基于语料库的当代汉语剧本中作为面子威胁行为的请求拒绝策略研究
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摘要
请求和拒绝言语行为是典型的内在威胁交际对象面子的复杂行为。在不同的文化中呈现不同的规律。目前人们对汉语请求场景下的拒绝研究的较少，并且这些研究仅仅从语义的角度对拒绝进行分析。在对面子威胁行为理论、礼貌理论和汉语拒绝分析的基础上，本文深入探讨了请求和拒绝言语行为以及人们对请求策略和拒绝策略的相关研究及存在的不足。为了探讨在当代汉语环境下的请求策略和拒绝策略及其两者的策略框架，在分析了言语行为所常用的研究方法的基础上，本研究选取了三十五部当代广受大众喜爱的电视连续剧，从中截取所有的请求拒绝相语对的视频剪片，从请求者和拒绝者两个方面，依据相对的权利和社会距离，分别分为九个场景类别，建立了四十个语料库。
通过对这些语料库的分析，研究者总结出了不同场景和不同影响因素下的请求策略及其内部外部的修饰成分，总结出了在汉语请求语境下不同场景和不同影响因素下的当代汉语电视剧中使用的拒绝策略，计算出各类拒绝策略的使用频率，分析了减轻面子威胁的缓和策略，修改补充了汉语拒绝策略的框架描述，完善了汉语环境下的拒绝策略。研究发现在当代汉语环境下人们更多地倾向于采用直接策略，并且策略的选择更多地取决于社会距离而不是相对权势。该研究发现在汉语环境下请求拒绝相语对中最常见的策略框架结构是，以语气导出语为中心行为语，以语气降低标记为内部修饰语，以原因说明语为外部修饰语的直接请求策略对应于原因解释型的间接拒绝策略。当然，不同影响因素的分场景下会有不同的策略框架。
该研究所采用的截取电视中的相邻语对剪片的方法使我们的研究更加真实、自然、有效、可行，从而丰富了国内外言语行为研究。这些请求拒绝框架将帮助国外汉语学习者提高策略性地使用拒绝言语行为的能力，提高他们的语言意识，增加交际成功的概率，进而提升跨文化交际的能力。
Requests and refusals are both the most representative face-threatening acts which have different regular patterns in different cultures and different language contexts. Refusals of requests in the Chinese context are the least studied, and these studies tend to analyze refusal from the perspective of semantic content. Through the analysis of the basic theoretical background information concerning perspectives on face theories, face threatening acts, indirectness and politeness, and Brown and Levinson s politeness model and refusal in Chinese context, this study explores the concepts of request and refusal and their individual strategies, especially refusal models in the Chinese request setting and the relationship between request strategies and refusal strategies. In order to build frameworks of request strategies and refusal strategies in the contemporary Chinese setting, on the basis of the analysis of the frequently used speech act research methods, forty corpora are established by collecting almost all adjacency pairs of request refusal from video clips in the thirty five contemporary Chinese teledramas from the two perspectives of social power and distance.
Through a comprehensive analysis of the various request strategies, including head acts, internal and external modifications, twenty seven request refusal strategies are identified in the corpora in their respective nine situations of the contemporary Chinese teledramas from the perspective of two social variables. It is found that Chinese people have a tendency towards more naturalness and straightforwardness in the real life, and the Chinese do not pay more attention to facework as revealed from the previous studies. And a strong tendency is to employ request or refusal strategies based more on social distance than social power. It is revealed that the most corresponding strategy framework of the refusal strategies and request strategies is the use of excuse, reason or explanation as a refusal strategy to refuse a request strategy of the mood derivable with the most ideal internal modification of the downtoner device and the external modification of the grounder in the contemporary Chinese. It is the case that the most corresponding strategy framework of the refusal strategies and request strategies is different in the different conditions of relative status and relative social distance.
