牛居北三维地震资料叠前深度偏移方法研究
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摘要
随着辽河油田30多年勘探开发的逐渐深入以及地震资料处理技术的提高,地震资料重新采集和处理是辽河油田增储上产的手段之一。但辽河油田构造复杂,地震资料大都同相轴连续性差,资料信噪比低,满足不了地质人员进行精细解释的要求。而叠前偏移,尤其是叠前深度偏移,是适应复杂地区的理想的地震资料成像技术。随着不同叠前方法的发展和完善,勘探精度不断提高,叠前偏移在油气勘探中发挥着越来越重要的作用,而建立正确的层速度模型是叠前偏移质量的重要保证。此外,为有效的实现三维地震资料叠前深度偏移,巨大的计算机资源,合理的处理流程以及方法选择都是十分重要的。
本文首先对几种叠前深度偏移方法进行了简要介绍和对比,其中包括:Kirchhoff积分法,分步Fourier法,Fourier有限差分法,广义屏偏移法空间—频率域有限差分法。其次,对叠前深度偏移中的关键步骤——速度估计、速度模型建立和可视化方法进行了深入的研究,这三者在迭代的偏移过程中相互结合,交互进行。采用相干反演以及层析成像等手段,可使建立的速度模型的精度和可信度大为提高。最后,结合牛居北工区实例,指出了叠前深度偏移方法在低信噪比、低覆盖次数地区及中深层存在高速的火山岩异常体和变质岩基底等地质构造复杂地区的成功应用,且深度偏移结果与井资料的一致性很好,说明了本文所提流程的合理性与实用性,这对推进三维叠前深度偏移的应用与发展并取得良好的成像效果具有较大的实际意义。
Because of the gradual in-depth Explorational and Development,as well as the improvement of seismic data processing techniques for more than 30 years in Liaohe Oilfield,seismic data acquisition and processing became one of means for re-growing reserves and production in Liaohe Oilfield.The complicated structure,poor continuity in-phase axis and low SNR can not satisfy the detailed interpretation of geological requirements.But prestack migration,particularly pre-stack depth migration is an ideal seismic imaging technology for the complex areas.With the continuous development and improvement of different pre-stack approches and the precision of exploration,pre-stack migration in the oil and gas exploration is playing an increasingly important role,while the establishment of the correct velocity model is an important assurance.In addition , huge computer resources ,reasonable selection processes and methods are very important for the effective implementation of three-dimensional seismic data pre-stack depth migration.
This paper firstly introduces and compares several pre-stack depth migration methods ,including:Kirchhoff integral method,step by step Fourier method,Fourier finite difference method,Generalized Screen method,space-frequency domain finite difference method.Secondly,studying three key steps which are speed estimation,velocity model building and visualization methods of pre-stack depth migration.These three steps integrate and cross-conduct each other in the process of iteration migration.Using of inversion and coherence tomography and other means can improve the accuracy and reliability of the speed model greatly.Finally,combining with the example of North Niuju area points out that the use of pre-stack migration in low SNR ,low coverage areas and other coplex areas shows great success.Moreover,the good consistence of the results of pre-stack migration and well data illustrate the rationality and practicality of the process proposed in this paper,promote the application and development of the three-dimensional pre-stack depth migration and achieve good results with large real significance.
本文首先对几种叠前深度偏移方法进行了简要介绍和对比,其中包括:Kirchhoff积分法,分步Fourier法,Fourier有限差分法,广义屏偏移法空间—频率域有限差分法。其次,对叠前深度偏移中的关键步骤——速度估计、速度模型建立和可视化方法进行了深入的研究,这三者在迭代的偏移过程中相互结合,交互进行。采用相干反演以及层析成像等手段,可使建立的速度模型的精度和可信度大为提高。最后,结合牛居北工区实例,指出了叠前深度偏移方法在低信噪比、低覆盖次数地区及中深层存在高速的火山岩异常体和变质岩基底等地质构造复杂地区的成功应用,且深度偏移结果与井资料的一致性很好,说明了本文所提流程的合理性与实用性,这对推进三维叠前深度偏移的应用与发展并取得良好的成像效果具有较大的实际意义。
Because of the gradual in-depth Explorational and Development,as well as the improvement of seismic data processing techniques for more than 30 years in Liaohe Oilfield,seismic data acquisition and processing became one of means for re-growing reserves and production in Liaohe Oilfield.The complicated structure,poor continuity in-phase axis and low SNR can not satisfy the detailed interpretation of geological requirements.But prestack migration,particularly pre-stack depth migration is an ideal seismic imaging technology for the complex areas.With the continuous development and improvement of different pre-stack approches and the precision of exploration,pre-stack migration in the oil and gas exploration is playing an increasingly important role,while the establishment of the correct velocity model is an important assurance.In addition , huge computer resources ,reasonable selection processes and methods are very important for the effective implementation of three-dimensional seismic data pre-stack depth migration.
