基于3S的天山中部沙湾林场森林生态系统健康评价
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摘要
在新疆，森林生态系统的健康发展，与绿洲的稳定和可持续发展息息相关。本研究针对天山中部林区森林结构不合理、功能失调、稳定性差、林分抗干扰能力差等问题，利用3S（RS、GIS、GPS）技术，从可利用的遥感数据入手，以森林生态学、景观生态学、遥感及陆地生态系统生态学为理论依据，以位于天山中部的沙湾林场作为研究区，从众多遥感数据中提取衡量森林生态系统健康程度的指标因子，并从生态系统服务功能、景观格局、立地环境及生理生态等健康成分方面对各因子进行分析，在降维、综合评价基础上，提出森林生态系统健康综合评价指标体系和评价方法流程。主要结论有：
（1）归一化植被指数（NDVI）、叶面积指数（LAI）、净初级生产力（NPP）是反映森林生态系统生理健康的三个重要指标，三者可分别从覆盖度、郁闭度、光合效率、生产力等方面指示森林健康性。
（2）森林景观格局可表征森林整体及部分结构和功能，包括稳定性、破碎性、连通性、边缘性、聚集性等，可从不同侧面反映森林生态系统的健康指数。
（3）森林立地环境因子海拔、坡度、坡向是影响森林健康的重要环境因子，决定了森林成分的空间分布与长势好坏，对森林生态系统健康发展具有重要作用。
（4）森林生态系统服务功能价值是生态系统健康的重要指标，可做为森林生态系统健康评价的主导因子，参与研究区森林生态系统健康评价。
（5）本文提取的指标因子可综合为5个方面，即边缘、蔓延、散布测度，生产力、郁闭度因子，形状密度测度，海拔、坡度因子，坡向因子。以上5个公因子可利用熵权法在客观上对指标赋权值，进而采用综合评价法得到森林健康综合评价指数。
（6）初步形成了基于3S的森林生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价流程。指标体系所指示的森林健康成分可从4个方面进行表征，分别为生态系统服务功能、景观生态结构与功能、立地环境、生理生态状况。
通过对研究区森林生态系统健康程度进行综合评价，建立指标体系和评价流程，旨在建立一套快速、简单、可行的对森林生态系统进行初步健康论证的方法和思路，为新疆天山中部林区森林健康维护和可持续经营提供理论依据和方法指导。
The healthy development of the forest ecological system is closely related to thestability and sustainable development of oasis in Xinjiang. Giving the unreasonablestructure, functional disorder, poor stability, plantation anti-interference ability offorest in the central part of Tianshan Mountains, the indexes measuring the health offorest ecosystem are extracted from numbers of remote sensing data and are analyzedfrom healthy ingredients including the ecosystem service function, the landscapepattern、terrain factor and physicoecology in the Shawan forest station in the middleof Tianshan Mountains as the research area. In the research, the paper uses3Stechnology, the available remote sensing data, and theoretical basis of forest ecology、landscape ecology, remote sensing and terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Then onfoundation of dimension reduction and comprehensive evaluation, the paper providesthe comprehensive evaluation indicators system of forest ecosystem health andprocess of evaluation method. The main conclusions are:
（1）NDVI, LAI and NPP are three important indexes in reflecting physiologicalhealth of forest ecological system, and these indexes can indicate forest healthy fromthe coverage, crown density and photosynthetic efficiency, productivity and etcrespectively.
（2）Forest landscape pattern can characterize the whole forest and part ofstructure and function, including stability, fragmentation, connectivity, marginal,aggregation, and so on, and can reflect health indexes of the forest ecosystem fromdifferent sides.
（3）Forest environmental factors include elevation, slope and aspect that areimportant environmental factors effecting forest health, decide the spatial distributionand growth of forest, and play an important role in the healthy development of forestecological system.
（4）The forest ecosystem service function value is an important index of theecosystem health, and can participate the assessment of forest ecosystem health in thestudy area as a main factor in the assessment of forest ecosystem health.
（5）In the paper, the indictors extracted may be integrated into five aspects, thatare, edge, spread and spreading measure; productivity and canopy density factor;shape density measurement; elevation and slope; and aspect. These five factors can beused to empower the weighting value by entropy method objectively, and then foresthealth comprehensive indexes can be get by the comprehensive evaluation method.
（6）The comprehensive evaluation indicators system of forest ecosystemhealth and of evaluation process are formed based on3S technology initially. Theforest healthy indicated by index system can be characterized by four aspects thatare ecosystem service function, landscape ecological structure and function, terrainfactor, physiological and ecological status respectively.
