添加不同油脂对北京鸭生产性能、血脂及组织脂肪酸组成的影响
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摘要
试验研究了日粮中分别添加牛油、豆油、鱼油3种脂肪酸组成不同的油脂和性别对北京鸭生产性能、屠宰性状、血脂、肝脏与血液等组织脂肪酸组成的影响。试验选用400只（公母各半）1日龄北京鸭，随机分为4组，其中处理组1饲喂未添加油脂日粮，其它三组饲喂分别添加6%的牛油、豆油、鱼油日粮，处理组内按照公母不同性别分别设5个重复，每个重复10只，公母分开饲养，饲养期42天。
试验结果表明，北京鸭生长前期（0-21日龄）日粮中添加油脂未表现较好的促生长作用，无论21日龄体重，还是0-21日龄平均日增重（ADG）均显著低于无油组（P<0.05）。而生长后期（22-42日龄）添加油脂均显著提高北京鸭的日增重(P<0.05)，添加鱼油组日增重又高于添加牛油和豆油组(P<0.05)。虽然差异不显著，但添加油脂（尤其是鱼油）组的北京鸭42日龄体重仍较高。性别之间差异主要表现在生长后期（22-42日龄）公鸭体重(2717.93vs2556.68)、日增重（ADG, 77vs70.54）显著高于母鸭(P<0.05)，料重比显著低于母鸭（3.36vs3.62，P<0.05）。测定屠宰性能的各指标中，公鸭的肝脏比例显著高于母鸭(5.2vs3.4,P<0.05)。添加不同油脂对屠宰率、肝脏比例、皮脂比例、腹脂比例、胸肌比例、腿肌比例等屠宰性状未产生显著影响。
日粮中添加不同油脂对血液中甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇等指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）。添加鱼油组较其它组显著增加肝脏中的脂肪含量（P<0.05）。
本试验中日粮与肝脏、皮脂和血液等组织之间饱和脂肪酸的相关系数较低（-0.43~0.39），虽然添加鱼油和豆油组的日粮中含饱和脂肪酸较牛油低，但是肝脏、皮脂和血液等组织中并未表现出饱和脂肪酸含量的降低，相反却有稍量增加。
添加鱼油和豆油组明显降低了组织中单一不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）的
量，组织中单一不饱和脂肪酸与日粮中单一不饱和脂肪酸呈高度正相关（相关系数均>0.9），说明增加日粮中单一不饱和脂肪酸能明显增加肝脏、皮脂、血液中单一不饱和脂肪酸的含量 。
本试验研究结果表明添加鱼油，北京鸭肝脏、皮脂和血液中n-3PUFA明显增加，主要是二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）在肝脏、皮脂和血液中含量显著高于其它处理组。组织中多不饱和脂肪酸与日粮中多不饱和脂肪酸成中度相关（0.5~0.6之间），主要原因是其中的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸相关系数较低（0.5~0.6）。肝脏和血液中亚油酸（LA， n-6的前体物质）含量与日粮中亚油酸相关系数分别为0.47和0.41，日粮中不含花生四烯酸（20︰4 n-6），而肝脏和血液中花生四烯酸含量却较高，最高可达24.36%。说明在北京鸭肝脏和血液中花生四烯酸（20︰4n6）可以通过脂肪酸转化等方式来增加花生四烯酸的含量，而不是必须通过日粮直接获得。
组织与日粮中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸呈高度正相关（相关系数高达0.95），尤其是二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的相关系数均为0.999。这说明n-3多不饱和脂肪酸直接从日粮脂肪中获得，而较少通过其它脂肪酸延长或脱饱和获得，含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸高的鱼油能明显增加组织中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。因此，通过添加富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸日粮来达到增加北京鸭肝脏和皮脂等组织的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量是可行的。
The effects of supplemental different oils and different sex on performances as well as serum lipid and faty acid composition of tissues in Beijing ducks was assessed. Four hundred(half of male ) Beijing ducks of 1 day old were used and devided into four treatments by different diets enriched with 0,6% added fat(tallow,bean oil and fish oil ,respectively ) throughout a 42-d growth period .