This paper firstly introduces and compares several pre-stack depth migration methods ,including:Kirchhoff integral method,step by step Fourier method,Fourier finite difference method,Generalized Screen method,space-frequency domain finite difference method.Secondly,studying three key steps which are speed estimation,velocity model building and visualization methods of pre-stack depth migration.These three steps integrate and cross-conduct each other in the process of iteration migration.Using of inversion and coherence tomography and other means can improve the accuracy and reliability of the speed model greatly.Finally,combining with the example of North Niuju area points out that the use of pre-stack migration in low SNR ,low coverage areas and other coplex areas shows great success.Moreover,the good consistence of the results of pre-stack migration and well data illustrate the rationality and practicality of the process proposed in this paper,promote the application and development of the three-dimensional pre-stack depth migration and achieve good results with large real significance.
引文
[1]地震资料处理技术交流会论文集.石油工业出版社.
[2]郭建,宋玉龙主编.SEG第70届年会论文摘要.北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[3]中国石油物探局信息中心与南京物探研究所合译.SEG第67届年会论文集.北京:石油工业出版社,1999.
[4]叶勇等,偏移速度分析技术技术新进展.勘探地球物理进展,Vol,26, No.2,2003,136~141.
[5] Dan kosloff, John Sherwood等著,付长生等译.对深度偏移道集做层析成像求取速度和深度.深度偏移技术研究进展.兰州:中国石油集团公司西北地质研究所出版,1996,142~150.
[6]罗省闲,李录明.三维叠前深度偏移速度模型建立方法.石油物探,38(4):1~6.
[7]赵改善,包红林等.集群计算技术及其在石油工业中的应用.石油物探,2001,40(3):118~126.
[8]王宏林,基于网络的地震数据处理-从集群计算系统到网络计算系统.石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(40):381~386.
[9]邓志文著.复杂山地地震勘探.石油工业出版社.
[10]贺振华,Gandner.G.H.F等.多次覆盖地震资料及跌前偏移.石油地球物理勘探,1986 21(1) .
[11]同济大学海洋地质系编.反射地震学论文集.上海:同济大学出版社,2000.
[12]张美根,王妙月.各向异性弹性波叠后逆时深度偏移.石油物探,2002,41(3):259~263.
[13]杨午阳.粘性波动方程保幅偏移[J].石油物探,2003,42(3):285-288.
[14] Gazdag J. Wave equation migration with the phase-shift method. Geophysics, 1978, 43(7): 1342-1351.
[15]地震资料处理高级培训班教材.中有服务勘探与生产分公司,2002.
[16]同济大学海洋地质系编.分步傅里叶法三维炮集叠前深度偏移.反射地震学论文集,2000,87-94.
[17] Kessinger, W.P.1992, Extended Spilt-step Fourier migration, 62th Ann Internet. Mtg; Soc. Expl. Geogphysics; Expanded abstracts, P917-920.
[18] Stoffa, P.L; J.T.fokkema, R.M.De luna Freire, and W.P.kessinger,Split-st Fourier migration, Geophysics, 1990, 55(4):410-421.
[19]匡斌,王华忠,陈世军,亚长波,胡中标,马在田.傅里叶有限差1β深度偏移成像方法研究和应用.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(6):698~703.
[20]李志明.一种理想的二维波场延拓法.石油地球物理勘探,1990,25(5):517~528.
[21]马在田.地震偏移成像技术-有限差分偏移.北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[22]张剑锋,李幼铭.三维叠前深度偏移的显示差分法.上海:反射地震学论文,2000,121-126.
[23] Stolt, R.H., Migrationby Fourier Transform, Geophysics, 1978, 43(1):23 -48.
[24] Ruhl, T. and Ristow D., 1995, Fourier FD migration: the missing link Between phase-shift and FD migration, 65th Annual SEG Mtg, P1232-1234.
[25] Toru Takahashi, Prestack migration using arrival angle information, Geophysics, 1995, 60(1):154-163.
[26] Hale.D., Stable explicit depth extrapolation of seismic wave fields, Geophysics, 1999, 56(6):1770-1777.
[27] Alexander Mihai Pouovici, Prestack migration by split-step DSR, Ge-ophys, 1996,vd.bl, No.5:1412-1416.
[28] Huang Lian-jie, Wu Ru-shan, Prestack depth migration with acoustic screen propagators, 66th Ann, Intern.Mtg., Soc.Expl.Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1996,P415-418.
