云南省德钦县藏族传统知识与气候变化研究
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摘要
气候变化与传统知识相关联的研究新兴于最近10年,是一个具备前瞻性的前沿研究,正在逐步形成研究理论、方法和研究重点。在西方,已经有一些民族生态学家、生态人类学家和应用人类学家等开始这一方向的研究。在中国,随着极端气候和气候灾害发生频率的增高和造成危害的加重,及其对少数民族地区生态和社会的影响,气候变化与传统知识的关联开始受到中国自然和社会科学界,特别是民族生态学和生态人类学的重视和关注。如何通过跨学科的理论方法来研究气候变化与传统知识成为了民族生态学和生态人类学的重要任务。
本论文以云南省西北部德钦县藏民族为具体案例,突破了以往局限于自然科学领域对气候变化的研究,从民族生态学的视野出发,采取跨学科交叉的研究方法,研究气候变化对与生物资源保护与持续利用相关传统知识的影响,探索建立气候变化与传统知识研究的理论,探索确立传统知识的定量分析和研究模式,探索基于传统知识适应局部地区气候变化及其灾害的实践方式。
本论文包括三个方面的研究内容：
第一,与气候和气候变化相关传统知识的研究。虽然气候模型能够制作气候变化的宏观景像,并且可以估计人类未来发展的不同趋势和后果,但对于区域的气候变化却无法提供准确的信息。近年来,越来越多的人们意识到土著民族或者少数民族有关气候和气候变化的传统知识,这些知识依据的是比仪器复杂得多的生物和环境,恰恰是区域气候变化信息的珍贵来源渠道。德钦县藏民族对气候和气候变化的传统知识丰富而多样,这些传统知识能够帮助人们更好理解气候变化。
第二,气候变化对与生物资源保护与持续利用相关传统知识的影响研究。除了对观察及预测天气的传统气候和物候知识产生了影响之外,气候变化对传统知识最重要的影响体现在生物资源保护与持续利用相关的传统知识方面。本论文的研究重点在于讨论气候变化对传统知识的影响,并按照薛达元教授对生物资源保护与持续利用相关传统知识的5个分类体系：传统利用农业生物及遗传资源的知识、传统利用药用生物资源的知识、生物资源利用的传统技术创新与传统生产生活方式、与生物资源保护与利用相关的传统文化与习惯法、传统地理标志产品,来探讨气候变化及极端气候事件对德钦县藏族传统知识产生的直接和间接影响。
第三,传统知识与适应气候变化。与生物资源保护与持续利用相关的传统知识,对于减缓和适应当前以及未来的气候变化有着重要的潜在作用和价值。本论文的另外一个研究重点针对基于传统知识适应气候变化的策略及其实践,以及如何通过传统知识与国家政策的结合来更为有效地适应气候变化所带来的负面影响。本论文从传统知识的分类体系出发,探讨基于传统知识的适应气候变化策略,以及这种策略在德钦县云岭乡藏族社区中的具体实践。
气候变化与传统知识研究理论的探索是本论文的一个创新点。本论文在理论研究上有以下突破：首先,突破了以往纯自然科学领域对气候变化研究的局限性,这类研究往往缺乏对土著或少数民族传统知识的重视和理解；其次,突破了社会科学领域对与气候变化相关传统知识研究的局限性,这类研究把这一传统知识仅仅理解为土著或少数民族预测气候和物候变化的知识和农谚。本论文按照传统知识的分类体系,在分析气候变化及极端气候现象对传统知识影响的基础上,确立了气候变化与传统知识的研究理论。传统知识与气候变化研究的理论及其框架的建立,为未来进行相关的研究提供了依据,奠定了基础和方向。
由于传统知识主要基于相对和地方的经验,缺乏科学的基准和衡量尺度,所以长期以来如何在研究中实现对传统知识的定量分析和研究一直是一个学术问题和难点,并由此引起了科学界对传统知识可信度和价值的质疑。本论文在研究中探索实现传统知识的指标化和数据化,建立了传统知识定量分析和研究的框架。传统知识定量分析及其框架的建立,是对传统知识量化研究进行的创新和尝试,一定程度上增强了传统知识的可信度和价值,为传统知识的指标化和数据化提供了一个可供参考的模式。
本论文同时探索了与气候相关传统知识的分类：某个特定区域的人们世代对当地气候和物候现象直接和间接的观察和理解,以及在此基础上形成的预测和应对气候变化及极端气候现象的知识,这一知识分为气候和物候两个部分。
本论文对气候变化与传统知识的研究进行理论和方法的探索,目的是吸引更多的民族生态学和生态人类学研究者关注气候变化与传统知识,进行跨学科的综合研究,从而促进这一研究的进一步发展。
The recent10years have seen a rise in the study on the relationship between climate change and traditional knowledge. It is one of the most prospective research frontiers in which various theories, explanations and focal points are forming. In the west, ethno-ecologists, eco-anthropologists, as well as applied anthropologists have started studies in this direction, and contribute much to coping with the impact of climate change. With more frequent extreme weather conditions and severe disasters brought about, accompanied by the impacts on ecosystem and society in ethnic areas, China's natural and social science fields
especially ethno-ecology and eco-anthropology---have attached great importance to the relationship between climate change and TK. It is an important task to research into climate change and TK with cross-disciplinary methods for ethno-ecology and eco-anthropology.