The result indicated that higher weights of 21 days and daily weight gain of 3 weeks before were recorded for T1(no oil diet)than other treatments(P<0.05). after 3 weeks, The daily weight gain of supplemental oil diets were higher than that of T1(P<0.05) .Higher final weight and higher daily weight gain and lower feed/gain were recorded for males than that of females.(P<0.05).liver percentage in male ducks was significant higher than in female ducks(P<0.05). The performance or objective meat quality parameters did not show significant differences among treatments.
TG、TC、HDL-C and LDL-C level were not significantly different among treatments and between sexes.
The fat contents of liver in ducks fed the diet with fish oil were significant higher than other treatments(P<0.05).
The saturated FA(SAT)content was not lower in liver,serum and sebum samples of ducks fed the diets with fish oil and bean oil, although FO and BO diets had less saturated FA than other diets. Coefficient of the regression of SAT tissue on SAT in the diet(R2) was very low.
Supplemental bean oil and fish oil in the diets clearly decreased the monounsaturated FA(MUFA)contents in BO and FO tissue samples .because MUFA contents in tissues were closely related to those in the diets(R2>0.9) ,We can increase the MUFA contents in tissues at increasing amounts of dietary MUFA
The amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(n-3PUFA) in tissues increased when added to the FO diet,mainly as long-chain n-3 FA[eicosapentaenoic fatty acid (EPA)and docosahexaenoic fatty acid(DHA)].On the other hand,levels of total n-6 FA in tissues decreased greatly for FO diet.
Not all PUFA in tissues showed the same regression response . All n-6 PUFA in tissues seems to be less linked to their content in diets than n-3 PUFA (R2=0.55 vs 0.95). The EPA and DHA had the highest R2 of all the FA analyzed ,and so their content in tissues was more dependent on their dietary content than on conversion from their precursor.On the other hand ,the n-6PUFA content in liver or blood could be obtained from de novo synthesis through elongation and desaturation from other groups and,to a much lesser extent ,from direct deposit from dietary fat.
试验结果表明，北京鸭生长前期（0-21日龄）日粮中添加油脂未表现较好的促生长作用，无论21日龄体重，还是0-21日龄平均日增重（ADG）均显著低于无油组（P<0.05）。而生长后期（22-42日龄）添加油脂均显著提高北京鸭的日增重(P<0.05)，添加鱼油组日增重又高于添加牛油和豆油组(P<0.05)。虽然差异不显著，但添加油脂（尤其是鱼油）组的北京鸭42日龄体重仍较高。性别之间差异主要表现在生长后期（22-42日龄）公鸭体重(2717.93vs2556.68)、日增重（ADG, 77vs70.54）显著高于母鸭(P<0.05)，料重比显著低于母鸭（3.36vs3.62，P<0.05）。测定屠宰性能的各指标中，公鸭的肝脏比例显著高于母鸭(5.2vs3.4,P<0.05)。添加不同油脂对屠宰率、肝脏比例、皮脂比例、腹脂比例、胸肌比例、腿肌比例等屠宰性状未产生显著影响。
日粮中添加不同油脂对血液中甘油三酯、总胆固醇、高密度脂蛋白-胆固醇、低密度脂蛋白-胆固醇等指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）。添加鱼油组较其它组显著增加肝脏中的脂肪含量（P<0.05）。
本试验中日粮与肝脏、皮脂和血液等组织之间饱和脂肪酸的相关系数较低（-0.43~0.39），虽然添加鱼油和豆油组的日粮中含饱和脂肪酸较牛油低，但是肝脏、皮脂和血液等组织中并未表现出饱和脂肪酸含量的降低，相反却有稍量增加。
添加鱼油和豆油组明显降低了组织中单一不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）的
量，组织中单一不饱和脂肪酸与日粮中单一不饱和脂肪酸呈高度正相关（相关系数均>0.9），说明增加日粮中单一不饱和脂肪酸能明显增加肝脏、皮脂、血液中单一不饱和脂肪酸的含量 。
本试验研究结果表明添加鱼油，北京鸭肝脏、皮脂和血液中n-3PUFA明显增加，主要是二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）在肝脏、皮脂和血液中含量显著高于其它处理组。组织中多不饱和脂肪酸与日粮中多不饱和脂肪酸成中度相关（0.5~0.6之间），主要原因是其中的n-6多不饱和脂肪酸相关系数较低（0.5~0.6）。肝脏和血液中亚油酸（LA， n-6的前体物质）含量与日粮中亚油酸相关系数分别为0.47和0.41，日粮中不含花生四烯酸（20︰4 n-6），而肝脏和血液中花生四烯酸含量却较高，最高可达24.36%。说明在北京鸭肝脏和血液中花生四烯酸（20︰4n6）可以通过脂肪酸转化等方式来增加花生四烯酸的含量，而不是必须通过日粮直接获得。
组织与日粮中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸呈高度正相关（相关系数高达0.95），尤其是二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的相关系数均为0.999。这说明n-3多不饱和脂肪酸直接从日粮脂肪中获得，而较少通过其它脂肪酸延长或脱饱和获得，含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸高的鱼油能明显增加组织中n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。因此，通过添加富含n-3多不饱和脂肪酸日粮来达到增加北京鸭肝脏和皮脂等组织的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸含量是可行的。
The effects of supplemental different oils and different sex on performances as well as serum lipid and faty acid composition of tissues in Beijing ducks was assessed. Four hundred(half of male ) Beijing ducks of 1 day old were used and devided into four treatments by different diets enriched with 0,6% added fat(tallow,bean oil and fish oil ,respectively ) throughout a 42-d growth period .
