80型轮式装载机驾驶室人机工程学研究
摘要
装载机作为一种土方工程机械,需要灵活的操纵部件、宽敞的作业空间和舒适的操纵环境。现在人们对装载机已不能仅仅满足于功能上的要求,还需要符合操纵的舒适性要求。因此,驾驶室设计的好坏影响到装载机的总体性能。
本文针对当前国内80型装载机驾驶室人机工程设计中存在的问题进行研究,运用人机工程学中的相关知识,将汽车驾驶室成熟设计理念应用到装载机上,达到舒适性的目的。
论文介绍了人机工程学的基本原理和驾驶室布置的工具,对驾驶室人机工程相关部件,包括座椅、方向盘、仪表板、操纵杆和脚踏板等进行设计和布置,并用CATIA软件建立三维模型。
在充分考虑装载机作业特点的基础上,以人体H点作为驾驶室布置的基准点,把坐姿舒适性、操纵轻便性和视野宽敞性的要求与坐姿角相结合,建立人体坐姿杆系模型及数学模型。应用MATLAB软件,编写程序进行优化设计。只需输入不同百分位数的人体模型数据,即可方便地得到驾驶员坐姿适意H点分布区域图,进而初步得到驾驶座椅的位置区域。应用驾驶室布置工具,完成仪表板、方向盘和其它操纵部件的布置。
通过应用CATIA软件中的人机设计与分析模块,在CATIA软件中建立了第50百分位、第95百分位中国人自己的三维人体模型。利用上述两种人体模型,进行视野仿真、驾驶坐姿仿真和手伸及界面仿真,验证设计满足视野宽敞性、坐姿舒适性和操作轻便性的要求。最后,运用CATIA软件的渲染模块,对整机及驾驶室进行了色彩分析、赋上材质和载入人体模型,模拟真实的驾驶室环境和驾驶员的工作状态。
Safety, comfort and efficiency are the optimal targets of modern loader design. Loader cab is an important part that composes loader which has direct effect on the the layout of the cab. Comfort is the essential prerequisite to guarantee safty. The loader cab design based on ergonomics can provide the driver with comfortable driving posture, good field of vision and reasonable controller layout. in this way, it can make drivers finish their mission safely, comfortably and effectively, indirectly enhancing the loader’s whole performance.
There are six chapters altogether in this paper, mainly as follows:
[1] Prefce
These years, due to the develop-the-west strategy and the policy of revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast region, etc, Earth moving equipments have been developping fast and all kinds of corporation are sparing no effort to contrive new products. They pay more attention to the novel shape and advanced manufacture technology which make operation simple and performance safe. However, new products have made much progress in the shape and comfort of the loader cab, there is still a large gap between domestic and foreign products. Overseas, the loader’s development tendency is fast and high-level, and ergonomics has been used more widely and relevant criterion in the internal layout of the loader cab has been formulated. The two standards, SAE and ISO, are being widely used at home and abroad. Comparing with the foreign Ergonomics, we start later. However, we have also done some research, such as measurement statistic and analysis of the model of the human body publicized Chinese adult body size standards. These have given a certain impetus to ergonomics.
[2] Loader cab’s components design based on ergonomics
This chapter will introduce the fundamental principles of ergonomics, founding two-dimension models of the human body and body size are classified into three percentiles: P5, P50 and P95,and the products can satisfy 90 percent the requirements . Depending on the ergonomics principle, and according to human dimensions of Chinese adults, this thesis will design the various components of cab, including seat, steel wheel, dashboard, joy stick and pedals in order to satisfy the Chinese drivers. Using CATIA soft, 3D models of the components have been established, which create necessary conditions for the cab’s layout and compute simulation.
[3] The cab’s layout tools
H-Point is the datum mark of cab’s layout, and it decides the driver’s arthrosis angles and the position of layout tools such as eyellipse, head contour and hand-reach envelop etc. so H-Point also decides the drives’field vision, riding comfort, safety and operation advantage and so on. On the basis of analyzing the loader's characteristics, the human H point is taken as datum point and the posture angles are linked to comfortable seat, easy operation and wild vision to create two dimensional computer models which represent the geometry and movements of operator in seated postures. Applying MATLAB software, we can get the H point region. This region can supply theoretical base for the layout of cab design and checking purposes.
This chapter will introduce loader cab’s layout tools such as eyellipse, head contour and hand-reach envelop etc. Under the Conditions of the H-Point, according to the standards of SAE, ISO and GB etc, shape size and position in the cab are calculated, providing a theory instruction for the cab’s disposal.
