稀土企业产品组合及适量积压模型研究
摘要
生产计划的理论研究和应用系统在石化、钢铁等领域已广泛应用,生产计划的优化提高了企业的生产效率和经济效益。由于稀土萃取作业的联合成本难以分摊、稀土原料配分(某种稀土氧化物占所有稀土氧化物的重量比)与各种元素的市场份额不平衡以及稀土产品价格间存在相关性等问题,使稀土企业生产计划模型成为近年来的研究难点和热点。目前,已有学者通过建立稀土企业产品组合模型,解决了联合成本难以分摊的问题。
本论文针对产品价格间存在相关性和稀土原料配分与各种元素的市场份额不平衡的问题,完善了稀土企业生产计划模型。首先引入产品价格间的模糊关系,建立了产品组合模型M1。实例计算结果与原来假定各种稀土元素的需求和价格为独立随机变量的模型优化结果相比,乐观解与悲观解的差距缩小,有助于决策者做出科学的决策。
稀土原料配分与各种元素的市场份额不平衡可能产生“双低效应”,即订单满足率和设备利用率都保持较低水平或者出现另一个极端:滞销稀土元素严重积压的问题,为此本文建立适量积压模型M2。根据期望销售价格、库存维持成本、资金利率等,计算了积压产品的现值。随稀土价格走势,积压产品的现值可高于、等于或低于现价,从而目标函数成为分段线性函数。文章采用迭代线性规划法对模型进行求解,本文模型可求解适宜积压量下现金收入或利润的极值。
采用Matlab开发生产计划优化软件,在包头某稀土冶炼厂应用,运行正常。
The theory research of production planning and application system have been widely applied in the petrochemical, steel industry and other fields. The optimization of production planning improve the production efficiency and economic benefits. Because of the problems of that the joint cost of production is hard to allocate, the RE material partition (weight ratio of some kind of ReO in all ReO) were not balanced with the market share of various elements and the correlation between products price and so on, the production plan model has become the difficulty and hot topic in the recent years. At present,a model of product mix, developed by He and Lu, solved the questions of the joint cost of production.
In view of the problem of the correlation between products price and the imbalance between the RE material partition and the market share of various elements, the production plan model of RE plants was perfected. First by introducing the constrained of the fuzzy relations between products price, a products mix model price (M1) was established in the paper. By comparing the result of the calculation example and the optimization results of the original model that assumed that the demands and prices of various RE elements was independent random variables, the gap of optimistic solution and pessimistic solution was narrowed, and helped policy makers to make scientific decisions.
The imbalance between the RE material partition and the product demand possibly leaded to“double—low effect”, orders and capacity utilization would maintain low levels or the other extreme: the serious backlog problem of unsalable RE elements. A model of appropriate backlog (M2) was established in this paper. Considering expectant sale price, inventory holding cost and interest rates, the present value of the backlog products was calculated. With the rare earth price fluctuation, the present value of the backlog products could be higher than, equal to or lower than current price, so the objective function become piecewise linear function. The model was solved by the iterative linear program. Accordingly, the model can address the maximum of cash income or profits at the appropriate amount of backlog.
The production planning optimization software was designed using Matlab, which has been put into practice in the Bao Tou Steel Rare Earth Plant and operates normally.
本论文针对产品价格间存在相关性和稀土原料配分与各种元素的市场份额不平衡的问题,完善了稀土企业生产计划模型。首先引入产品价格间的模糊关系,建立了产品组合模型M1。实例计算结果与原来假定各种稀土元素的需求和价格为独立随机变量的模型优化结果相比,乐观解与悲观解的差距缩小,有助于决策者做出科学的决策。
稀土原料配分与各种元素的市场份额不平衡可能产生“双低效应”,即订单满足率和设备利用率都保持较低水平或者出现另一个极端:滞销稀土元素严重积压的问题,为此本文建立适量积压模型M2。根据期望销售价格、库存维持成本、资金利率等,计算了积压产品的现值。随稀土价格走势,积压产品的现值可高于、等于或低于现价,从而目标函数成为分段线性函数。文章采用迭代线性规划法对模型进行求解,本文模型可求解适宜积压量下现金收入或利润的极值。
采用Matlab开发生产计划优化软件,在包头某稀土冶炼厂应用,运行正常。
The theory research of production planning and application system have been widely applied in the petrochemical, steel industry and other fields. The optimization of production planning improve the production efficiency and economic benefits. Because of the problems of that the joint cost of production is hard to allocate, the RE material partition (weight ratio of some kind of ReO in all ReO) were not balanced with the market share of various elements and the correlation between products price and so on, the production plan model has become the difficulty and hot topic in the recent years. At present,a model of product mix, developed by He and Lu, solved the questions of the joint cost of production.
