我国客运专线客票定价的合理性研究
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摘要
随着高速铁路的不断发展,客运专线网络已经成为铁路中长期路网规划的主要方向,客运专线的票价制定问题被越来越多的学者所关注。本文主要是对我国客运专线客票定价方法的合理性研究,在分析了铁路旅客票价制定的相关方法与模型的基础上,给出了基于旅客时间价值及双层规划思想的定价模型,该模型考虑了不同收入水平旅客的出行行为选择,并通过实例验证了其合理性。有关客运专线客票定价方法的合理性研究对于铁路运输企业提高客运服务质量,引导旅客出行方式选择的意义重大。
本文主要是对我国客运专线客票定价方法的合理性研究,具体工作如下：
首先,在参阅了大量相关文献的基础上,根据国内外相关问题的研究现状,分析了客运专线票价的主要影响因素和相关定价理论,并对一些主要的客票定价模型的合理性进行了评析。
其次,根据不同收入水平的旅客的时间价值不同,引入舒适度变量,提出了基于旅客时间价值的双层规划客票定价模型。
最后,以京沪客运专线为例进行客运票价的实例计算,选取北京站及北京南站为调研地点,通过实例论证模型的可行性和合理性,旨在为铁路客运专线的运价形成机制与票价策略研究提供参考。
本文针对铁路客运定价问题,运用旅客时间价值及双层规划的思想建立了定价模型,并进行了实例验证。结果表明,所建模型是可行和合理的,为客运专线的票价制定提供了依据。
With the development of high speed railway, passenger-dedicated lines have become the main direction of the transportation planning, more and more scholars are paying close attention to the problem about how to formulate the fare of passenger-dedicated line. This paper mainly aiming at the rationality of the passenger-dedicated lines'pricing method, on the basis of analysis the method and the model, a pricing model is given based on the travel time value and double-layer planning idea. The model considers the different income levels of passenger travel choice behavior, and through an example to verify its rationality. The rationality of the ticket pricing research for railway transportation enterprise to improve passenger service quality, guide the passenger travel choice way has great significance.
This paper is mainly to the rationality research on the ticket pricing method of the passenger-dedicated line in china.The main work of this paper is as follows:
First, in the refer to a number of literature, and according to the domestic and foreign research status, has analyzed the influence factors of fare passenger special line and related pricing theory, and to some of the major ticket pricing the rationality of the model is analysed.
Second, according to different income level of different passengers have different time value, introducing comfort variables; the pricing model is put forward based on the time value of the passenger and bi-level programming model.
Finally, with the Beijing-shanghai passenger dedicated line as an example of the passenger ticket price case calculation, the selection of Beijing station and Beijing south station location for investigation by the example demonstrates the feasibility of the model and rationality, for the purpose of high-speed passenger railway freight rate formation mechanism and fare strategy research to provide the reference.
This article in view of the railway passenger pricing issues, using the value of travel time and bi-level programming thoughts established the pricing model, and an example is given. The results show that the model is feasible and reasonable, the ticket price for passenger special line formulated to provide the basis.
本文主要是对我国客运专线客票定价方法的合理性研究,具体工作如下：
首先,在参阅了大量相关文献的基础上,根据国内外相关问题的研究现状,分析了客运专线票价的主要影响因素和相关定价理论,并对一些主要的客票定价模型的合理性进行了评析。
其次,根据不同收入水平的旅客的时间价值不同,引入舒适度变量,提出了基于旅客时间价值的双层规划客票定价模型。
最后,以京沪客运专线为例进行客运票价的实例计算,选取北京站及北京南站为调研地点,通过实例论证模型的可行性和合理性,旨在为铁路客运专线的运价形成机制与票价策略研究提供参考。
本文针对铁路客运定价问题,运用旅客时间价值及双层规划的思想建立了定价模型,并进行了实例验证。结果表明,所建模型是可行和合理的,为客运专线的票价制定提供了依据。
With the development of high speed railway, passenger-dedicated lines have become the main direction of the transportation planning, more and more scholars are paying close attention to the problem about how to formulate the fare of passenger-dedicated line. This paper mainly aiming at the rationality of the passenger-dedicated lines'pricing method, on the basis of analysis the method and the model, a pricing model is given based on the travel time value and double-layer planning idea. The model considers the different income levels of passenger travel choice behavior, and through an example to verify its rationality. The rationality of the ticket pricing research for railway transportation enterprise to improve passenger service quality, guide the passenger travel choice way has great significance.
