硅藻土的矿物学特征及改性沥青中的应用
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摘要
本课题主要是研究吉林露水河硅藻土的矿物学特征及在改性沥青中的应用。我国硅藻土资源很丰富,已经探明储量4.06亿吨,吉林省也是我国硅藻土的最大产地之一。虽然硅藻土属于我国资源的优势矿种,但目前的开发水平还不高,除少数产品达到国际水平外,大多数产品的质量还待提高,可见,对硅藻土的进一步研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。
    硅藻土具有质轻、孔隙度大、密度低、吸附性强等的优越的理化性能,因此是一种重要的非金属矿物, 一般是用在助滤剂、催化剂和保温隔热材料等上。本课题在硅藻土的应用上,是用硅藻土作为改性剂制成了硅改沥青。目前,沥青的改性主要用高分子聚合物改性剂主要有三大类,应用比较多的是SBR、SBS、EVA。SBS在欧洲的使用率达到44%,我国也有大量使用,SBS的高温和低温性能都很好,适合各种气候下使用,SBR适合寒冷的条件下使用, EVA适合炎热条件下使用。硅藻土改性剂与聚合物改性剂相比,方法简便,有利于推广,而聚合物改性中应用最广的SBS改性剂,由于相容性不好,改性很复杂,要用胶体磨或高速剪切设备,所以费用比较高。硅质沥青改性剂是一种性能优良的沥青改性材料,它是用无机非金属矿制成的,因此是沥青改性上的突破和创新,也是在硅藻土的应用上的开拓。
    本论文共分前言、硅藻土的研究、硅藻土的提纯和煅烧处理、硅藻土在改性沥青中的应用、硅藻土对沥青改性作用的机理探讨和结论六个部分。
    本研究对硅藻土原料进行了研究,确定吉林露水河硅藻土是,硅藻土与粘土互层呈层状产出,主要是圆盘藻和直链藻,有优质的I级硅藻土存在。 此处硅藻土的主要成分是硅藻,为蛋白石―A结构,杂质主要有伊利石,蒙脱石及少量的高岭石,长石,石英,样品的失重量约为12.02℅。
     对硅藻土进行了提纯处理表明,经擦洗3到4次的硅藻土和酸洗处理的硅藻土取得较好的效果,SiO2的含量80.64%提高到84.18%~93.21%,粘土的含量则有所降低;在煅烧处理中,温度在600℃是比表面积最大达到68.363 m2/g,孔隙度最高,在1100℃以上时非晶态SiO2则转变成新相方英石。
    本课题经过研究发现经硅藻土改性后,沥青的针入度降低,最低达
    
    
    到70(0.01cm),软化点升高,最高为50.06℃,沥青混合料的残留稳定度及动稳定度(车辙次数)有所提高,说明沥青路面的高温稳定性,水稳定性,抗老化能力等使用性能都得到改善;用水煮法对沥青混合料进行了粘附性进行测试表明,粘附性从3或4提高到4或5;硅改沥青的当量软化点,针入度指数等高温性能的研究发现,硅改沥青的高温性能有所改善;对粘弹指标的研究表明改性沥青的流动性变小;对抗水损害能力的研究表明,抗水损害能力有所提高。按标准对沥青混合料进行配级后,用马歇尔实验确定了12%由擦洗法提纯的露水河硅藻土改性沥青混合料的最佳沥青用量为4.5%,用硅藻土改性沥青改性效果较好,可用做公路沥青路面的改性材料。
    硅藻土改性剂与沥青在强制搅拌过程中,没有发生明显的化学变化,主要是物相之间的分散、均混、吸附和交联,所以主要是物理意义上的共容,因此是否共容,混匀至关重要,只有改性剂微粒能均匀稳定的分散在沥青中不发生分层、凝聚和离析,才能达到理想的改性效果。硅藻土改性剂与沥青的相容性非常好,硅藻土在加入沥青后均匀的分散在沥青当中,使硅改沥青在微观上形成均匀的两相混合体系,从而使改性剂与沥青在性能上得到互补和改善,达到改性的目的。硅藻土有独特的孔隙结构,比表面积很大,有很强的吸附功能,可以将沥青中的某些成分吸入孔中,从而改变了沥青中个成分的平衡关系。因而增加沥青的粘度,使沥青能有效地附着在集料表面,使沥青大幅度的降低沥青的流动性,增加流变阻力,从而构成高强度的路面。硅藻土的导热系数小,主要成分是二氧化硅,化学稳定性好,所以改性沥青后,可以增加沥青路面的热稳定性和防腐、耐磨和防滑等性能。
    同时,硅改沥青混合料的生产施工十分简便,不需要任何专用设备,
    从拌和生产到摊铺、碾压等工序与普通路面沥青的施工完全相同。此外,由于硅藻土质轻体积大,除其具有改性特性外,还能在混合料中取代一定的基体,是最经济的填料,同时它是吉林省丰富的地产资源,因而,硅改沥青路面的造价低,造价仅为其他改性沥青路面造价的1/3—1/5。它的推广使用,将对提高沥青路面质量,延长路面使用寿命,减少养路费用有很大的经济意义。
    文章最后指出了这项研究工作的成果和不足之处,并对全文进行了概括和总结。
This subject is mainly the mineralogy characteristic of studying and diatomaceous earth of Lushuihe Jilin and application in the modified asphalt. Diatomaceous earth resources of our country are very abundant , has already verified 406 million tons of reserves , Jilin Province is one of the largest producing areas of the diatomaceous earth of our country too. Though the diatomaceous earth belongs to the advantage ores of resources of our country, however, the present development level is still not high, reaching the world level except a few products, the quality of most products also waits to improve, it is obvious , have important theory meaning and practical value to the further research of the diatomaceous earth.