In view of the problem of the correlation between products price and the imbalance between the RE material partition and the market share of various elements, the production plan model of RE plants was perfected. First by introducing the constrained of the fuzzy relations between products price, a products mix model price (M1) was established in the paper. By comparing the result of the calculation example and the optimization results of the original model that assumed that the demands and prices of various RE elements was independent random variables, the gap of optimistic solution and pessimistic solution was narrowed, and helped policy makers to make scientific decisions.
The imbalance between the RE material partition and the product demand possibly leaded to“double—low effect”, orders and capacity utilization would maintain low levels or the other extreme: the serious backlog problem of unsalable RE elements. A model of appropriate backlog (M2) was established in this paper. Considering expectant sale price, inventory holding cost and interest rates, the present value of the backlog products was calculated. With the rare earth price fluctuation, the present value of the backlog products could be higher than, equal to or lower than current price, so the objective function become piecewise linear function. The model was solved by the iterative linear program. Accordingly, the model can address the maximum of cash income or profits at the appropriate amount of backlog.
The production planning optimization software was designed using Matlab, which has been put into practice in the Bao Tou Steel Rare Earth Plant and operates normally.
引文
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[37]廖国勤,李绍军,阳永荣等.价格不确定情况下炼厂生产计划的优化[J].石油学报(石油加工),2002,18(4):47-52.
[38]曹永强,曲晓飞.一种新的模糊线性规划方法[J].系统工程学报,1995,10(1):21-31.
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[2]贺海钧,卢虎生,赵英.稀土分离企业产品结构的优化模型[J].中国稀土学报,2007,25(1):124-128.
[3]刘刚,卢虎生.稀土企业生产计划模糊规划模型[J].内蒙古科技大学学报,2009,28(1):95-98.
[4]贺海钧,卢虎生.稀土企业科学运营管理中“双低效应”成因的定量分析[J].科学管理研究,2008,26(1):49-51.
[5]房广信,吴启龙.石油化工生产中的几个优化问题[J].石油化工,2000,10(29):797-801.
[6] Kallrath J. Planning and scheduling in the process industry[J]. OR Speaktrum,2002,24:219-250.
[7]秦绪伟,罗焕佐.流程工业计划调度技术研究与发展分析[J].计算机工程与应用,2004(19):1-5.
[8]祝雪妹,王树青,岳东等.流程工业中的优化技术及应用研究[J].华东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2006,32(7):852-855.
[9]采峰,曾凤章.一种流程型企业主生产计划优化方法研究[J].工业工程与管理,2006,11(4):16-20.
[10]袁金彪,华责,李安学.流程产品结构模型[J].计算机与应用化学,2004,21(4):511-516.
[11]李嘉庆,张在旭,李阳初等.炼油企业产品结构优化模型[J].山东理工大学学报(自然科学版),2003,17(6):6-10.
[12]胡仕昱,刘大明.联产品成本分配模型简介[J].财会月刊,2006,26:31-32.
[13] Wen-Hsien Tsai.Activity-Based Costing Model For Joint Products[J].Computers & Industrial Engineering, 1996, 31,(3):725-729.
[14] Wen-Hsien Tsai, Chien-Wen Lai. Outsourcing or capacity expansions: Application of activity-based costing model on joint products decisions[J].Computers & Operations Research,2007,34,(12) :3666-3681.