[29] JIN Sheng-wen, Wu Ru-shan,Peng Chengbin.Seismic depth migration with pseudo-screen propagator. Computational Geosciences, 1999, 3:321-335.
[30] XIE Xiao-Bi, Wu Ru-shan. Improve the wide-angle accuracy of screen method under large contrast. 68th Ann.Intern.Mtg. , Soc.Expl.Geophys. Expanded Abstracts, 1998, 1181-1184.
[31] JIN Sheng-wen, Mosher C C, Wu Ru-shan. 3D prestack wave equation common offset pseudo-screen, depth migration. Toth Ann. Intern.Mtg., Soc.Expl.Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 2000, 842-845.
[32] Popovici A M. Prestack migration by split-step DSR. Geophysics, 1996, 61:1412-1416.
[33] Revc D. Imaging complex structures with semi-recursive Kirchhoff migration. Geophysics, 1997, 62(2): 577-588.
[34]韩立国,孙建国,何樵登,杨勤勇.共反射面与共中心点联合叠加成像.石油物探,2003,42(1):25~28.
[35]丁伟,李振春,刘玉莲.基于Born/Rytov近似的联合叠前深度偏移方法.石油物探,2003,42(1):29~33.
[36]陈立康,胡英,张研,金达等.叠前深度偏移技术的应用研究.石油工业出版社.
[37] Y.C.Kin等.为叠前深度偏移建立有效的速度模型.石油物探丛1996,10月第5期:30~31.
[38]程玖兵,王华忠,于富文,马在田.波动方程共炮检距道集叠前深度偏移.石油地球物理勘探.2001,36(5):526~532.
[39]傅长生等编.深度偏移技术研究进展.中石油集团公司西北地质研究所出版,1996.
[40] PARDAM公司.速度,深度,成像原理.News,第二期,1995年11月.
[41]方伍宝.三维叠前深度偏移的建模技术[J].石油物探,2002,34(2):23~28.
[42]吴小洲.叠前深度偏移对速度变化平缓的复杂结构清晰成像[J].石油勘探与开发,2002,45(2):32~35.
[43]傅承义,陈运泰,祁贯中.地球物理学基础.北京:高等教育出版社,1982.
[44]张关泉,单国建.方位各向同性的三维有限差分叠后偏移.地震勘探数值方法论文集(十),中科院计算数学与科学工程计算研究所.
[45]李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[46]俞寿鹏.高分辨率地震勘探.北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[47]胡光岷,频率波数域地震波变速成像研究.成都理工大学博士论文,2000,5.
[48]陆基孟等.地震勘探原理.北京:石油工业出版社,1994.
[49]沈财余,冷传波,杨长春.地震资料叠前偏移在CD地区的应用.石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(4):P463~471.
[50]李志明.三维波动方程深度偏移和模型正演.石油地球物理勘探.1991,26(1):1~9.
[2]郭建,宋玉龙主编.SEG第70届年会论文摘要.北京:石油工业出版社,2002.
[3]中国石油物探局信息中心与南京物探研究所合译.SEG第67届年会论文集.北京:石油工业出版社,1999.
[4]叶勇等,偏移速度分析技术技术新进展.勘探地球物理进展,Vol,26, No.2,2003,136~141.
[5] Dan kosloff, John Sherwood等著,付长生等译.对深度偏移道集做层析成像求取速度和深度.深度偏移技术研究进展.兰州:中国石油集团公司西北地质研究所出版,1996,142~150.
[6]罗省闲,李录明.三维叠前深度偏移速度模型建立方法.石油物探,38(4):1~6.
[7]赵改善,包红林等.集群计算技术及其在石油工业中的应用.石油物探,2001,40(3):118~126.
[8]王宏林,基于网络的地震数据处理-从集群计算系统到网络计算系统.石油地球物理勘探,2003,38(40):381~386.
[9]邓志文著.复杂山地地震勘探.石油工业出版社.
[10]贺振华,Gandner.G.H.F等.多次覆盖地震资料及跌前偏移.石油地球物理勘探,1986 21(1) .
[11]同济大学海洋地质系编.反射地震学论文集.上海:同济大学出版社,2000.
[12]张美根,王妙月.各向异性弹性波叠后逆时深度偏移.石油物探,2002,41(3):259~263.
[13]杨午阳.粘性波动方程保幅偏移[J].石油物探,2003,42(3):285-288.
[14] Gazdag J. Wave equation migration with the phase-shift method. Geophysics, 1978, 43(7): 1342-1351.
[15]地震资料处理高级培训班教材.中有服务勘探与生产分公司,2002.
[16]同济大学海洋地质系编.分步傅里叶法三维炮集叠前深度偏移.反射地震学论文集,2000,87-94.
