自发参量转换产生纠缠彩虹
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摘要
宽带可调谐多波长纠缠对于量子信息在量子网络、原子存储以及量子界面等方面的进一步的发展至关重要。目前大多数的高度纠缠的光子对都是通过参量下转换的方法来实现。由于参量上转换在实验上受到很多限制，很难在同一个晶体或泵浦源中得到宽带可调谐的纠缠光子对，或者将纠缠光子对扩展到短波紫外区域。
本论文主要围绕自发参量上转换和下转换产生紫外和可见区域可调谐的time-bin纠缠彩虹对的实验展开论述。主要包括以下三个方面：
1．讨论了在二阶非线性介质的参量混频过程中的时空调制不稳定性造成了彩色圆锥辐射的产生，主要研究了飞秒脉冲倍频过程的调制不稳定性。同时在实验上研究了简并参量光散射蓝环。
2．基于二阶非线性晶体中的连续和脉冲种子光注入的非共线光参量放大(NOPA)过程，同步实现了自发参量上转换和下转换，得到了紫外和可见区域可调谐的彩虹对。相关的自发参量上转换和下转换光子表现出光束亮度高、空间发散小以及在很宽频谱范围内可调谐等特点。所有过程可以通过一束连续光来控制，用全光学控制高度相关的高能量光子对。
3．基于NOPA过程得到的紫外和可见区域可调谐彩虹对构建了多波长time-bin纠缠彩虹。首先，紫外彩虹和可见彩虹的光子具有一一对应的关系，形成相关的光子对。其次，通过搭建一个具有固定臂长差的干涉仪，控制泵光功率，实现多波长time-bin纠缠彩虹。
Broadband tunable and multipartite entanglements are essential for further developments of quantum information applications, such as quantum network, atomic memory, and photonic interface of quantum bits. Though most highly entangled photon pairs have been generated by means of parametric down-conversion, it is difficult for parametric up-conversion process to implement the broadband tune ability or extend to short wavelength with the one nonlinear crystal or pump source, as parametric up-conversion has been thus far limited in experiments.
This dissertation provides our experimental investigations for simultaneous spontaneous parametric up conversion and down conversion to generate time-bin entangled rainbows tunable in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Our research work can be summarized as followings.
1. The generation of colored conical emission from modulation instability (MI) during nonlinear optical parametric process in quadratic media. This part includes the spatiotemporal MIs by means of second harmonic (SH) generation, quadratic nonlinear coupling between fundamental and SH fields, as well as the degenerate parametric light scattering.
2. The generation of tunable correlated rainbow pairs, which results from some cascade non-collinear optical parametric amplification (NOPA) in a quadratic medium seeded with a continuous-wave (cw) and pumped with pulsed-wave. The correlated spontaneous up conversion and down conversion photons exhibits a high beam brightness, small spatial divergence, and broad spectral tunability. Such processes could be controlled by continuous-wave light beams for the all-optical control of highly correlated pairs of energetic photons.
3. First observation of a continuously select multi-wavelength entangled photon pairs based on rainbow pairs in NOPA in the ultraviolet and visible regions. The multi-wavelength entangled photon pairs are formed and characterized with an interferometer with a fixed optical path length difference between its short and long arms. The pumping intensity shall be low enough to ensure negligible generation rate of more than one photon pairs so that the ultraviolet and visible
photon pairs are concurrently generated at one of the two well-defined times.
本论文主要围绕自发参量上转换和下转换产生紫外和可见区域可调谐的time-bin纠缠彩虹对的实验展开论述。主要包括以下三个方面：
1．讨论了在二阶非线性介质的参量混频过程中的时空调制不稳定性造成了彩色圆锥辐射的产生，主要研究了飞秒脉冲倍频过程的调制不稳定性。同时在实验上研究了简并参量光散射蓝环。
2．基于二阶非线性晶体中的连续和脉冲种子光注入的非共线光参量放大(NOPA)过程，同步实现了自发参量上转换和下转换，得到了紫外和可见区域可调谐的彩虹对。相关的自发参量上转换和下转换光子表现出光束亮度高、空间发散小以及在很宽频谱范围内可调谐等特点。所有过程可以通过一束连续光来控制，用全光学控制高度相关的高能量光子对。
3．基于NOPA过程得到的紫外和可见区域可调谐彩虹对构建了多波长time-bin纠缠彩虹。首先，紫外彩虹和可见彩虹的光子具有一一对应的关系，形成相关的光子对。其次，通过搭建一个具有固定臂长差的干涉仪，控制泵光功率，实现多波长time-bin纠缠彩虹。
Broadband tunable and multipartite entanglements are essential for further developments of quantum information applications, such as quantum network, atomic memory, and photonic interface of quantum bits. Though most highly entangled photon pairs have been generated by means of parametric down-conversion, it is difficult for parametric up-conversion process to implement the broadband tune ability or extend to short wavelength with the one nonlinear crystal or pump source, as parametric up-conversion has been thus far limited in experiments.
This dissertation provides our experimental investigations for simultaneous spontaneous parametric up conversion and down conversion to generate time-bin entangled rainbows tunable in the ultraviolet and visible regions. Our research work can be summarized as followings.
1. The generation of colored conical emission from modulation instability (MI) during nonlinear optical parametric process in quadratic media. This part includes the spatiotemporal MIs by means of second harmonic (SH) generation, quadratic nonlinear coupling between fundamental and SH fields, as well as the degenerate parametric light scattering.