[15]唐方成,张明泉.炼油企业产品成本分摊与控制方法的研究[J].西南石油学院学报,1999,21(2):92-95.
[16]郭锦标.线性规划技术在石油化工行业的应用——生产计划优化的历史、现状[J].计算机与应用化学,2004,21(1):12-18.
[17]伍乃骐,白丽平.炼油生产计划和调度优化的研究[J].计算机集成制造系统,2005,11(1):90-96.
[18]王新颖,伍乃骐,耿亚.一种新的炼油厂原油处理短期生产计划方法[J].制造业自动化,2007,3(29):28-31.
[19]王凯全,俞玉林.面向市场的石化生产利润最大化模型[J].石油化工高等学校学报,2002,13(4):63-68.
[20]许本忠,田国明.某石油化工公司生产计划优化研究[J].工业工程与管理,2002(3):58-61.
[21]于小桥,杨明诗,李慧竹等.多厂生产计划模型系统[J].石油炼制与化工,2002,33(1):50-53. [ 22 ] ZangBingjian,HuaBen,LuMingliang.Simultaneous optimization of Production Planning and energy system for refinery operations[J].Computers and Applied Chemistry,2005,22(12):1083-1088.
[23] Gao Zhen,Tang Lixin,Jin Hui etc. An Optimization Model for the Production Planning of Overall Refinery[J].Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008,16(1):67-70.
[24]杨峨嵋,张纪会.存在价格折扣的风险厌恶者的净现值库存模型[J].青岛大学学报,2008,21(4):72-76.
[25]彭作和,田澎.考虑货币时间价值的变质商品临时价格折扣模型[J].系统工程理论与实践,2004,9:1-8.
[26]彭作和,田澎.一个基于数量折扣的变质商品定价和库存模型[J].上海理工大学学报,2004,26(6):565-568.
[27]黄卫来,黄松.变质物品考虑资金时值和滞后支付时的库存研究[J].分析与决策,2007,26(1):69-72.
[28]莫降涛,温宗良,徐春明等.拖后率随时间变化且资金折现的变质性产品库存模型[J].广西科学,2008,15(1):23-26.
[29] WEE HM, LAW ST. Replenishmentand pricing policy fordeteriorating items taking into account the time-value of money[J].Int. J. Production Economics, 2001, 7: 213-220.
[30] Slotnick SA, MortonTE. Selecting jobs for a heavily loaded shopwith lateness penalties[J]. Computers and Operations Research, 1996, 23(2): 131-140.
[31]张欣,马士华.基于有限生产能力和产出缓存的订单接受策略[J].工业工程与管理,2008(2):34-38.
[32] Yi-Feng Hung,and Tzu-Yuan Lee.Capacity Rationing Decision Procedures with Order Profit as a Continuous Random Variable[J]. International Journal of Production Economics,2010,125(1):125-136.
[33] Can Akkan.Finite-capacity scheduling-based planning for revenue-based capacity management[J].European Journal of OperationalResearch,1997,100(1) :170-179.
[34]张人千,肖依永.面向订单基于Agent的启发式产品组合生产计划研究[J].系统工程理论与实践,2007(10):54-62.
[35]张人千.考虑时间序列关联的订单选择决策比较研究[J].管理科学学报,2009,3(12):44-55.
[36]唐加福,汪定伟.模糊优化理论与方法的研究综述[J].控制理论与应用,2000,17(2):159-164.
[37]廖国勤,李绍军,阳永荣等.价格不确定情况下炼厂生产计划的优化[J].石油学报(石油加工),2002,18(4):47-52.
[38]曹永强,曲晓飞.一种新的模糊线性规划方法[J].系统工程学报,1995,10(1):21-31.
[39]高淑萍,刘三阳.一类模糊线性规划的求解方法及应用[J].系统工程与电子技术,2005,27(8):1412-1415.
[40]梁志贞,施鹏飞.一种具有三角模糊系数的线性规划方法[J].系统工程与电子技术, 2004,26(12):1812-1820.
[41]方述诚,汪定伟.模糊数学与模糊优化[M].科学出版社,1997:286-290.
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