The result indicated that higher weights of 21 days and daily weight gain of 3 weeks before were recorded for T1(no oil diet)than other treatments(P<0.05). after 3 weeks, The daily weight gain of supplemental oil diets were higher than that of T1(P<0.05) .Higher final weight and higher daily weight gain and lower feed/gain were recorded for males than that of females.(P<0.05).liver percentage in male ducks was significant higher than in female ducks(P<0.05). The performance or objective meat quality parameters did not show significant differences among treatments.
TG、TC、HDL-C and LDL-C level were not significantly different among treatments and between sexes.
The fat contents of liver in ducks fed the diet with fish oil were significant higher than other treatments(P<0.05).
The saturated FA(SAT)content was not lower in liver,serum and sebum samples of ducks fed the diets with fish oil and bean oil, although FO and BO diets had less saturated FA than other diets. Coefficient of the regression of SAT tissue on SAT in the diet(R2) was very low.
Supplemental bean oil and fish oil in the diets clearly decreased the monounsaturated FA(MUFA)contents in BO and FO tissue samples .because MUFA contents in tissues were closely related to those in the diets(R2>0.9) ,We can increase the MUFA contents in tissues at increasing amounts of dietary MUFA
The amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid(n-3PUFA) in tissues increased when added to the FO diet,mainly as long-chain n-3 FA[eicosapentaenoic fatty acid (EPA)and docosahexaenoic fatty acid(DHA)].On the other hand,levels of total n-6 FA in tissues decreased greatly for FO diet.
Not all PUFA in tissues showed the same regression response . All n-6 PUFA in tissues seems to be less linked to their content in diets than n-3 PUFA (R2=0.55 vs 0.95). The EPA and DHA had the highest R2 of all the FA analyzed ,and so their content in tissues was more dependent on their dietary content than on conversion from their precursor.On the other hand ,the n-6PUFA content in liver or blood could be obtained from de novo synthesis through elongation and desaturation from other groups and,to a much lesser extent ,from direct deposit from dietary fat.
引文
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[48] Chi,M.S.,et al.Subacute toxicity of T-2 toxin in broiler chickens. Poutry Sci.1977,56:306-313.
[49] Daggy,B. Dietary fish oil decreases VLDL production rates. Biochim-Biophys-Acta. Amsterdam . , 1987.920 (3) : 293-300.
[50] De Willie J W et al. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency and various levels of dietary polyunsatuurated fatty acids on humoral immunity in mice. J. Nutr., 1979，109:1018.
[51] Dove,-C.R.. The effect of adding copper and various fat sources to the diets of weanling swine on growth performance and serum fatty acid profiles.J-anim-sci. 1993. 71 (8) : 2187-2192.
[52] Edwards , Studies with menhaden oil in practical-type broiler rations ,pourtry sci, 1965,44:685-688.
[53] Erickson K L et al. Dietary fat influences on murine melanoma growth and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst, 1984，72:115.
[54] Erickson K L et al. Influence of dietary fat concentratio and saturation on immune ontogeny in mice. J. Nutr., 1980，110:1555.
