (234)~Th deficit to 238U were widely found in the shelf area, but excess of (234)~Th were observed in frozen ice zone in Canada Basin due to the release of particles during the sea ice melting. The POC export fluxes from euphotic zone ranged from 1.8 to 79.2 mmol C/m~2/d (on average of 24.9±23.3 mmol C/m~2/d). High ThE ratio of 21 % was estimated, revealing an efficient biological pump in study region.
The sedimentation rate in the north Chukchi Shelf was 0.6 mm/a, the apparent mass sediment accumulation rate was 0.72 kg/m~2/a, and the organic carbon burial rate was 517 mmol C/m~2/a.
Basically all the CO_2 exchanged into surface ocean via air-sea interface was fixed and transferred to deeper water, of which 29 % was buried in the sediment permanently. The ratio of the carbon fluxes on the three interfaces was 1:2:0.6.
The short term, mid-long term and ultimate carbon sink capacity of Chukchi Sea were 10.0±3.4 T g C, 11.6±9.0 T g C and 3.4 T g C/a, occupying 0.5±0.2~0.7±0.2 %, 0.3 % and 2.1 % of the total marine carbon sink capacity, the total marine export productivity and the total marine ultimate carbon sink capacity.
引文
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