MIT创业型大学发展史研究
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摘要
近年来,中国高等教育的办学体量与规模不断增大,办学层次也在逐步提高,但建设世界一流大学仍然是国人的一个梦想。世界一流大学的标准是什么?如何建设世界一流大学?怎样培养大学生的创新精神?这些一直是备受我国高等教育界专家、学者和高等教育管理者、决策者关注的问题。众所周知的是,美国拥有世界公认的高水平大学群,美国的高等教育在为社会发展提供高质量服务方面走在了世界各国的前列,并且在其发展历程中诞生了一种独特的大学模式——创业型大学(entrepreneurial university),在高等教育领域享有盛誉的麻省理工学院(MIT)即是此类大学的典型代表。
     在美国,MIT被誉为第一所创业型大学,因为它自创立之日起,就没有套用任何一种传统的大学模式,而是从大学的职能的层面上积极平衡教学、科研和经济发展三者之关系,使三者之间保持了一种创造性的张力。早在初创时期,MIT的创始人威廉罗杰斯(William B. Rogers)就结合自己对大学的理解率先提出了开办创业型大学的设想,并以此为指导带领MIT在创业科学领域进行了积极尝试。
     进入20世纪后,两次世界大战的爆发为MIT创业型大学的发展提供了历史机遇,多层次、多领域的军工研究为MIT创业型大学的形成奠定了坚实的基础,以基础研究与产业创新有机融合为特征的MIT模式成为美国高等教育的榜样。二战之后,在继续推动军工研究的基础上,MIT创业型大学的模式得到进一步发展和完善,大学与区域经济发展之间的联系更加密切,并由此产生了大学—产业—政府三位一体的“三螺旋”战略模式,这为MIT在创业型大学道路上的快速健康发展提供了更加完善和科学的理论支撑。
     MIT成功的办学经历,尤其是其作为创业型大学的发展历程,值得人们认真思考和探究。MIT重视技术教育并将其与人文、科学教育共存共融的教育理念,亦对我国建设世界一流大学有显著的现实借鉴意义。本文以此为主题和出发点,采用历史文献法、比较分析法、个案解析法等研究方法,以创业型大学模式的形成、发展与完善为脉络,对MIT一百五十年的办学历程进行了纵向梳理,旨在以创业科学为视角透射出创业型大学的生态系统,涵盖新型文化价值观、新型师生关系、新型授课方式、新型课程体系建设、新型社会关系以及新型教学、科研管理模式和新型教育管理战略等内容,从而为我国大学的发展提供一定的历史参照。
In recent years, the volume and scale of the school running in China‘s higher educationhas been expanded and its quality has been improved to a great extant. However, the makingof world-class universities is still a dream of China. What are the standards of world-classuniversities? How to build world-class universities and how to foster students‘innovativespirit? These questions have been the major concerns of the experts, scholars, administratorsand decision-makers in the field of China‘s higher education. As is known, the USA boastsmany prestigious universities recognized worldwide. Its higher education leads the world inproviding high-quality service for social development. In the process, a new and unique formof university, entrepreneurial university, has been emerged, enjoying high reputation andtypically represented by MIT.
     MIT is acclaimed as the first entrepreneurial university, mostly because it doesn‘t copyany traditional university, but actively strikes a balance in university functions amongteaching, research and economic development, and a creative tension among the three aspectsis generated and maintained. This owns a lot to William B. Rogers, the founder of MIT, in hiscombining his own comprehension on university with his early years‘running of the school,undertaking an active attempt in the field of entrepreneurial science.
     After entering into20th century, the outbreak of the two world wars offers a historicalopportunity for the development of MIT. The multilevel and profound military research lays asolid foundation for the formation of MIT as an entrepreneurial university. The MIT model,characterized by the organic combination of basic research, industrial innovation andcreativity, sets a good example for American higher education. After World War II, bycontinuing to promote military research, the MIT model gets further developed with a closertie to regional economy. Based on which, the―Triple Helix‖model comes into being. Thismodel provides vital theoretical pillar for a rapid and healthy development of MIT as anentrepreneurial university.
     The successful experience of MIT, especially its development as entrepreneurialuniversity, is worthy of profound comprehension and exploration. Although MIT attachesgreat importance to technological education, it place equal emphasis on the education ofhumanities and social science. This educational model may serve China as a significantexample for establishing world-class universities at home. Along with the process of the formation, development and perfection of entrepreneurial university, this dissertation tracesthe150years‘history of MIT, aiming to reveal the ecosystem of the entrepreneurial universityfrom the perspective of innovative science with the method of historical literature analysis,comparative analysis, and case study. From the diachronic and synchronic dimensions, itoffers and promotes rich cultural values, new teacher-student relationship, teaching methods,innovative curriculum and pedagogy. It also sheds light on management strategies for creativeresearch and new education reform, etc. hence, provides a historical reference for thedevelopment and assessment of universities in China.
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    1.麻省理工学院Massachusetts Institute of Technologyhttp://www.MIT.edu
    2.纽约时报The New York Timeshttp://www.nytimes.com
    3.华盛顿邮报The Washington Posthttp://www.washingtonpost.com
    4.美国政府网USA Governmenthttp://www.usa.gov
    5.耶鲁大学Yale Universityhttp://www.yale.edu
    6. Katharine, D. The Entrepreneurship Ecosystemhttp://www.TechnologyReview.com

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