我国沉船残骸清除机制研究
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摘要
沉船残骸的打捞清除是保障航行安全和海洋环境一个重要而又具有难点的问题。目前由于责任主体不明确、费用得不到有效保障、没有适应当前管理要求的法律法规、打捞市场管理不规范等原因,沉船残骸不能得到及时打捞,影响航运安全和航运经济的发展。论文的研究内容包括以下方面：
首先,论文对国内外相关法律法规进行了分析；对我国沉船现状进行了统计分析,并分析了对航运及海洋环境的影响；
其次,论文分析了我国沉船残骸清除机制现状,对存在的问题进行了研究。在目前的法律法规框架下,沉船残骸清除机制存在的问题有：打捞责任主体不统一、打捞费用无法得到保障、打捞作业海事监督管理规定不健全、打捞市场体制不健全等。我国船舶商业保险以及中国船东协会保赔保险都存在巨大的缺陷,没有先付原则、直接诉讼制度,保险覆盖率低等使得打捞资金无法落实。
再次,论文对《2007年内罗毕残骸清除公约》(简称《公约》)进行了详细的剖析；分析了加入《公约》的有利方面、不利方面。利用AHP(层次分析法)改进的SWOT分析法,建立了我国加入《公约》战略选择的决策模型,提出了我国加入公约的战略选择对策,以期为主管机关作出决策提供参考依据。根据FSA理论,对加入公约成本效益进行了定量评估。
然后,论文运用Bayes网络方法,对加入《公约》的利弊进行了定量分析,分析表明,加入《公约》对于推动国内立法具有重要作用。进而提出了我国沉船残骸清除机制构建的关键问题：
(1)责任主体的确定：建议我国沉船残骸清除的责任主体及费用承担主体与公约精神一致,采用单一主体进行规定,即由沉船沉物登记所有人承担打捞清除责任。
(2)残骸清除费用保障机制：采用“强制保险制度+专项费用制度”的模式。建立残骸清除的强制保险制度是我国与国际接轨的明智选择。提出了海船、内河船投保、财务担保限额的方案。提出了专项费用的来源及构成。
(3)确立直接诉讼制度、先行支付制度,可有效解决强制打捞及紧急情况下打捞使费用得到有效保障。
(4)提出了较为完善的打捞清除实施监督管理措施,明确了打捞作业单位海事行政许可管理要求。
接着,论文引入博弈论贝特兰德模型以及霍特林区位模型,分析我国打捞市场的博弈关系,得出开放打捞市场,扶持民营打捞力量发展,加强资质管理,加快打捞装备能力提升和配置等措施是解决打捞费用居高不下的治本之策。
最后,对论文存在的问题进行了分析,并对进一步研究作了展望。
The removal of wrecks is an important but difficult and complex problem in maritime administration. The wrecks can not be removal intime, because of many reasons such as liability mainbody illegible, expense can not be ensured, statute can't fit for nowaday management requirement, the management of market of removal is not normative, etc. This will affects maritime safety and shipping economy. The main contents of the dissertation include as follows.
First, the dissertation analyzed the laws and rules of inland and overseas. Made statistics and analyzing of wreck actuality in the sea. Analyzed the affection to maritime and enviroment of sea.
Second, the dissertation analyzed the wreck removal mechanism actuality of China, studided the existent problems. The main problems include:wreck removal liability mainbody illegible; expense can not be ensured; maritime management regulation to wreck removal operation is not normative; the wreck removal market is not normative; lake of the princilal "pay to be paid or pay first", lack of direct action, insurance low coverage result the expenses not be implemented.
Third, the dissertation analyzed IMO Nairobi international convention on the removal of wrecks2007(WRC) detailedly. Analyzed the advantages and disacvantares when China join in it. The study on the strategic of China's entering WRC is also dicussed. The improved SWOT analysis method based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to realize the effective integration of the qualitative and quantitative methods by setting up analysis model. So that it can provide a certain way to government for decision-making.
Fourth, according to Bayes method, the dissertation analyzed the benefit and harm of joining in WRC, and put forward the key problems for consturcting China wreck removal mechanism as follows:
(a) Asscertain liability mainbody. The liability mainbody should keep accordance with WRC. It should be single liability mainbody. That meant that the single liability mainbody is registered owner of wreck.
(b) Wreck removal expense guarantee mechanism. It will be the compulsory insurance and the special financial funds. It will be advisable to adopt the compulsory insurance system. The dissertation put forward the compulsory insurance and other financial security blue print for both sea ship and keel boat. Also the dissertation put forward the source and form of special financial funds.
(c) Establishing the principle "pay to be paid or pay first", and the principle "direct lawsuit to insurer". This can solve the wreck removal expense in compulsory removal situation and in urgent removal situation.
(d) Put forward integrated measures for maritime intendance and management to wreck removal and the administration permissiveness for wreck removal corporations is put out.
Fifth, the dissertation introduced Bertrand models and Hotel ling models, analyzed the game theory of China wreck removal market. To solve such a high cost in salvaging, China should adopt mesures as follows:establishing a more open market, supporting private corporations, enhancing the corporation management, speeding up the equipment capability, etc.
