基于DSP的雷达中频信号的目标检测
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摘要
随着海上交通运输业的发展,海上安全问题越来越引起人们的关注。航海雷达系统是海上目标检测的主要技术之一。在现代航海雷达系统中,要求雷达数据处理子系统能够在强干扰下正确地检测出微弱的回波信号,提高雷达系统的检测率。
本论文的研究课题来源于交通部基础研究科技项目“航海雷达中频信号数字处理方法的研究”,本论文主要完成其中的杂波处理与信号检测方法的研究内容。以往的目标检测都是在视频信号上进行的,它只对回波幅度进行检测,而丢掉了信号的相位和频率的信息。本论文是在雷达回波信号的中频域上直接采样并进行数字下变频,将中频信号下变频为I／Q两路基带信号,I／Q两路信号保留了原信号中所有的信息,所以可以达到提高检测效率的目的。
在对雷达回波信号进行检测的时候采用幅相联合的方法。由于可以从下变频后的I／Q两路信号的幅值信息经过计算得到回波的幅值包络信息,所以在回波幅度检测方面采用的是传统的视频检测的方法—滑窗检测和双极点滤波器。本论文对两种检测方法进行了详细的分析,并对两种算法的系统稳定性、信噪比改善等系统功能做了比较。
在强干扰的情况下,我们对小信号进行检测时可以利用回波相位的信息,获取目标的信息。由于无目标距离单元和有目标回波距离单元的相位变化是不同的,针对此特点,本论文提出了一种相位的检测方法—参考单元相位比较法,并且对这种算法做了详细的说明,通过大量的MATLAB实验仿真验证了算法的可实行性。
基于DSP环节,主要是基于赛迪公司提供的高速四通道数据采集板SDZ605来完成雷达目标检测。论述了基于DSP的软硬件开发平台的滑窗检测器、双极点滤波器的软件实现及优化处理。并通过仿真结果论证算法的可行性。
With the development of maritime transportation, maritime security raises more and more concerns. Marine radar system is one of the main techniques for target detection. In modern marine radar systems, radar data processing subsystem is required to correctly detect the weak echo signals under strong interference, so as to improve the detection rate of the marine radar system.
This thesis, depriving from the basic Sci& Tech researching project of "the research of digital processing method of intermediate frequency signal for marine radar " supported by the Ministry of Communication, is mainly researching on the processing method of improving the digital receiver dynamic range of intermediate frequency signal. Usually the radar video signal is used to detect, but it only utilizes the amplitude of the signals and lost the information of phase and frequency of radar signals. In this design, radar signal is sampled at IF and executed DDS, IF signal will become two signals of baseband signal-I/Q, I/Q signals keep all the information of the original signal down, so it can improve the efficiency of the detection.
The method of amplitude-phase union is used to detect radar signal. As the envelope of amplitude information of the echo signals can be obtained by the amplitude of down-conversion I/Q signals through some algorithms, so on the amplitude detection, two traditional methods of the video detection are used-Moving window detector、Two-Pole filter. A comparison on system stability, the improving of SNR of two algorithms by Matlab emulation is made.
However, when the echo signals are completely overwhelmed by noise, a threshold may not be used to distinguish between target signal and noise, then the echo phase information can be used to obtain the information of object. As the change of the phase of non-target-echo units are different from target-echo units, according this character, a method of phase detection is proposed in this paper-Reference Unit of Comparative Law. And a detailed description of this method is given, and the feasibility is verified by a large number of MATLAB simulation experiments.
In the section of the implementation based on DSP, This high-speed four-channel data acquisition board SDZ605 provided by SDRising is used in this design, hardware and software development platform based on DSP which moving window detector、two-pole filter are implement are discussed. And the feasibility of the algorithm is validated by the result of the emulation.
