基于服务型制造的汽车零部件供应商服务博弈及优化研究
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摘要
作为后发汽车工业国家,我国的汽车零部件供应商主要依靠材料密集、劳动力和成本优势参与竞争,普遍存在企业规模小、产品种类多、自主创新能力差、技术含量低等特点,在全球汽车价值链配置中处于低端位置,制约了我国汽车产业的发展。企业资源配置效率低和稀缺社会组织资源是汽车零部件供应商转型、升级过程中面临的重要问题,也是我国服务科学研究面临的重要课题。
服务科学旨在通过科学的形式化方法对服务展开跨学科的系统研究,目前正处于兴起阶段。随着我国制造业中服务科学研究的具体内容之一——服务型制造模式研究的创新与突破,有望进一步促进社会分工,增强制造企业持续竞争优势。将服务科学的理论和方法应用于汽车零部件供应商的资源配置和社会组织资源优化,有望提升汽车零部件供应商竞争力。因此,论文具有重要的理论研究意义和实践价值。
论文基于价值网思想界定了汽车零部件供应商服务的内涵——供应商提供的不仅仅是产品,而是一种整体解决方案,供应商转变为服务型制造企业,其服务对象既可以是原有下游制造企业,也可能是同行业的其他企业;服务企业为供应商提供用于中间生产的服务。
通过对比国内外汽车零部件企业发展趋势及经验,界定了面向汽车零部件供应商服务博弈的对象(即汽车零部件供应商、生产性服务企业),提炼了面向汽车零部件供应商的服务内容(即物流、金融、研发、市场、外包、信息等);通过分析传统博弈中存在的以“理性人”、均衡性等作为研究假设的不足,将演化博弈作为面向汽车零部件供应商服务博弈的主要研究方法。
从演化博弈的角度,概述了供应商与服务企业可能存在的服务关系及价值网配置路径,并由此构建基于服务型制造的汽车零部件供应商服务博弈及优化总体模型,也就是面向汽车零部件供应商的“1+3”服务运作体系(即“1种信息共享模式”+“3种服务模式”),提出了优化汽车零部件供应商价值网配置的整体研究框架。
在“1+3”服务体系具体构建中,从演化博弈的角度建立了基于Lotka-Volterra模型拓展的成本信息选择性共享模型,为服务企业与供应商的合作机制设计奠定了基础;从供应商的角度,提出了基于Cournot和Lotka-Volterra模型拓展的汽车零部件供应商横向服务优化模式;从供应商和服务企业的角度,提出了基于任务运作效用模型和Shapley分配模型拓展的汽车零部件供应商任务联盟协同管理优化模式及基于Lotka-Volterra模型和Shapley分配模型拓展的服务联盟导入下的汽车零部件供应商价值链优化模式,较为全面地分析了供应商与服务企业存在的服务运作机理及各种模式,为优化汽车零部件供应商价值网配置提供了理论依据。
最后,结合某汽车集团的部分供应商物流服务运作实践,对本文提出的汽车零部件供应商横向服务优化模式、汽车零部件供应商任务联盟协同管理优化模式和服务联盟导入下的汽车零部件供应商价值链优化模式进行了验证。结果表明:本文提出的基于服务型制造的汽车零部件供应商服务博弈及优化模型,有利于深化供应商与服务企业的社会分工,提高企业资源利用率,降低企业运作成本,进而为优化汽车零部件供应商价值网配置提供了新的建设思路。
Comparing with developed country, automobile industry is a newly developing and leading industry in china. In the industry chain, domestic automotive parts suppliers mainly compete in market depending on abundant materials, low labor and energy cost, in which the disadvantageous factors exist such as small scale, poor ability of independent innovation,low technical content and thus at the low end in the global automotive value chain and severely restricting the development of domestic auto industry. Low efficiency of resource allocation and lack of social organizational resources are the significant problems which the domestic automotive parts suppliers face in their restructuring and upgrading process and also the important issues which the service science research faces in our country.