2. The generation of tunable correlated rainbow pairs, which results from some cascade non-collinear optical parametric amplification (NOPA) in a quadratic medium seeded with a continuous-wave (cw) and pumped with pulsed-wave. The correlated spontaneous up conversion and down conversion photons exhibits a high beam brightness, small spatial divergence, and broad spectral tunability. Such processes could be controlled by continuous-wave light beams for the all-optical control of highly correlated pairs of energetic photons.
3. First observation of a continuously select multi-wavelength entangled photon pairs based on rainbow pairs in NOPA in the ultraviolet and visible regions. The multi-wavelength entangled photon pairs are formed and characterized with an interferometer with a fixed optical path length difference between its short and long arms. The pumping intensity shall be low enough to ensure negligible generation rate of more than one photon pairs so that the ultraviolet and visible
photon pairs are concurrently generated at one of the two well-defined times.
引文
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27．彭金生，李高翔，《近代量子光学导论》，1996
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2. Rowe, M. A. et al. Experimental violation of a Bell's inequality with efficient detection. Nature 409, 791-794 (2001).
3. Schmidt-Kaler, F. et al. Realization of the Cirac-Zoller controlled-NOT quantum gate. Nature 422, 408-411 (2003).
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6. Julsgaard, B., Kozhekin, A. & Polzik, E. S. Experimental long-lived entanglement of two macroscopic objects. Nature 413, 400-403 (2001).
7. Tittel, W., Brendel, J., Zbinden, H. & Gisin, N. Violation of Bell inequalities by photons more than 10 km apart. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3563-3566 (1998).
8. Marcikic, 1. et al. Distribution of time-bin entangled qubits over 50 km of optical fiber. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 180502 (2004).
9. Weihs, G., Jennewein, T., Simon, C, Weinfurter, H. & Zeilinger, A. Violation of Bell's inequality under strict Einstein locality conditions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 5039-5043 (1998).
10. Resch, K. J. et al. Distributing entanglement and single photons through an intra-city, free-space quantum channel. Opt. Express 13, 202-209 (2005).
11. Peng, C.-Z. et al. Experimental free-space distribution of entangled photon pairs over a noisy ground atmosphere of 13 km. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 150501 (2005).
12. Gisin, N., Ribordy, G., Tittel, W. & Zbinden, H. Quantum cryptography. Rev. Mod. Phys. 74, 145 -195 (2002).
13. Julsgaard, B., Sherson, J., Cirac, J. I., Fiura'sek, J. & Polzik, E. S. Experimental demonstration of quantum memory for light. Nature 432, 482 -486 (2004).
14. T. Jennewein et al., Quantum Cryptography with Entangled Photons, Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4729 (2000).
15. Naik D, Peterson C, White A, et al. Entangled State Quantun Cryptography: Eavesdropping on the Ekert Protocol. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4733 (2000).
16. Tittel W. et al. Quantum cryptography using entangled photons in energy-time Bell states. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4737 (2000).
17. D. Bouwmeester, J.-W. Pan, K. Mattle, M. Eibl, H. Weinfurter & A. Zeilinger. Experimental Quantum Teleportation, Nature (London) 390, 575 (1997).
18. D. Boschi, S. Branca, F. De Martini, L. Hardy, and S. Popescu, Experimental Realization of Teleporting an Unknown Pure Quantum State via Dual Classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Channels, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 1121 (1998).
19.I. Marcikic et al., Long-distance teleportation of qubits at telecommunication wavelengths, Nature (London) 421, 509 (2003).
20. J.-W. Pan et al., Experimental Entanglement Swapping: Entangling Photons That Never Interacted, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 3891 (1998).
21. Aspect, A., Grangier, P. & Roger, G. Experimental realization of Einstein-Podolski-Rosen-Bohm Gedankenexperiment: a new violation of Bell's inequalities. Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 91 -94 (1982).
22. Kwiat, P. G., Waks, E., White, A. G., Appelbaum, 1. & Eberhard, P. H. Ultrabright source of polarization-entangled photons. Phys. Rev. A 60, R773 -R776(1999).
23. Kuklewicz, C. E., Fiorentino, M., Messin, G., Wong, F. N. C. & Shapiro, J. H. High-flux source of polarization-entangled photons from a periodically poled KTiOPO_4 parametric down-converter. Phys. Rev. A 69, 013807 (2004).
24. Kwiat, P. G. et. al. New high-intensity source of polarization-entangled photon pair. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4337-4341 (1995).
25. Kwiat, P. G, Berglund, A. J., Altepeter, J. B. & White A. G Experimental verification of decoherence-free subspaces. Science 290,498-501 (2000).
26. Aspect, A. Bell's inequality test: more ideal than ever. Nature 398, 189 190 (1999).
27．彭金生，李高翔，《近代量子光学导论》，1996
28. A. Aspect, J. Dalibard and G. Roger, Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers, Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 1804(1982)
29. P. G. Kwiat, A. M. Steinberg and R. Y. Chiao, High-visibility interference in a Bell-inequality experiment for energy and time, Phys. Rev. A 47, R2472 (1993).
30. J. Brendel, E. Mohler and W. Martienssen, Experimental test of Bell's inequality for energy and time, Europhys. Lett. 20, 575 (1992).
31. P. R. Tapster, J. G. Rarity and P. C. M. Owens, Violation of Bell's Inequality over 4 km of Optical Fiber, Phys. Rev. Lett. 73, 1923 (1994).
32. J. G. Rarity and P. R. Tapster, Experimental violation of Bell's inequality based on phase and momentum, Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 2495(1990).
33. J. Freedman and J. F. Clauser, Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories, Phys. Rev. Lett. 28, 938(1972).
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