This paper is mainly to the rationality research on the ticket pricing method of the passenger-dedicated line in china.The main work of this paper is as follows:
First, in the refer to a number of literature, and according to the domestic and foreign research status, has analyzed the influence factors of fare passenger special line and related pricing theory, and to some of the major ticket pricing the rationality of the model is analysed.
Second, according to different income level of different passengers have different time value, introducing comfort variables; the pricing model is put forward based on the time value of the passenger and bi-level programming model.
Finally, with the Beijing-shanghai passenger dedicated line as an example of the passenger ticket price case calculation, the selection of Beijing station and Beijing south station location for investigation by the example demonstrates the feasibility of the model and rationality, for the purpose of high-speed passenger railway freight rate formation mechanism and fare strategy research to provide the reference.
This article in view of the railway passenger pricing issues, using the value of travel time and bi-level programming thoughts established the pricing model, and an example is given. The results show that the model is feasible and reasonable, the ticket price for passenger special line formulated to provide the basis.
引文
[1]高自友,四兵锋.市场经济条件下铁路旅客票价系统分析——优化模型与求解算法[M].北京：中国铁道出版社.2002.
[2]陈建华,高自友.合理制定铁路旅客票价的优化方法[J].铁道学报,2005,27(4)：16-19.
[3]马驷,李鑫.考虑通道分工和竞争的客运专线定价方法[J].西南交通大学学报.2006.41(5)：603-607.
[4]四兵锋,高自友.市场竞争条件下的客运价格优化策略模型及算法[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2007.7(1)：73-78.
[5]王修华.客运专线旅客票价制定机理研究[J].铁道勘察.2008(2)：91-93.
[6]陈东,李永辉.铁路客运专线客票定价研究[J].中国铁路.2010(10)：26-29.
[7]王慧晶,李夏苗.基于Logit模型的武广客运专线转移客流量计算研究[J].湖南铁路科技职业技术学院学报.2011.11(2)：23-78.
[8]李偲偲,周鹏,吴倩.客运专线实行差别定价博弈分析[J].交通科技与经济.2012.69(1)：72-77.
[9]刘卫果,胡思继.旅客交通方式选择行为的模糊机会约束规划模型[J].北方交通大学学报.2002.26(2)：61-65.
[10]刘东坡.旅客旅行时间价值分析方法研究[J].华东经济管理.2003.17(4)：155-156.
[11]霍亮.铁路旅客乘车行为分析与客流分配研究[D].湖南：中南大学,2006.
[12]朱达.基于旅客出行选择的旅行时间价值研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008.
[13]宗芳,隽志才等.出行时间价值计算及应用研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2009.9(3)：114-119.
[14]付印平,李丽欣.旅客旅行时间价值在航空票价中的应用[J].华东交通大学学报.2011.28(2)：113-118.
[15]陈旭梅,刘巧仙,杜光.基于SP调查的城市公共交通出行时间价值估计[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2011.11(4)：77-84.
[16]侯敬,姜鸿.国外高速铁路的旅客运价水平[J].中国铁路.1995(4)：35-36.
[17]Firesz,Harker.Multicriteria spatial price equilibrium network design:theory and computational results[J].Trams.Res.B.1983.17(5).
[18]Sheffi Y.Urban Transpotration Networks:Equilibirum Analysis with Mahtematical Programming Mehtods[M].Prentice-Hall.Englewood Clifs.New Jersey. 1985.
[19]Tobin,Fiacco.Sensitivity anlaysis for vairational inequlaities[J].Journal of Optimization Theory and Application. 1986.48(1).
[20]Mcfaden.A method of simulated moments for estimation of discrete response models without numerical integration[J].Econometria.1989.57:995—1026.
[21]GerkenJ.Generalized logit model[J].Trnasportation Research. 1991.25B:75—88.
[22]Norbert.Urbna Travel Demand Modeling:From Individual Choice to General Equilibrium [M].A Wiley-Interscience Publication.John Wiley & Sons.INC.1994.
[23]Yang.Michael.Traffic restraint road pricing and network equilibrium [J]. Tram.Res.B.1997.31(4).