Service science is the interdisciplinary and systematic study on service with scientifically formal method, which is in the rise phase at present. The innovation and breakthrough of the study on Service-embedded manufacturing model, one of the specific content of manufacturing service science at present, is expected to promote the social division of labor and futher enhance the sustainable competitiveness of manufacturers. Applying service science concepts and methodology in the optimization of resource allocation and social organization construction of auto parts suppliers, is expected to improve the competitive advantage of auto parts suppliers. Thus the paper has important practical significance and value.
The meaning of auto parts supplier’s service is defined based on value net thought. That is, what the suppliers provide is not just products but also a kind of whole supply solution. Suppliers transform to service-embedded manufacturers, providing service to down-stream manufacturers as well as other enterprises in the same industry. Service firms provide services for intermediate production.
By comparing the development trend and experience of domestic and foreign auto parts enterprises, the object of auto parts supplier’s service game have be defined(that is auto parts suppliers and production services companies). The content of auto parts suppliers’service including logistics, finance, R & D, marketing, outsourcing, information and so on is defined.The evolutionary game is chosen as the main research methods in this paper after analyzing the shortage of traditional methods of game theory like needing the hypothesis of "Rational man" and equilibrium etc.
From the perspective of evolutionary game theory,an overview of the possible relationships and network configuration path between suppliers and serive enterprises is outlined. And thus the overall service game and optimization model , which is“one information sharing mode”+“three service modes”and named“1+3”service operation system , is proposed based on service-embedded auto parts suppliers. The overall research framework on the optimization of the auto parts supplier's value network is formed.
Within the construction of the“1+3”service operation system, cost information selective sharing model established on modified Lotka-Volterra model is set up from the perspective of evolutionary game theory, which lays the foundation for the design of coorperation mechanism between suppliers and service firms. And three service game modes are set up one by one, which are horizontal service game optimization mode based on Cournot and Lotka-Volterra model between two homogeneous auto parts enterprises, collaborative management optimization mode of auto parts providers’task alliance based on task utility model and the Shapley distribution model and providers’value chain optimization mode with service alliance embedded based on Lotka-Volterra model Shapley distribution model. the“1+3”service operation system comprehensively explains the service operation mechanism and modes,which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the auto parts supplier’s value network .
Finally, some logistics service practice of an automotive parts group is analyzed which testifies the three modes proposed in the paper. The results show that the service game and optimization model based on service-embedded auto parts suppliers is helpful to improve resource utilization efficiency through fine specialized division of labor among suppliers and service enterprises and thus provides new construction way for the optimization of auto parts value net.
服务科学旨在通过科学的形式化方法对服务展开跨学科的系统研究,目前正处于兴起阶段。随着我国制造业中服务科学研究的具体内容之一——服务型制造模式研究的创新与突破,有望进一步促进社会分工,增强制造企业持续竞争优势。将服务科学的理论和方法应用于汽车零部件供应商的资源配置和社会组织资源优化,有望提升汽车零部件供应商竞争力。因此,论文具有重要的理论研究意义和实践价值。
论文基于价值网思想界定了汽车零部件供应商服务的内涵——供应商提供的不仅仅是产品,而是一种整体解决方案,供应商转变为服务型制造企业,其服务对象既可以是原有下游制造企业,也可能是同行业的其他企业;服务企业为供应商提供用于中间生产的服务。
通过对比国内外汽车零部件企业发展趋势及经验,界定了面向汽车零部件供应商服务博弈的对象(即汽车零部件供应商、生产性服务企业),提炼了面向汽车零部件供应商的服务内容(即物流、金融、研发、市场、外包、信息等);通过分析传统博弈中存在的以“理性人”、均衡性等作为研究假设的不足,将演化博弈作为面向汽车零部件供应商服务博弈的主要研究方法。
从演化博弈的角度,概述了供应商与服务企业可能存在的服务关系及价值网配置路径,并由此构建基于服务型制造的汽车零部件供应商服务博弈及优化总体模型,也就是面向汽车零部件供应商的“1+3”服务运作体系(即“1种信息共享模式”+“3种服务模式”),提出了优化汽车零部件供应商价值网配置的整体研究框架。
在“1+3”服务体系具体构建中,从演化博弈的角度建立了基于Lotka-Volterra模型拓展的成本信息选择性共享模型,为服务企业与供应商的合作机制设计奠定了基础;从供应商的角度,提出了基于Cournot和Lotka-Volterra模型拓展的汽车零部件供应商横向服务优化模式;从供应商和服务企业的角度,提出了基于任务运作效用模型和Shapley分配模型拓展的汽车零部件供应商任务联盟协同管理优化模式及基于Lotka-Volterra模型和Shapley分配模型拓展的服务联盟导入下的汽车零部件供应商价值链优化模式,较为全面地分析了供应商与服务企业存在的服务运作机理及各种模式,为优化汽车零部件供应商价值网配置提供了理论依据。