[17] Kessinger, W.P.1992, Extended Spilt-step Fourier migration, 62th Ann Internet. Mtg; Soc. Expl. Geogphysics; Expanded abstracts, P917-920.
[18] Stoffa, P.L; J.T.fokkema, R.M.De luna Freire, and W.P.kessinger,Split-st Fourier migration, Geophysics, 1990, 55(4):410-421.
[19]匡斌,王华忠,陈世军,亚长波,胡中标,马在田.傅里叶有限差1β深度偏移成像方法研究和应用.石油地球物理勘探,2001,36(6):698~703.
[20]李志明.一种理想的二维波场延拓法.石油地球物理勘探,1990,25(5):517~528.
[21]马在田.地震偏移成像技术-有限差分偏移.北京:石油工业出版社,1989.
[22]张剑锋,李幼铭.三维叠前深度偏移的显示差分法.上海:反射地震学论文,2000,121-126.
[23] Stolt, R.H., Migrationby Fourier Transform, Geophysics, 1978, 43(1):23 -48.
[24] Ruhl, T. and Ristow D., 1995, Fourier FD migration: the missing link Between phase-shift and FD migration, 65th Annual SEG Mtg, P1232-1234.
[25] Toru Takahashi, Prestack migration using arrival angle information, Geophysics, 1995, 60(1):154-163.
[26] Hale.D., Stable explicit depth extrapolation of seismic wave fields, Geophysics, 1999, 56(6):1770-1777.
[27] Alexander Mihai Pouovici, Prestack migration by split-step DSR, Ge-ophys, 1996,vd.bl, No.5:1412-1416.
[28] Huang Lian-jie, Wu Ru-shan, Prestack depth migration with acoustic screen propagators, 66th Ann, Intern.Mtg., Soc.Expl.Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 1996,P415-418.
[29] JIN Sheng-wen, Wu Ru-shan,Peng Chengbin.Seismic depth migration with pseudo-screen propagator. Computational Geosciences, 1999, 3:321-335.
[30] XIE Xiao-Bi, Wu Ru-shan. Improve the wide-angle accuracy of screen method under large contrast. 68th Ann.Intern.Mtg. , Soc.Expl.Geophys. Expanded Abstracts, 1998, 1181-1184.
[31] JIN Sheng-wen, Mosher C C, Wu Ru-shan. 3D prestack wave equation common offset pseudo-screen, depth migration. Toth Ann. Intern.Mtg., Soc.Expl.Geophys., Expanded Abstracts, 2000, 842-845.
[32] Popovici A M. Prestack migration by split-step DSR. Geophysics, 1996, 61:1412-1416.
[33] Revc D. Imaging complex structures with semi-recursive Kirchhoff migration. Geophysics, 1997, 62(2): 577-588.
[34]韩立国,孙建国,何樵登,杨勤勇.共反射面与共中心点联合叠加成像.石油物探,2003,42(1):25~28.
[35]丁伟,李振春,刘玉莲.基于Born/Rytov近似的联合叠前深度偏移方法.石油物探,2003,42(1):29~33.
[36]陈立康,胡英,张研,金达等.叠前深度偏移技术的应用研究.石油工业出版社.
[37] Y.C.Kin等.为叠前深度偏移建立有效的速度模型.石油物探丛1996,10月第5期:30~31.
[38]程玖兵,王华忠,于富文,马在田.波动方程共炮检距道集叠前深度偏移.石油地球物理勘探.2001,36(5):526~532.
[39]傅长生等编.深度偏移技术研究进展.中石油集团公司西北地质研究所出版,1996.
[40] PARDAM公司.速度,深度,成像原理.News,第二期,1995年11月.
[41]方伍宝.三维叠前深度偏移的建模技术[J].石油物探,2002,34(2):23~28.
[42]吴小洲.叠前深度偏移对速度变化平缓的复杂结构清晰成像[J].石油勘探与开发,2002,45(2):32~35.
[43]傅承义,陈运泰,祁贯中.地球物理学基础.北京:高等教育出版社,1982.
[44]张关泉,单国建.方位各向同性的三维有限差分叠后偏移.地震勘探数值方法论文集(十),中科院计算数学与科学工程计算研究所.
[45]李庆忠.走向精确勘探的道路.北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[46]俞寿鹏.高分辨率地震勘探.北京:石油工业出版社,1993.
[47]胡光岷,频率波数域地震波变速成像研究.成都理工大学博士论文,2000,5.
[48]陆基孟等.地震勘探原理.北京:石油工业出版社,1994.
[49]沈财余,冷传波,杨长春.地震资料叠前偏移在CD地区的应用.石油地球物理勘探,1997,32(4):P463~471.
[50]李志明.三维波动方程深度偏移和模型正演.石油地球物理勘探.1991,26(1):1~9.