    Superior physics and chemistry performance that it is light that the diatomaceous earth has qualities , the hole degree is large , the density is low , the absorbing is strong ,etc., so one important nonmetal mineral, is it is it strain pharmaceutical , catalyst and keep warm thermal insulator wait for to help to spend on usually, subject this on application of diatomaceous earth , is it modify pharmaceutical make silicon make a change the asphalt vwith use diatomaceous earth. At present, to is it modified for 3 big classes with high polymer mainly to modify asphalt, use the more one to be SBR , SBS , EVA. SBS rate of utilization in Europe is up to 44%, a large amount of is used too in our country, the high gentle low-temperature performance of SBS is very good , suitable for various kinds of climate to use, SBR is suitable for the frigid condition to use, use under EVA condition of suiting hotly. Diatom land reform pharmaceutical and polymer modify pharmaceutical compare , simple and convenient method have , favorable to to popularize, and polymer use most wide SBS modify the pharmaceutical in modifying, because compatibility is not good, it is very complicated to modify, should be with the colloidal rubing or high-speed shear equipment, so the expenses are higher. Silicon quality asphalt modify pharmaceutical whether one of good performance pitch modify the material , it is made of nonmetal ore of inorganic, the break- through and innovation on that it is asphalt to modify, it is the open-up had in application in the diatomaceous earth too.
    This thesis divides prefaces altogether, introduction,research of the diatomaceous earth, carrying calcining dealing with and purly diatomaceous earth, diatomaceous earth application in modified asphalt , diatomaceous earth among modified pitch modify mechanism probe into function to asphalt and conclusion 6 parts .
    This research carries on research to raw materials of diatomaceous earth, confirm that diatomaceous earth of Lushuihe Jilin are, diatomaceous earth, and
    
    
    clay layer take the form of floor output is disc algae and frank chain algae mainly each other, there is high-quality I grade diatomaceous earth that exists. The backbone of the diatomaceous earth here is the diatom, and the opal- A structure, the impurity has illite mainly, covered with and taken off stones and a small amount of kaolinite, feldspar, quartz, the weightless quantity of the sample is about 12.02%.
    it is to indicate to deal with to sublimate to go on to diatomaceous earth, through scrub 3 diatomaceous earth and diatomaceous earth dealt with to pickle in 4 make better result, content 80.64% of SiO2 rises to 84.18%~93.21%, the content of the clay is reduced to some extent; In calcining deal with in,getting 68.363 m2/g most than surface area at 600 ℃,hole degree is the getting higher most, non- brilliant attitude SiO2 is changed into a new phase –cristobalite in above 1100 ℃.
    Subject this after studying and finding by diatom land reform, needle of pitch enter degree reduce, fall as low as most getting 70 (0.01cm), is it rise a bit to soften, height 50.06 ℃most, asphalt residue stability degree of mixture move steady degree (the number of times of rut ) improve to some extent, stating the high-temperature stability on the pitch road surface, water and stability, resist the serv
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