[4] Loader cab’s workspace design
This chapter will introduce the theory and design principle of the cab’s workspace, and discuss the lay out of components correlating with ergonomics. Using CATIA software, layout tools’models which include eyellipse, the line of eyesight, Shin-Knee Position, head contour and hand-reach envelop have been established and it will study the angle of steel wheel, the relative distance compared to H-Point, dashboard’s disposal and various instruments’layout combined with the theory of ergonomics. Thus, workspace design can satisfy the demand of wide field vision, riding comfort and operation advantage.
[5] Loader cab’s computer simulation basing on ergonomics
Two kinds of Three-dimensional models of the Chinese body have been established in the CATIA soft by using Ergonomics Design & Analysis module. These models are applied to a very broad scope. Under certain constraints such as the H-point and seating reference point coincidence, they can define the model of the human body, and then do comfortable analysis, vision analysis and hand-reach envelop analysis, etc.
Using these models, the simulation about the loader cab can be carried on CATIA soft to realize ergonomics design. By means of analyzing the cab’s front-field vision and the driver’s field vision when the bucket is at the lowest or highest position, the simulation validated wide-field vision of the loader cab has been done. Therefore, when comes to the light design, it should cover the above field vision, to fit the different work conditions. Through the analysis about the driver’s arthrosis angles when the pedal is at the lowest position or untrammeled position, these angles are all in the comfortable scope which proves that the cab can satisfy the comfortable driving posture. By the way of analyzing the hand-reach envelop, manipulators are all under the control by hand comfortably and satisfy their demands. All in all, this research has been validated by the compute simulation.
Eventually,using photo studio module of CATA soft, loader and cab can be textured materials colors, and load the model of human body for the purpose of simulating the real cab environment and the driver’s working state.
[6] Conclusion
The research on the loader cab design has been improved by this thesis. Utilizing of the Ergonomics embodies the mentality of People Oriented; H Point optimization by MATLAB and CATIA simulation have positive effect on enhancing the loader’s performance,shorting the loader type exploration cycle and reducing the development cost; Meanwhile, it has further instructive significance on the loader’s cab design.
本文针对当前国内80型装载机驾驶室人机工程设计中存在的问题进行研究,运用人机工程学中的相关知识,将汽车驾驶室成熟设计理念应用到装载机上,达到舒适性的目的。
论文介绍了人机工程学的基本原理和驾驶室布置的工具,对驾驶室人机工程相关部件,包括座椅、方向盘、仪表板、操纵杆和脚踏板等进行设计和布置,并用CATIA软件建立三维模型。
在充分考虑装载机作业特点的基础上,以人体H点作为驾驶室布置的基准点,把坐姿舒适性、操纵轻便性和视野宽敞性的要求与坐姿角相结合,建立人体坐姿杆系模型及数学模型。应用MATLAB软件,编写程序进行优化设计。只需输入不同百分位数的人体模型数据,即可方便地得到驾驶员坐姿适意H点分布区域图,进而初步得到驾驶座椅的位置区域。应用驾驶室布置工具,完成仪表板、方向盘和其它操纵部件的布置。
通过应用CATIA软件中的人机设计与分析模块,在CATIA软件中建立了第50百分位、第95百分位中国人自己的三维人体模型。利用上述两种人体模型,进行视野仿真、驾驶坐姿仿真和手伸及界面仿真,验证设计满足视野宽敞性、坐姿舒适性和操作轻便性的要求。最后,运用CATIA软件的渲染模块,对整机及驾驶室进行了色彩分析、赋上材质和载入人体模型,模拟真实的驾驶室环境和驾驶员的工作状态。
Safety, comfort and efficiency are the optimal targets of modern loader design. Loader cab is an important part that composes loader which has direct effect on the the layout of the cab. Comfort is the essential prerequisite to guarantee safty. The loader cab design based on ergonomics can provide the driver with comfortable driving posture, good field of vision and reasonable controller layout. in this way, it can make drivers finish their mission safely, comfortably and effectively, indirectly enhancing the loader’s whole performance.