At last, the dissertation analyzed the problems still existing, and made a expectation of the study.
首先,论文对国内外相关法律法规进行了分析；对我国沉船现状进行了统计分析,并分析了对航运及海洋环境的影响；
其次,论文分析了我国沉船残骸清除机制现状,对存在的问题进行了研究。在目前的法律法规框架下,沉船残骸清除机制存在的问题有：打捞责任主体不统一、打捞费用无法得到保障、打捞作业海事监督管理规定不健全、打捞市场体制不健全等。我国船舶商业保险以及中国船东协会保赔保险都存在巨大的缺陷,没有先付原则、直接诉讼制度,保险覆盖率低等使得打捞资金无法落实。
再次,论文对《2007年内罗毕残骸清除公约》(简称《公约》)进行了详细的剖析；分析了加入《公约》的有利方面、不利方面。利用AHP(层次分析法)改进的SWOT分析法,建立了我国加入《公约》战略选择的决策模型,提出了我国加入公约的战略选择对策,以期为主管机关作出决策提供参考依据。根据FSA理论,对加入公约成本效益进行了定量评估。
然后,论文运用Bayes网络方法,对加入《公约》的利弊进行了定量分析,分析表明,加入《公约》对于推动国内立法具有重要作用。进而提出了我国沉船残骸清除机制构建的关键问题：
(1)责任主体的确定：建议我国沉船残骸清除的责任主体及费用承担主体与公约精神一致,采用单一主体进行规定,即由沉船沉物登记所有人承担打捞清除责任。
(2)残骸清除费用保障机制：采用“强制保险制度+专项费用制度”的模式。建立残骸清除的强制保险制度是我国与国际接轨的明智选择。提出了海船、内河船投保、财务担保限额的方案。提出了专项费用的来源及构成。
(3)确立直接诉讼制度、先行支付制度,可有效解决强制打捞及紧急情况下打捞使费用得到有效保障。
(4)提出了较为完善的打捞清除实施监督管理措施,明确了打捞作业单位海事行政许可管理要求。
接着,论文引入博弈论贝特兰德模型以及霍特林区位模型,分析我国打捞市场的博弈关系,得出开放打捞市场,扶持民营打捞力量发展,加强资质管理,加快打捞装备能力提升和配置等措施是解决打捞费用居高不下的治本之策。
最后,对论文存在的问题进行了分析,并对进一步研究作了展望。
The removal of wrecks is an important but difficult and complex problem in maritime administration. The wrecks can not be removal intime, because of many reasons such as liability mainbody illegible, expense can not be ensured, statute can't fit for nowaday management requirement, the management of market of removal is not normative, etc. This will affects maritime safety and shipping economy. The main contents of the dissertation include as follows.
First, the dissertation analyzed the laws and rules of inland and overseas. Made statistics and analyzing of wreck actuality in the sea. Analyzed the affection to maritime and enviroment of sea.
Second, the dissertation analyzed the wreck removal mechanism actuality of China, studided the existent problems. The main problems include:wreck removal liability mainbody illegible; expense can not be ensured; maritime management regulation to wreck removal operation is not normative; the wreck removal market is not normative; lake of the princilal "pay to be paid or pay first", lack of direct action, insurance low coverage result the expenses not be implemented.
Third, the dissertation analyzed IMO Nairobi international convention on the removal of wrecks2007(WRC) detailedly. Analyzed the advantages and disacvantares when China join in it. The study on the strategic of China's entering WRC is also dicussed. The improved SWOT analysis method based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used to realize the effective integration of the qualitative and quantitative methods by setting up analysis model. So that it can provide a certain way to government for decision-making.
Fourth, according to Bayes method, the dissertation analyzed the benefit and harm of joining in WRC, and put forward the key problems for consturcting China wreck removal mechanism as follows:
(a) Asscertain liability mainbody. The liability mainbody should keep accordance with WRC. It should be single liability mainbody. That meant that the single liability mainbody is registered owner of wreck.
(b) Wreck removal expense guarantee mechanism. It will be the compulsory insurance and the special financial funds. It will be advisable to adopt the compulsory insurance system. The dissertation put forward the compulsory insurance and other financial security blue print for both sea ship and keel boat. Also the dissertation put forward the source and form of special financial funds.
(c) Establishing the principle "pay to be paid or pay first", and the principle "direct lawsuit to insurer". This can solve the wreck removal expense in compulsory removal situation and in urgent removal situation.
(d) Put forward integrated measures for maritime intendance and management to wreck removal and the administration permissiveness for wreck removal corporations is put out.
Fifth, the dissertation introduced Bertrand models and Hotel ling models, analyzed the game theory of China wreck removal market. To solve such a high cost in salvaging, China should adopt mesures as follows:establishing a more open market, supporting private corporations, enhancing the corporation management, speeding up the equipment capability, etc.
At last, the dissertation analyzed the problems still existing, and made a expectation of the study.
引文
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