本论文的研究课题来源于交通部基础研究科技项目“航海雷达中频信号数字处理方法的研究”,本论文主要完成其中的杂波处理与信号检测方法的研究内容。以往的目标检测都是在视频信号上进行的,它只对回波幅度进行检测,而丢掉了信号的相位和频率的信息。本论文是在雷达回波信号的中频域上直接采样并进行数字下变频,将中频信号下变频为I／Q两路基带信号,I／Q两路信号保留了原信号中所有的信息,所以可以达到提高检测效率的目的。
在对雷达回波信号进行检测的时候采用幅相联合的方法。由于可以从下变频后的I／Q两路信号的幅值信息经过计算得到回波的幅值包络信息,所以在回波幅度检测方面采用的是传统的视频检测的方法—滑窗检测和双极点滤波器。本论文对两种检测方法进行了详细的分析,并对两种算法的系统稳定性、信噪比改善等系统功能做了比较。
在强干扰的情况下,我们对小信号进行检测时可以利用回波相位的信息,获取目标的信息。由于无目标距离单元和有目标回波距离单元的相位变化是不同的,针对此特点,本论文提出了一种相位的检测方法—参考单元相位比较法,并且对这种算法做了详细的说明,通过大量的MATLAB实验仿真验证了算法的可实行性。
基于DSP环节,主要是基于赛迪公司提供的高速四通道数据采集板SDZ605来完成雷达目标检测。论述了基于DSP的软硬件开发平台的滑窗检测器、双极点滤波器的软件实现及优化处理。并通过仿真结果论证算法的可行性。
With the development of maritime transportation, maritime security raises more and more concerns. Marine radar system is one of the main techniques for target detection. In modern marine radar systems, radar data processing subsystem is required to correctly detect the weak echo signals under strong interference, so as to improve the detection rate of the marine radar system.
This thesis, depriving from the basic Sci& Tech researching project of "the research of digital processing method of intermediate frequency signal for marine radar " supported by the Ministry of Communication, is mainly researching on the processing method of improving the digital receiver dynamic range of intermediate frequency signal. Usually the radar video signal is used to detect, but it only utilizes the amplitude of the signals and lost the information of phase and frequency of radar signals. In this design, radar signal is sampled at IF and executed DDS, IF signal will become two signals of baseband signal-I/Q, I/Q signals keep all the information of the original signal down, so it can improve the efficiency of the detection.
The method of amplitude-phase union is used to detect radar signal. As the envelope of amplitude information of the echo signals can be obtained by the amplitude of down-conversion I/Q signals through some algorithms, so on the amplitude detection, two traditional methods of the video detection are used-Moving window detector、Two-Pole filter. A comparison on system stability, the improving of SNR of two algorithms by Matlab emulation is made.
However, when the echo signals are completely overwhelmed by noise, a threshold may not be used to distinguish between target signal and noise, then the echo phase information can be used to obtain the information of object. As the change of the phase of non-target-echo units are different from target-echo units, according this character, a method of phase detection is proposed in this paper-Reference Unit of Comparative Law. And a detailed description of this method is given, and the feasibility is verified by a large number of MATLAB simulation experiments.
In the section of the implementation based on DSP, This high-speed four-channel data acquisition board SDZ605 provided by SDRising is used in this design, hardware and software development platform based on DSP which moving window detector、two-pole filter are implement are discussed. And the feasibility of the algorithm is validated by the result of the emulation.
引文
[1]吴顺君,梅晓春.雷达信号处理和数据处理技术.北京：电子工业出版社.
[2]涂灏.船舶导航雷达及其DSP软件设计：(硕士学位论文).成都：电子科技大学,2006.
[3]VTS http://baike.baidu.com/view/55861.htm?fr=ala0_1 []
[4]于川.雷达数字化显示系统设计及实现.(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,2007.
[5]朱江,张军,赵永波.恒虚警检测在DSP芯片上的实现.现代雷达,2005,27(4)：35-38.
[6]林茂庸,柯有安.雷达信号理论.长沙：国防工业出版社,1984.