[55] Farrell D J et al. The enrichment of eggs with omega-3 fatty acids and their effects in human.In:Recent advances in Animal Nutrition in Australiain (David;J.Farrell,ed) 1991,2:56.
[56] Garrett,R.L.,and R.J.Young, Effect of micelle formation on the absorption of neutral fat and fatty acids by the chicken.J.Nutr. 1975.105:827-833.
[57] Goustard-Langelier,B. N-3 and n-6 fatty acid enrichment by dietary fish oil and phospholipid sources in brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of formula-fed piglets. Lipids. 1999, 34 (1) : 5-16.
[58] Grundy S M.Monounsaturated fatty acids ,plasm cholesterol heart disease [J]Am J clin Nutr,1987,45:1168.
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[67]Lin Bi￣fong,Chao￣Chi Huang et al. Dietary fat influences on antigen expression,cytokines and prostaglandin E2 production of
immune cells in autoimmune prone N2B×N2W F1 mice. British J. Nutr., 1996,75:711.
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[72]Mateos G C et al. Influence of fat and carbohydrate source on rate of food passage of semi-purified diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci.,1981, 60:2 114.
[73]MillerD and P.robisch.Comparative effect of herring ,menhaden and safflower oils on broiler tissues fatty acid composition and flavor Poultry Sci.,1969,48:2146-2157.
[74]Mutanen,-M.; Kleemola,-P.; Valsta,-L.M.; Mensink,-R.P. Lack of effect on blood pressure by polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat diets. Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1992,46 (1) :1-6.
[75]Mattson F H. et al.The digestion and absorption of riacyglyceral. J. bio., Chem., 1964,239∶2772-2777.
[76]Morgan C A,Noble T C.et al.Manipulation of fatty acid compositionofpigmeatlipidsbydietarymeans.J-Sci-Food.Agric.1992,58:357-368.
[77]Olomu J M et al. Influence of dietary faxseed oil on the performance, muscle protein deposition and fatty acid composition of broiler chicks. Poul. Sci., 1991,70:1403.
[78] Phetteplace H W. Influence of dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates on lipids in chickens divergently selected for body weight. Poul. Sci., 1992,71:1513.
[79]Phetteplace H W et al.Effects of various n-3 lipidsources on fatty acid composition in chicken tissues.Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,1989,2:104. [80]Phetteplace H.W., Watkins;B.A. Lipid measurements in chickens fed different combinations of chicken fat and menhaden oil. J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1990.38 (9) :1848-1853.
[81]Pinchasov Y et al. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration on performance,fat deposition and carcass fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Poul. Sci., 1992,71:1504.
[82]Sanz,-M.; Lopez-Bates,-C.J.; Flores,-A. Effect of the inclusion time ofdietary saturated and unsaturated fats before slaughter on the accumulationand composition of abnormal fat in female broiler chickens. Poultry-sci. 2000,79 (9) :1320-1325.
[83]Sanz,Z.M, Higher lipid accumulation in broilers fed on saturated fats than in those fed on unsaturated fats,British poultry science, 1999,40:95-101.
[84]Santoli D et al. Prostaglandin E precursor fatty acids inhibit human IL-2 production by a prostaglandin E independent mechanism. J. Immunol, 1989, 143:1303.
[85]Scaife J R et al. 1994, Effect of different dietary supplemented fats and oils on the tissue fatty acid composition and growth of femail broilers. Brit. Poul. Sci., 35:107.
[86]Scott,-T.W.; Ashes,-J.R. 1993.Dietary lipids for ruminants: protection, utilization and effects on remodelling of skeletal muscle phospholipids. Aust-J-Agric-Res. 44 (3) :495-508.
[87]Simon LA. Hickie JB et al. On the effects of dietary n-3fatty acids (Max EPA) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients withhyperlipidemia.Atherosclerosis,1985,54:75.
[88]Van E l swyk M E et al.Composition,functionary and sensory evaluation of eggs from hen fed dietary menhaden oil.Journal of Food Science,1992,(57)∶342～344.
[89]Velupillai P and Harn D A. Oligosaccharide-specific induction of interleukin 10 production by B220＋cells from schistosome-infected mice:a mechanism for regulation of CD4＋ T￣cell subsets. Proceedings of the National Aademy of Sciences,USA, 1994, 91:18.