Through the comprehensive evaluation of forest ecosystem health in the researcharea, the index system and evaluation process are set up, and aim to establish a rapid,simple, and feasible method and idea to demonstration of preliminary health for forestecological system, and provide theory and method for forest health maintenance andsustainable management in the middle Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang.
（1）归一化植被指数（NDVI）、叶面积指数（LAI）、净初级生产力（NPP）是反映森林生态系统生理健康的三个重要指标，三者可分别从覆盖度、郁闭度、光合效率、生产力等方面指示森林健康性。
（2）森林景观格局可表征森林整体及部分结构和功能，包括稳定性、破碎性、连通性、边缘性、聚集性等，可从不同侧面反映森林生态系统的健康指数。
（3）森林立地环境因子海拔、坡度、坡向是影响森林健康的重要环境因子，决定了森林成分的空间分布与长势好坏，对森林生态系统健康发展具有重要作用。
（4）森林生态系统服务功能价值是生态系统健康的重要指标，可做为森林生态系统健康评价的主导因子，参与研究区森林生态系统健康评价。
（5）本文提取的指标因子可综合为5个方面，即边缘、蔓延、散布测度，生产力、郁闭度因子，形状密度测度，海拔、坡度因子，坡向因子。以上5个公因子可利用熵权法在客观上对指标赋权值，进而采用综合评价法得到森林健康综合评价指数。
（6）初步形成了基于3S的森林生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价流程。指标体系所指示的森林健康成分可从4个方面进行表征，分别为生态系统服务功能、景观生态结构与功能、立地环境、生理生态状况。
通过对研究区森林生态系统健康程度进行综合评价，建立指标体系和评价流程，旨在建立一套快速、简单、可行的对森林生态系统进行初步健康论证的方法和思路，为新疆天山中部林区森林健康维护和可持续经营提供理论依据和方法指导。
The healthy development of the forest ecological system is closely related to thestability and sustainable development of oasis in Xinjiang. Giving the unreasonablestructure, functional disorder, poor stability, plantation anti-interference ability offorest in the central part of Tianshan Mountains, the indexes measuring the health offorest ecosystem are extracted from numbers of remote sensing data and are analyzedfrom healthy ingredients including the ecosystem service function, the landscapepattern、terrain factor and physicoecology in the Shawan forest station in the middleof Tianshan Mountains as the research area. In the research, the paper uses3Stechnology, the available remote sensing data, and theoretical basis of forest ecology、landscape ecology, remote sensing and terrestrial ecosystem ecology. Then onfoundation of dimension reduction and comprehensive evaluation, the paper providesthe comprehensive evaluation indicators system of forest ecosystem health andprocess of evaluation method. The main conclusions are:
（1）NDVI, LAI and NPP are three important indexes in reflecting physiologicalhealth of forest ecological system, and these indexes can indicate forest healthy fromthe coverage, crown density and photosynthetic efficiency, productivity and etcrespectively.
（2）Forest landscape pattern can characterize the whole forest and part ofstructure and function, including stability, fragmentation, connectivity, marginal,aggregation, and so on, and can reflect health indexes of the forest ecosystem fromdifferent sides.
（3）Forest environmental factors include elevation, slope and aspect that areimportant environmental factors effecting forest health, decide the spatial distributionand growth of forest, and play an important role in the healthy development of forestecological system.
（4）The forest ecosystem service function value is an important index of theecosystem health, and can participate the assessment of forest ecosystem health in thestudy area as a main factor in the assessment of forest ecosystem health.
（5）In the paper, the indictors extracted may be integrated into five aspects, thatare, edge, spread and spreading measure; productivity and canopy density factor;shape density measurement; elevation and slope; and aspect. These five factors can beused to empower the weighting value by entropy method objectively, and then foresthealth comprehensive indexes can be get by the comprehensive evaluation method.
（6）The comprehensive evaluation indicators system of forest ecosystemhealth and of evaluation process are formed based on3S technology initially. Theforest healthy indicated by index system can be characterized by four aspects thatare ecosystem service function, landscape ecological structure and function, terrainfactor, physiological and ecological status respectively.
Through the comprehensive evaluation of forest ecosystem health in the researcharea, the index system and evaluation process are set up, and aim to establish a rapid,simple, and feasible method and idea to demonstration of preliminary health for forestecological system, and provide theory and method for forest health maintenance andsustainable management in the middle Tianshan Mountains of Xinjiang.
引文
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