[7]Hasen V G. Performance of analog Moving Window Detector. IEEE Trans on AES.1970,(6):173-179.
[8]葛建军,赵为,熊年生.二维滑窗检测性能分析及其实现.系统工程与电子技术,1998.
[9]张子敬,焦李成.双极点滤波器组：一种新的非相参积累器.电子学报,2000,(4)：49-56.
[10]倪骏,马晓岩.多电平与多窗口滑窗检测器的性能分析.空军雷达学院学报,1999,13(4)：1-4.
[11]鞠开胜,李斌.基于小波神经网络的信号去噪时的阈值自学习.内江科技,2004,(6)：35-38.
[12]潘泉,张磊,猛晋丽,张洪才.小波滤波方法及应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[13]周开利,康耀红.神经网络模型及其MATLAB仿真程序设计.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[14]M. Zatman. Digitization Requirements for Digital Radar Arrags. IEEE International Radar Conference,2001.
[15]胡延平,李纲,皇浦堪,孙增军.中频数字化接收机系统设计与实现.电子技术应用,2001,(4)：45-47.
[16]佟力永.失量测向系统中频数字接收机设计.(硕士学位论文).合肥：国防科学技术大学.
[17]《Programmable DSP Arehite-eture:Part 1》 Edward A. Lee IEEE ASSP Magazine Volume 5 Number 4 (ISSN0710-7467) 10/1988,
[18]汪安民,程昱.DSP应用开发实用子程序.北京：人民邮电出版社.
[19]杨益.基于软件无线电技术进行的雷达数字化中频设计.(硕士学士论文).成都：电子工业大学,2003.
[20]李昌立,陈希清.DSP的发展及其在通信工程中的应用.电子学报,1992,(1)：67-73.
[21]张明友.数字列阵雷达和软件化雷达.北京：电子工业出版社.2008.
[22]Bassem R. Mahafza著.陈志杰,罗群,沈齐主译.雷达系统分析与设计(MATLAB版)(第二版).北京：电子工业出版社.2008.
[23]沈璞.一种中频数字化接收机中的数字处理技术.经验与交流,2008,(5)：60-63.
[24]杨洪丰,王磊.中频窄带数字正交接收机的设计与实现.中国电子科学院学报,2007,(1)：102-107.
[25]顾浩,余云智,程建庆.舰载雷达中频信号仿真设计与实现.火力与指挥控制,2006,31(7)：63-66.
[26]Meyr. M, et al. Digital Down Conversion in Software Radio Terminals'in Proceedings of the 10th Europeon Signal Processing Conference Vol.3. Tampere, Finland, September 2000.
[27]康宁.一种中频数字接收机的算法研究与DSP实现.(硕士学位论文).西安：西北工业大学.
[28]包宇.中频数字化接收机的关键技术研究：(硕士学士论文).南京：南京理工大学.2005
[29]Jingyu Hua, Limin Meng, Xiaojian Xu, Dongming Wang, and Xiaohu You. Novel Scheme for Joint Estimation of SNR, Doppler, and Carrier Frequency Offset in Double-Selective Wireless Channels. IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, VOL.58, NO.3, MARCH 2009
[30]丁鹜飞,耿富录,陈建春.雷达系统(第四版).北京：电子工业出版社,2009.
[31]Rohling H. Radar CFAR Thresholding in Clutter and Multiple Target Situations. IEEE Trans,1983.
[32]刘人杰,柳晓鸣,索继东,黄习刚,孟宪宏.船舶交通管理电子信息体统.大连海事大学出版社,2006.
[33]张明友,吕明.信号检测与估计(第二版).北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[34]王刚.基于DSP的雷达目标检测与录取技术.(硕士学位论文).大连：海事大学,2008.
[35]张润泽.船舶导航雷达(第三册).北京：人民交通出版社,1990.
[36]黄巍,贺知明,石云江,向敬成.滑窗检测在宽带雷达信号处理中的应用研究.信号处理,2003,19(5)：494-497.