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[46] Cherian , Effect of feeding full fat flax and canola seeds to laying hens on the fatty acid composition of eggs embryos and newly hatched chicks,pourtry sci , 1991,70:917-922 [47] Cohen,B.I. Effects of dietary fat and fatty acids on sterol balance in hamsters. : Lipids. 1994. 29 (7) :503-508.
[47]Chi,M.S.,and C.J. Mirocha.Necrotic oral lesion in chickens fed diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 toxin and crocotin .Poutry Sci.1978,57:807-808.
[48] Chi,M.S.,et al.Subacute toxicity of T-2 toxin in broiler chickens. Poutry Sci.1977,56:306-313.
[49] Daggy,B. Dietary fish oil decreases VLDL production rates. Biochim-Biophys-Acta. Amsterdam . , 1987.920 (3) : 293-300.
[50] De Willie J W et al. Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency and various levels of dietary polyunsatuurated fatty acids on humoral immunity in mice. J. Nutr., 1979，109:1018.
[51] Dove,-C.R.. The effect of adding copper and various fat sources to the diets of weanling swine on growth performance and serum fatty acid profiles.J-anim-sci. 1993. 71 (8) : 2187-2192.
[52] Edwards , Studies with menhaden oil in practical-type broiler rations ,pourtry sci, 1965,44:685-688.
[53] Erickson K L et al. Dietary fat influences on murine melanoma growth and lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity. J. Natl. Cancer Inst, 1984，72:115.
[54] Erickson K L et al. Influence of dietary fat concentratio and saturation on immune ontogeny in mice. J. Nutr., 1980，110:1555.
[55] Farrell D J et al. The enrichment of eggs with omega-3 fatty acids and their effects in human.In:Recent advances in Animal Nutrition in Australiain (David;J.Farrell,ed) 1991,2:56.
[56] Garrett,R.L.,and R.J.Young, Effect of micelle formation on the absorption of neutral fat and fatty acids by the chicken.J.Nutr. 1975.105:827-833.
[57] Goustard-Langelier,B. N-3 and n-6 fatty acid enrichment by dietary fish oil and phospholipid sources in brain cortical areas and nonneural tissues of formula-fed piglets. Lipids. 1999, 34 (1) : 5-16.
[58] Grundy S M.Monounsaturated fatty acids ,plasm cholesterol heart disease [J]Am J clin Nutr,1987,45:1168.
[59] Hargis,P.G. Dietary modification of yolk lipid with menhaden oil. Poult-Sci. 1991,70 (4) : 874-883.
[60] Howard K A et al.The effects of an adaptation period to soybean oil additions in the diets of young pigs[J] J Anim. Sci．，1990,68：678.
[61] Hulan,H.W.,R.G.Ackman, Omega-3fatty acid levels and performance of broilers chickens fed redfish meal or redfish oil.Anim.Sci. 1988.68:533-547
[62] Jiang,Z. Omega-3 fatty acid enriched eggs reduce blood cholesterol:cholesterolreducingeggs.Agric-For-Bull.1991,70:21-22.
[63] Jiang Z et al. Effects of dietary n-3 fatty acid-enriched chicken eggs on plasma and tissue cholesterol and fatty acid composition of rats.Lipids, 1992, 27:279～284.
[64]Ketels,-E. Effect of ratio of unsaturated to saturataed fatty acids of the dietary lipid fraction on utilization and metabolizable energy of added fats in young chicks.Poult-Sci. . 1989, 68 (11) :1506-1512.
[65]Leskanich C.O...The effect of dietary oil containing (n-3) fatty acids on the fatty acid, physiocochemical, and organoleptic characteristics of pig meat and fat. J-anim-sci. 1997 ,75 (3) : 673-683.
[66]Lien,T.F. Effects of different fatty acids and levels on the lipogenesis capacity and lipolysis rate of broilers in vitro. Asian Australas J Anim-sci. 2000.13 (9) : 1285-1289.
[67]Lin Bi￣fong,Chao￣Chi Huang et al. Dietary fat influences on antigen expression,cytokines and prostaglandin E2 production of
immune cells in autoimmune prone N2B×N2W F1 mice. British J. Nutr., 1996,75:711.
[68]Lopez-Ferrer,-S. N-3 Enrichment of chicken meat: alternative use of precursors of long-chain polyunsatured fatty acids :Linseed oil.Poultry-sci.2001,80:753-761.