Based on a case study on Tibetans in Deqin County, northwest Yunnan, from an ethno-ecological perspective, this paper adopts a cross-disciplinary method not limited to natural science, studies the impacts on TK associated with biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, establishes theories on climate change and TK research, and explores quantitative analysis method and research model for TK, as well as practice for adapting local climate change and relevant disasters using TK.
This paper includes3parts as follows:
Firstly, study on TK associated with climate and climate change. Although climate models could produce a macro vista of climate change, and estimate future trends and consequences of human development, they prove to be little effective in predicting the accurate local climate change. Recently, a growing number of people recognize TK that depend on biodiversity and environment, which is more complicated than appliances, is a precious source of local climate change information. Tibetans in Deqin County have diversified TK, which could be useful in understanding climate change.
Secondly, study on the impact of climate change on TK associated with bio-resources conservation and sustainable use. Apart from having effect on TK about observing and predicting weather, the impact of climate change on TK associated with bio-resources conservation and sustainable use is the most important one worth attention. This paper focuses on this kind of impact, and discusses the direct and indirect influences of climate change and extreme weather conditions on TK of Tibetans in Deqin County, according to the classification system of TK proposed by Professor Xue Dayuan, i.e. the knowledge for traditional use of agricultural bio-species and genetic resources; the knowledge for traditional use of medicinal bio-species; traditional technical innovations for bio-resource use and traditional practices for farming and living styles; traditional cultures such as customary laws and community protocols that are related to conservation and sustainable use of bio-resources; and traditional geographically biological indicators.
Thirdly, study on TK and the adaptation to climate change. TK associated with bio-resources conservation and sustainable use plays a significant role in mitigating and adapting to current and future climate change. The other focal point of this paper lies in the adaptation strategy based on TK and its practice, and the way mitigating the adverse impacts by climate change via the cooperation between TK and national policies. This paper discusses the climate change adaptation strategy based on TK, and its practice in Tibetan communities in Yunling, Deqin County.
This paper is not limited to studies in pure natural science field, but combining it with social science, analyses the impact of climate change and extreme weather conditions, and establishes theories for climate change and TK according to the classification system of TK. The establishment of theories and frameworks provides a reference for relevant future studies, laying foundations and pointing out directions.
As TK is primarily based on relative and local experiences, lacking scientific criteria and measure scale, it has always been a problem to do quantitative analysis, and thus arouses doubt on the credibility of study results. This paper gives indicators and data on TK, establishes a framework for TK quantitative analysis and research, and thus is an innovation for its quantitative analysis, strengthening the credibility and value of TK, and providing a model of TK studies.
This paper gives a definition for TK related with climate change---the direct and indirect observation of local climate and natural phenomena by local people, one generation after another, and the knowledge predicting and coping with climate change, as well as extreme weather conditions---and can be classified as climate and natural phenomena.