[37]张子敬,沈福民,刘峥.双极点滤波器的实现与改进.西安电子科技大学学报,1999,26(5)：570：574.
[38]陈宪.滑窗型检测器在相关杂波中虚警概率计算.成都电孰工程学院学报,1986,15(2)：57-64.
[39]梁兵.搜索雷达三种目标位置信息提取方法的比较.舰船电子对抗,1999,(4)：11-14.
[40]Kay S M. A fast and accurate single frequency estimator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,1989,37(12):1987-90.
[41]Tretter S. Estimating the frequency of a noisy sinusoid by linear regression[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1985 IT-31(6):832-835.
[42]Stankovic L,Dakovic M,Jin Jiang, Sejdie E. Instantaneous frequency estimation using the S-Transform[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2008,15:309-312.
[43]Johansson A T, White P R. Instantaneous frequency estimation at low signal-to-noise ratios using time-varying notch filters[J]. Signal Processing (Elsevier),2008,88(5):1271-1288.
[44]A.Garrod. Digital Moduler for Phased Array Radar. IEEE 2005.
[45]黄晓红,邓振淼.改进的相位展开算法及其在瞬时频率估计中的应用.电子学报,2009,(10)：2265-2272
[46]娄吴.雷达海杂波建模仿真与低速小目标特性研究.(硕士学位论文).国防科学技术大学,2008.
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[49]"The Simulation of IF Soft and Hard Limiters at Baseband Frequencies", Gilbert, S. M., et. al, Proceedings of the 1992 Summer Computer Simulation Conference,1992.
[50]邱燕军,申功勋.基于DSP+FPGA的高速信号采集与处理系统的信号完整性分析.测控技术,2007,26(12)：8-14.
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[52]吕宇,吴嗣亮.DSP+FPGA实时信号处理系统中FPGA设计的关键问题.微计算机信息,2005,21(5)：80-81.
[53]河海.DSP在雷达目标自动检测录取系统上的应用.数据采集与处理,2001,16(5)：504-508.
[54]陈洪源.二值滑窗检测器的最佳门限及其ROM变换实现.学术论文与技术报告,1992,32(5)：50-53.
[2]涂灏.船舶导航雷达及其DSP软件设计：(硕士学位论文).成都：电子科技大学,2006.
[3]VTS http://baike.baidu.com/view/55861.htm?fr=ala0_1 []
[4]于川.雷达数字化显示系统设计及实现.(硕士学位论文).大连：大连海事大学,2007.
[5]朱江,张军,赵永波.恒虚警检测在DSP芯片上的实现.现代雷达,2005,27(4)：35-38.
[6]林茂庸,柯有安.雷达信号理论.长沙：国防工业出版社,1984.
[7]Hasen V G. Performance of analog Moving Window Detector. IEEE Trans on AES.1970,(6):173-179.
[8]葛建军,赵为,熊年生.二维滑窗检测性能分析及其实现.系统工程与电子技术,1998.
[9]张子敬,焦李成.双极点滤波器组：一种新的非相参积累器.电子学报,2000,(4)：49-56.
[10]倪骏,马晓岩.多电平与多窗口滑窗检测器的性能分析.空军雷达学院学报,1999,13(4)：1-4.
[11]鞠开胜,李斌.基于小波神经网络的信号去噪时的阈值自学习.内江科技,2004,(6)：35-38.
[12]潘泉,张磊,猛晋丽,张洪才.小波滤波方法及应用.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[13]周开利,康耀红.神经网络模型及其MATLAB仿真程序设计.北京：清华大学出版社,2005.
[14]M. Zatman. Digitization Requirements for Digital Radar Arrags. IEEE International Radar Conference,2001.
[15]胡延平,李纲,皇浦堪,孙增军.中频数字化接收机系统设计与实现.电子技术应用,2001,(4)：45-47.
[16]佟力永.失量测向系统中频数字接收机设计.(硕士学位论文).合肥：国防科学技术大学.