[69] Lopez-Ferrer,-S. et al.N-3 Enrichment of chicken meat using fish oil: alternative substitution with rapeseed and linseed oils. Poultry-sci.1993, 78 (3) : 356-365.
[70]Lokesh B R et al. Modulation of prostaglandin synthesis in mouse peritoneal macrophages by enrichment of lipids with either eicosapentaenoic or docosahexaenoic acids in vitro. Immunobiology., 1987, 175:406.
[71]MarshallACetal.Oxidativestabilityandsensoryqualityofstoredeggsfromhenfed1.5%menhadenoil.JournalofFoodScience,1994,(59)∶561～563.
[72]Mateos G C et al. Influence of fat and carbohydrate source on rate of food passage of semi-purified diets for laying hens. Poultry Sci.,1981, 60:2 114.
[73]MillerD and P.robisch.Comparative effect of herring ,menhaden and safflower oils on broiler tissues fatty acid composition and flavor Poultry Sci.,1969,48:2146-2157.
[74]Mutanen,-M.; Kleemola,-P.; Valsta,-L.M.; Mensink,-R.P. Lack of effect on blood pressure by polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat diets. Eur-J-Clin-Nutr. 1992,46 (1) :1-6.
[75]Mattson F H. et al.The digestion and absorption of riacyglyceral. J. bio., Chem., 1964,239∶2772-2777.
[76]Morgan C A,Noble T C.et al.Manipulation of fatty acid compositionofpigmeatlipidsbydietarymeans.J-Sci-Food.Agric.1992,58:357-368.
[77]Olomu J M et al. Influence of dietary faxseed oil on the performance, muscle protein deposition and fatty acid composition of broiler chicks. Poul. Sci., 1991,70:1403.
[78] Phetteplace H W. Influence of dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturates on lipids in chickens divergently selected for body weight. Poul. Sci., 1992,71:1513.
[79]Phetteplace H W et al.Effects of various n-3 lipidsources on fatty acid composition in chicken tissues.Journal of Food Composition and Analysis,1989,2:104. [80]Phetteplace H.W., Watkins;B.A. Lipid measurements in chickens fed different combinations of chicken fat and menhaden oil. J-Agric-Food-Chem. 1990.38 (9) :1848-1853.
[81]Pinchasov Y et al. Effect of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration on performance,fat deposition and carcass fatty acid composition of broiler chickens. Poul. Sci., 1992,71:1504.
[82]Sanz,-M.; Lopez-Bates,-C.J.; Flores,-A. Effect of the inclusion time ofdietary saturated and unsaturated fats before slaughter on the accumulationand composition of abnormal fat in female broiler chickens. Poultry-sci. 2000,79 (9) :1320-1325.
[83]Sanz,Z.M, Higher lipid accumulation in broilers fed on saturated fats than in those fed on unsaturated fats,British poultry science, 1999,40:95-101.
[84]Santoli D et al. Prostaglandin E precursor fatty acids inhibit human IL-2 production by a prostaglandin E independent mechanism. J. Immunol, 1989, 143:1303.
[85]Scaife J R et al. 1994, Effect of different dietary supplemented fats and oils on the tissue fatty acid composition and growth of femail broilers. Brit. Poul. Sci., 35:107.
[86]Scott,-T.W.; Ashes,-J.R. 1993.Dietary lipids for ruminants: protection, utilization and effects on remodelling of skeletal muscle phospholipids. Aust-J-Agric-Res. 44 (3) :495-508.
[87]Simon LA. Hickie JB et al. On the effects of dietary n-3fatty acids (Max EPA) on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in patients withhyperlipidemia.Atherosclerosis,1985,54:75.
[88]Van E l swyk M E et al.Composition,functionary and sensory evaluation of eggs from hen fed dietary menhaden oil.Journal of Food Science,1992,(57)∶342～344.
[89]Velupillai P and Harn D A. Oligosaccharide-specific induction of interleukin 10 production by B220＋cells from schistosome-infected mice:a mechanism for regulation of CD4＋ T￣cell subsets. Proceedings of the National Aademy of Sciences,USA, 1994, 91:18.
[90]Watanabe S et al. 1993, Regulation of dietary essential fatty acid balance of tumor necrosis factor production in mouse macrophages. J. Leukocyte Biology, 53:151.