最后,结合某汽车集团的部分供应商物流服务运作实践,对本文提出的汽车零部件供应商横向服务优化模式、汽车零部件供应商任务联盟协同管理优化模式和服务联盟导入下的汽车零部件供应商价值链优化模式进行了验证。结果表明:本文提出的基于服务型制造的汽车零部件供应商服务博弈及优化模型,有利于深化供应商与服务企业的社会分工,提高企业资源利用率,降低企业运作成本,进而为优化汽车零部件供应商价值网配置提供了新的建设思路。
Comparing with developed country, automobile industry is a newly developing and leading industry in china. In the industry chain, domestic automotive parts suppliers mainly compete in market depending on abundant materials, low labor and energy cost, in which the disadvantageous factors exist such as small scale, poor ability of independent innovation,low technical content and thus at the low end in the global automotive value chain and severely restricting the development of domestic auto industry. Low efficiency of resource allocation and lack of social organizational resources are the significant problems which the domestic automotive parts suppliers face in their restructuring and upgrading process and also the important issues which the service science research faces in our country.
Service science is the interdisciplinary and systematic study on service with scientifically formal method, which is in the rise phase at present. The innovation and breakthrough of the study on Service-embedded manufacturing model, one of the specific content of manufacturing service science at present, is expected to promote the social division of labor and futher enhance the sustainable competitiveness of manufacturers. Applying service science concepts and methodology in the optimization of resource allocation and social organization construction of auto parts suppliers, is expected to improve the competitive advantage of auto parts suppliers. Thus the paper has important practical significance and value.
The meaning of auto parts supplier’s service is defined based on value net thought. That is, what the suppliers provide is not just products but also a kind of whole supply solution. Suppliers transform to service-embedded manufacturers, providing service to down-stream manufacturers as well as other enterprises in the same industry. Service firms provide services for intermediate production.
By comparing the development trend and experience of domestic and foreign auto parts enterprises, the object of auto parts supplier’s service game have be defined(that is auto parts suppliers and production services companies). The content of auto parts suppliers’service including logistics, finance, R & D, marketing, outsourcing, information and so on is defined.The evolutionary game is chosen as the main research methods in this paper after analyzing the shortage of traditional methods of game theory like needing the hypothesis of "Rational man" and equilibrium etc.
From the perspective of evolutionary game theory,an overview of the possible relationships and network configuration path between suppliers and serive enterprises is outlined. And thus the overall service game and optimization model , which is“one information sharing mode”+“three service modes”and named“1+3”service operation system , is proposed based on service-embedded auto parts suppliers. The overall research framework on the optimization of the auto parts supplier's value network is formed.
Within the construction of the“1+3”service operation system, cost information selective sharing model established on modified Lotka-Volterra model is set up from the perspective of evolutionary game theory, which lays the foundation for the design of coorperation mechanism between suppliers and service firms. And three service game modes are set up one by one, which are horizontal service game optimization mode based on Cournot and Lotka-Volterra model between two homogeneous auto parts enterprises, collaborative management optimization mode of auto parts providers’task alliance based on task utility model and the Shapley distribution model and providers’value chain optimization mode with service alliance embedded based on Lotka-Volterra model Shapley distribution model. the“1+3”service operation system comprehensively explains the service operation mechanism and modes,which provides a theoretical basis for the optimization of the auto parts supplier’s value network .
Finally, some logistics service practice of an automotive parts group is analyzed which testifies the three modes proposed in the paper. The results show that the service game and optimization model based on service-embedded auto parts suppliers is helpful to improve resource utilization efficiency through fine specialized division of labor among suppliers and service enterprises and thus provides new construction way for the optimization of auto parts value net.
引文
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