There are six chapters altogether in this paper, mainly as follows:
[1] Prefce
These years, due to the develop-the-west strategy and the policy of revitalizing the old industrial bases in Northeast region, etc, Earth moving equipments have been developping fast and all kinds of corporation are sparing no effort to contrive new products. They pay more attention to the novel shape and advanced manufacture technology which make operation simple and performance safe. However, new products have made much progress in the shape and comfort of the loader cab, there is still a large gap between domestic and foreign products. Overseas, the loader’s development tendency is fast and high-level, and ergonomics has been used more widely and relevant criterion in the internal layout of the loader cab has been formulated. The two standards, SAE and ISO, are being widely used at home and abroad. Comparing with the foreign Ergonomics, we start later. However, we have also done some research, such as measurement statistic and analysis of the model of the human body publicized Chinese adult body size standards. These have given a certain impetus to ergonomics.
[2] Loader cab’s components design based on ergonomics
This chapter will introduce the fundamental principles of ergonomics, founding two-dimension models of the human body and body size are classified into three percentiles: P5, P50 and P95,and the products can satisfy 90 percent the requirements . Depending on the ergonomics principle, and according to human dimensions of Chinese adults, this thesis will design the various components of cab, including seat, steel wheel, dashboard, joy stick and pedals in order to satisfy the Chinese drivers. Using CATIA soft, 3D models of the components have been established, which create necessary conditions for the cab’s layout and compute simulation.
[3] The cab’s layout tools
H-Point is the datum mark of cab’s layout, and it decides the driver’s arthrosis angles and the position of layout tools such as eyellipse, head contour and hand-reach envelop etc. so H-Point also decides the drives’field vision, riding comfort, safety and operation advantage and so on. On the basis of analyzing the loader's characteristics, the human H point is taken as datum point and the posture angles are linked to comfortable seat, easy operation and wild vision to create two dimensional computer models which represent the geometry and movements of operator in seated postures. Applying MATLAB software, we can get the H point region. This region can supply theoretical base for the layout of cab design and checking purposes.
This chapter will introduce loader cab’s layout tools such as eyellipse, head contour and hand-reach envelop etc. Under the Conditions of the H-Point, according to the standards of SAE, ISO and GB etc, shape size and position in the cab are calculated, providing a theory instruction for the cab’s disposal.
[4] Loader cab’s workspace design
This chapter will introduce the theory and design principle of the cab’s workspace, and discuss the lay out of components correlating with ergonomics. Using CATIA software, layout tools’models which include eyellipse, the line of eyesight, Shin-Knee Position, head contour and hand-reach envelop have been established and it will study the angle of steel wheel, the relative distance compared to H-Point, dashboard’s disposal and various instruments’layout combined with the theory of ergonomics. Thus, workspace design can satisfy the demand of wide field vision, riding comfort and operation advantage.
[5] Loader cab’s computer simulation basing on ergonomics
Two kinds of Three-dimensional models of the Chinese body have been established in the CATIA soft by using Ergonomics Design & Analysis module. These models are applied to a very broad scope. Under certain constraints such as the H-point and seating reference point coincidence, they can define the model of the human body, and then do comfortable analysis, vision analysis and hand-reach envelop analysis, etc.
Using these models, the simulation about the loader cab can be carried on CATIA soft to realize ergonomics design. By means of analyzing the cab’s front-field vision and the driver’s field vision when the bucket is at the lowest or highest position, the simulation validated wide-field vision of the loader cab has been done. Therefore, when comes to the light design, it should cover the above field vision, to fit the different work conditions. Through the analysis about the driver’s arthrosis angles when the pedal is at the lowest position or untrammeled position, these angles are all in the comfortable scope which proves that the cab can satisfy the comfortable driving posture. By the way of analyzing the hand-reach envelop, manipulators are all under the control by hand comfortably and satisfy their demands. All in all, this research has been validated by the compute simulation.
Eventually,using photo studio module of CATA soft, loader and cab can be textured materials colors, and load the model of human body for the purpose of simulating the real cab environment and the driver’s working state.
[6] Conclusion
The research on the loader cab design has been improved by this thesis. Utilizing of the Ergonomics embodies the mentality of People Oriented; H Point optimization by MATLAB and CATIA simulation have positive effect on enhancing the loader’s performance,shorting the loader type exploration cycle and reducing the development cost; Meanwhile, it has further instructive significance on the loader’s cab design.
引文
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[3] 高梦熊.地下装载机人机工程学设计原理[J].矿山机械,2000,28(12):26-29.
[4] JB/T 3683-2001.土方机械:操纵的舒适区域与可及范围[S].天津:天津工程机械研究所,2001.
[5] GB 10000-88.中国成年人人体尺寸[S].国家技术监督局发行,1988.
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