[17]《Programmable DSP Arehite-eture:Part 1》 Edward A. Lee IEEE ASSP Magazine Volume 5 Number 4 (ISSN0710-7467) 10/1988,
[18]汪安民,程昱.DSP应用开发实用子程序.北京：人民邮电出版社.
[19]杨益.基于软件无线电技术进行的雷达数字化中频设计.(硕士学士论文).成都：电子工业大学,2003.
[20]李昌立,陈希清.DSP的发展及其在通信工程中的应用.电子学报,1992,(1)：67-73.
[21]张明友.数字列阵雷达和软件化雷达.北京：电子工业出版社.2008.
[22]Bassem R. Mahafza著.陈志杰,罗群,沈齐主译.雷达系统分析与设计(MATLAB版)(第二版).北京：电子工业出版社.2008.
[23]沈璞.一种中频数字化接收机中的数字处理技术.经验与交流,2008,(5)：60-63.
[24]杨洪丰,王磊.中频窄带数字正交接收机的设计与实现.中国电子科学院学报,2007,(1)：102-107.
[25]顾浩,余云智,程建庆.舰载雷达中频信号仿真设计与实现.火力与指挥控制,2006,31(7)：63-66.
[26]Meyr. M, et al. Digital Down Conversion in Software Radio Terminals'in Proceedings of the 10th Europeon Signal Processing Conference Vol.3. Tampere, Finland, September 2000.
[27]康宁.一种中频数字接收机的算法研究与DSP实现.(硕士学位论文).西安：西北工业大学.
[28]包宇.中频数字化接收机的关键技术研究：(硕士学士论文).南京：南京理工大学.2005
[29]Jingyu Hua, Limin Meng, Xiaojian Xu, Dongming Wang, and Xiaohu You. Novel Scheme for Joint Estimation of SNR, Doppler, and Carrier Frequency Offset in Double-Selective Wireless Channels. IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, VOL.58, NO.3, MARCH 2009
[30]丁鹜飞,耿富录,陈建春.雷达系统(第四版).北京：电子工业出版社,2009.
[31]Rohling H. Radar CFAR Thresholding in Clutter and Multiple Target Situations. IEEE Trans,1983.
[32]刘人杰,柳晓鸣,索继东,黄习刚,孟宪宏.船舶交通管理电子信息体统.大连海事大学出版社,2006.
[33]张明友,吕明.信号检测与估计(第二版).北京：电子工业出版社,2004.
[34]王刚.基于DSP的雷达目标检测与录取技术.(硕士学位论文).大连：海事大学,2008.
[35]张润泽.船舶导航雷达(第三册).北京：人民交通出版社,1990.
[36]黄巍,贺知明,石云江,向敬成.滑窗检测在宽带雷达信号处理中的应用研究.信号处理,2003,19(5)：494-497.
[37]张子敬,沈福民,刘峥.双极点滤波器的实现与改进.西安电子科技大学学报,1999,26(5)：570：574.
[38]陈宪.滑窗型检测器在相关杂波中虚警概率计算.成都电孰工程学院学报,1986,15(2)：57-64.
[39]梁兵.搜索雷达三种目标位置信息提取方法的比较.舰船电子对抗,1999,(4)：11-14.
[40]Kay S M. A fast and accurate single frequency estimator[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,1989,37(12):1987-90.
[41]Tretter S. Estimating the frequency of a noisy sinusoid by linear regression[J]. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,1985 IT-31(6):832-835.
[42]Stankovic L,Dakovic M,Jin Jiang, Sejdie E. Instantaneous frequency estimation using the S-Transform[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2008,15:309-312.
[43]Johansson A T, White P R. Instantaneous frequency estimation at low signal-to-noise ratios using time-varying notch filters[J]. Signal Processing (Elsevier),2008,88(5):1271-1288.
[44]A.Garrod. Digital Moduler for Phased Array Radar. IEEE 2005.
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