The value of the present study also lies in the light it sheds on the influence of methodology on research outcomes. Contemporary Chinese teledramas offer the efficiency in building the corpora, while teledrama video clips guarantee the naturalness and authenticity of the data. The combination of contemporary Chinese teledramas and teledrama video clips has been proven methodologically significant in this study. The request-refusal strategy frameworks found in this study will benefit foreign Chinese learners in strategically using the Chinese refusal speech acts, improving their linguistic consciousness, and enhancing their possibility of successful communication and their cross-cultural communicative competence.
通过对这些语料库的分析，研究者总结出了不同场景和不同影响因素下的请求策略及其内部外部的修饰成分，总结出了在汉语请求语境下不同场景和不同影响因素下的当代汉语电视剧中使用的拒绝策略，计算出各类拒绝策略的使用频率，分析了减轻面子威胁的缓和策略，修改补充了汉语拒绝策略的框架描述，完善了汉语环境下的拒绝策略。研究发现在当代汉语环境下人们更多地倾向于采用直接策略，并且策略的选择更多地取决于社会距离而不是相对权势。该研究发现在汉语环境下请求拒绝相语对中最常见的策略框架结构是，以语气导出语为中心行为语，以语气降低标记为内部修饰语，以原因说明语为外部修饰语的直接请求策略对应于原因解释型的间接拒绝策略。当然，不同影响因素的分场景下会有不同的策略框架。
该研究所采用的截取电视中的相邻语对剪片的方法使我们的研究更加真实、自然、有效、可行，从而丰富了国内外言语行为研究。这些请求拒绝框架将帮助国外汉语学习者提高策略性地使用拒绝言语行为的能力，提高他们的语言意识，增加交际成功的概率，进而提升跨文化交际的能力。
Requests and refusals are both the most representative face-threatening acts which have different regular patterns in different cultures and different language contexts. Refusals of requests in the Chinese context are the least studied, and these studies tend to analyze refusal from the perspective of semantic content. Through the analysis of the basic theoretical background information concerning perspectives on face theories, face threatening acts, indirectness and politeness, and Brown and Levinson s politeness model and refusal in Chinese context, this study explores the concepts of request and refusal and their individual strategies, especially refusal models in the Chinese request setting and the relationship between request strategies and refusal strategies. In order to build frameworks of request strategies and refusal strategies in the contemporary Chinese setting, on the basis of the analysis of the frequently used speech act research methods, forty corpora are established by collecting almost all adjacency pairs of request refusal from video clips in the thirty five contemporary Chinese teledramas from the two perspectives of social power and distance.
Through a comprehensive analysis of the various request strategies, including head acts, internal and external modifications, twenty seven request refusal strategies are identified in the corpora in their respective nine situations of the contemporary Chinese teledramas from the perspective of two social variables. It is found that Chinese people have a tendency towards more naturalness and straightforwardness in the real life, and the Chinese do not pay more attention to facework as revealed from the previous studies. And a strong tendency is to employ request or refusal strategies based more on social distance than social power. It is revealed that the most corresponding strategy framework of the refusal strategies and request strategies is the use of excuse, reason or explanation as a refusal strategy to refuse a request strategy of the mood derivable with the most ideal internal modification of the downtoner device and the external modification of the grounder in the contemporary Chinese. It is the case that the most corresponding strategy framework of the refusal strategies and request strategies is different in the different conditions of relative status and relative social distance.
The value of the present study also lies in the light it sheds on the influence of methodology on research outcomes. Contemporary Chinese teledramas offer the efficiency in building the corpora, while teledrama video clips guarantee the naturalness and authenticity of the data. The combination of contemporary Chinese teledramas and teledrama video clips has been proven methodologically significant in this study. The request-refusal strategy frameworks found in this study will benefit foreign Chinese learners in strategically using the Chinese refusal speech acts, improving their linguistic consciousness, and enhancing their possibility of successful communication and their cross-cultural communicative competence.
引文
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