[24]Ferrari P.Road Pricing and Network Equilibrium[J]. Transportation Research B.1995.29(5): 357-372.
[25]Ngostino N, UumbertoC, Francesca G. A Behavioural Choice Model for the Evaluation of Railway Supply and Pricing Policies[J]. Transportation Research A.1999.34(85):395-404.
[26]Daniel V. Optimal Pricing in Railway Passenger Transport:Theory and Practice in the Netherlands [J]. Transport Policy.2002.9 (2):95—106.
[27]Mardman M. Demand for Rail Travel and the Effects of External Factors[J]. Transportation Research E.2006.42(3):129-148.
[28]Thierry Blayac. Value of travel time:a theoretical legitimization of some nonlinear representative utility in discrete choice models [J]. Transportation Research Part B.2001.35.391-400.
[29]Meilian Jiang. Theroretical analysis:on the variation of value of travel time savings[J]. Transpotation Resarch Part A.2004.38.551-571.
[30]Kay W Axhausen. Income and distance elasticities of values of travel time savings New Swiss results[J]. Transport Policy .2008.15.173-185.
[31]Kaan Ozbay. Valuation of travel time and departure time choice in the presence of time-of-day pricing[J]. Transportation Research Part A.2009.42.577-590.
[32]布超,林晓言.旅客行为时间价值的Logit计算模型改进研究[J].技术经济.2009.28(3)：62-95.
[33]徐冰.基于铁路客运票价的定价模型及求解方法研究[D].沈阳：沈阳工业大学.2007.
[34]段建强.系统动力学模型在铁路客运定价中的应用[J].物流技术.2007.26(12)：38-39.
[35]黄欢.基于系统动力学的公路客运定价方法研究[D].四川：西南交通大学.2010.
[36]高自友,四兵锋.市场竞争条件下铁路旅客票价制定的模型与算法[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2001.2(1)：50-55.
[37]四兵锋,高自友.合理制定铁路客票价格的优化模型及算法[J].管理科学学报.2001.4(2)：45-51.
[38]于冉冉.基于铁路旅客需求异质性的换乘服务方案优化研究与系统[D].北京：北京交通大学.2011.
[39]刘立荣.基于旅客时间价值的客运专线客票定价理论与实证研究[D].北京：北京交通大学.2010.
[40]四兵锋,高自友.多模式交通条件下合理制定旅客票价的优化模型及算法[J].中国管理科学.2000.8(4)：55-62.
[41]邵春福.交通规划原理[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2004.
[42]Carrion Carlos, Levinson David. Value of travel time reliability: A review of current evidence[J]. Transportation Research Part A.2012.46(4).720-741.
[43]Hsu Chiung-Wen, Lee Yusin. Competition between high-speed and conventional rail systems: A game theoretical approach[J]. Expert systems with applications. 2010.37(4).3162-3170.
[2]陈建华,高自友.合理制定铁路旅客票价的优化方法[J].铁道学报,2005,27(4)：16-19.
[3]马驷,李鑫.考虑通道分工和竞争的客运专线定价方法[J].西南交通大学学报.2006.41(5)：603-607.
[4]四兵锋,高自友.市场竞争条件下的客运价格优化策略模型及算法[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2007.7(1)：73-78.
[5]王修华.客运专线旅客票价制定机理研究[J].铁道勘察.2008(2)：91-93.
[6]陈东,李永辉.铁路客运专线客票定价研究[J].中国铁路.2010(10)：26-29.
[7]王慧晶,李夏苗.基于Logit模型的武广客运专线转移客流量计算研究[J].湖南铁路科技职业技术学院学报.2011.11(2)：23-78.
[8]李偲偲,周鹏,吴倩.客运专线实行差别定价博弈分析[J].交通科技与经济.2012.69(1)：72-77.
[9]刘卫果,胡思继.旅客交通方式选择行为的模糊机会约束规划模型[J].北方交通大学学报.2002.26(2)：61-65.
[10]刘东坡.旅客旅行时间价值分析方法研究[J].华东经济管理.2003.17(4)：155-156.
[11]霍亮.铁路旅客乘车行为分析与客流分配研究[D].湖南：中南大学,2006.
[12]朱达.基于旅客出行选择的旅行时间价值研究[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008.
[13]宗芳,隽志才等.出行时间价值计算及应用研究[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2009.9(3)：114-119.
[14]付印平,李丽欣.旅客旅行时间价值在航空票价中的应用[J].华东交通大学学报.2011.28(2)：113-118.
[15]陈旭梅,刘巧仙,杜光.基于SP调查的城市公共交通出行时间价值估计[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2011.11(4)：77-84.
[16]侯敬,姜鸿.国外高速铁路的旅客运价水平[J].中国铁路.1995(4)：35-36.
[17]Firesz,Harker.Multicriteria spatial price equilibrium network design:theory and computational results[J].Trams.Res.B.1983.17(5).
[18]Sheffi Y.Urban Transpotration Networks:Equilibirum Analysis with Mahtematical Programming Mehtods[M].Prentice-Hall.Englewood Clifs.New Jersey. 1985.
[19]Tobin,Fiacco.Sensitivity anlaysis for vairational inequlaities[J].Journal of Optimization Theory and Application. 1986.48(1).
[20]Mcfaden.A method of simulated moments for estimation of discrete response models without numerical integration[J].Econometria.1989.57:995—1026.
[21]GerkenJ.Generalized logit model[J].Trnasportation Research. 1991.25B:75—88.
[22]Norbert.Urbna Travel Demand Modeling:From Individual Choice to General Equilibrium [M].A Wiley-Interscience Publication.John Wiley & Sons.INC.1994.
[23]Yang.Michael.Traffic restraint road pricing and network equilibrium [J]. Tram.Res.B.1997.31(4).
[24]Ferrari P.Road Pricing and Network Equilibrium[J]. Transportation Research B.1995.29(5): 357-372.
[25]Ngostino N, UumbertoC, Francesca G. A Behavioural Choice Model for the Evaluation of Railway Supply and Pricing Policies[J]. Transportation Research A.1999.34(85):395-404.
[26]Daniel V. Optimal Pricing in Railway Passenger Transport:Theory and Practice in the Netherlands [J]. Transport Policy.2002.9 (2):95—106.
[27]Mardman M. Demand for Rail Travel and the Effects of External Factors[J]. Transportation Research E.2006.42(3):129-148.
[28]Thierry Blayac. Value of travel time:a theoretical legitimization of some nonlinear representative utility in discrete choice models [J]. Transportation Research Part B.2001.35.391-400.
[29]Meilian Jiang. Theroretical analysis:on the variation of value of travel time savings[J]. Transpotation Resarch Part A.2004.38.551-571.
[30]Kay W Axhausen. Income and distance elasticities of values of travel time savings New Swiss results[J]. Transport Policy .2008.15.173-185.
[31]Kaan Ozbay. Valuation of travel time and departure time choice in the presence of time-of-day pricing[J]. Transportation Research Part A.2009.42.577-590.
[32]布超,林晓言.旅客行为时间价值的Logit计算模型改进研究[J].技术经济.2009.28(3)：62-95.
[33]徐冰.基于铁路客运票价的定价模型及求解方法研究[D].沈阳：沈阳工业大学.2007.
[34]段建强.系统动力学模型在铁路客运定价中的应用[J].物流技术.2007.26(12)：38-39.
[35]黄欢.基于系统动力学的公路客运定价方法研究[D].四川：西南交通大学.2010.
[36]高自友,四兵锋.市场竞争条件下铁路旅客票价制定的模型与算法[J].交通运输系统工程与信息.2001.2(1)：50-55.
[37]四兵锋,高自友.合理制定铁路客票价格的优化模型及算法[J].管理科学学报.2001.4(2)：45-51.
[38]于冉冉.基于铁路旅客需求异质性的换乘服务方案优化研究与系统[D].北京：北京交通大学.2011.
[39]刘立荣.基于旅客时间价值的客运专线客票定价理论与实证研究[D].北京：北京交通大学.2010.
[40]四兵锋,高自友.多模式交通条件下合理制定旅客票价的优化模型及算法[J].中国管理科学.2000.8(4)：55-62.
[41]邵春福.交通规划原理[M].北京：中国铁道出版社,2004.
[42]Carrion Carlos, Levinson David. Value of travel time reliability: A review of current evidence[J]. Transportation Research Part A.2012.46(4).720-741.
[43]Hsu Chiung-Wen, Lee Yusin. Competition between high-speed and conventional rail systems: A game theoretical approach[J]. Expert systems with applications. 2010.37(4).3162-3170.