This paper constructs research theories and methods of climate change and TK, aiming to attract more ethno-ecologists and eco-anthropologists focus on the issue, launch comprehensive cross-disciplinary studies to promote further development of this field.
本论文以云南省西北部德钦县藏民族为具体案例,突破了以往局限于自然科学领域对气候变化的研究,从民族生态学的视野出发,采取跨学科交叉的研究方法,研究气候变化对与生物资源保护与持续利用相关传统知识的影响,探索建立气候变化与传统知识研究的理论,探索确立传统知识的定量分析和研究模式,探索基于传统知识适应局部地区气候变化及其灾害的实践方式。
本论文包括三个方面的研究内容：
第一,与气候和气候变化相关传统知识的研究。虽然气候模型能够制作气候变化的宏观景像,并且可以估计人类未来发展的不同趋势和后果,但对于区域的气候变化却无法提供准确的信息。近年来,越来越多的人们意识到土著民族或者少数民族有关气候和气候变化的传统知识,这些知识依据的是比仪器复杂得多的生物和环境,恰恰是区域气候变化信息的珍贵来源渠道。德钦县藏民族对气候和气候变化的传统知识丰富而多样,这些传统知识能够帮助人们更好理解气候变化。
第二,气候变化对与生物资源保护与持续利用相关传统知识的影响研究。除了对观察及预测天气的传统气候和物候知识产生了影响之外,气候变化对传统知识最重要的影响体现在生物资源保护与持续利用相关的传统知识方面。本论文的研究重点在于讨论气候变化对传统知识的影响,并按照薛达元教授对生物资源保护与持续利用相关传统知识的5个分类体系：传统利用农业生物及遗传资源的知识、传统利用药用生物资源的知识、生物资源利用的传统技术创新与传统生产生活方式、与生物资源保护与利用相关的传统文化与习惯法、传统地理标志产品,来探讨气候变化及极端气候事件对德钦县藏族传统知识产生的直接和间接影响。
第三,传统知识与适应气候变化。与生物资源保护与持续利用相关的传统知识,对于减缓和适应当前以及未来的气候变化有着重要的潜在作用和价值。本论文的另外一个研究重点针对基于传统知识适应气候变化的策略及其实践,以及如何通过传统知识与国家政策的结合来更为有效地适应气候变化所带来的负面影响。本论文从传统知识的分类体系出发,探讨基于传统知识的适应气候变化策略,以及这种策略在德钦县云岭乡藏族社区中的具体实践。
气候变化与传统知识研究理论的探索是本论文的一个创新点。本论文在理论研究上有以下突破：首先,突破了以往纯自然科学领域对气候变化研究的局限性,这类研究往往缺乏对土著或少数民族传统知识的重视和理解；其次,突破了社会科学领域对与气候变化相关传统知识研究的局限性,这类研究把这一传统知识仅仅理解为土著或少数民族预测气候和物候变化的知识和农谚。本论文按照传统知识的分类体系,在分析气候变化及极端气候现象对传统知识影响的基础上,确立了气候变化与传统知识的研究理论。传统知识与气候变化研究的理论及其框架的建立,为未来进行相关的研究提供了依据,奠定了基础和方向。
由于传统知识主要基于相对和地方的经验,缺乏科学的基准和衡量尺度,所以长期以来如何在研究中实现对传统知识的定量分析和研究一直是一个学术问题和难点,并由此引起了科学界对传统知识可信度和价值的质疑。本论文在研究中探索实现传统知识的指标化和数据化,建立了传统知识定量分析和研究的框架。传统知识定量分析及其框架的建立,是对传统知识量化研究进行的创新和尝试,一定程度上增强了传统知识的可信度和价值,为传统知识的指标化和数据化提供了一个可供参考的模式。
本论文同时探索了与气候相关传统知识的分类：某个特定区域的人们世代对当地气候和物候现象直接和间接的观察和理解,以及在此基础上形成的预测和应对气候变化及极端气候现象的知识,这一知识分为气候和物候两个部分。
本论文对气候变化与传统知识的研究进行理论和方法的探索,目的是吸引更多的民族生态学和生态人类学研究者关注气候变化与传统知识,进行跨学科的综合研究,从而促进这一研究的进一步发展。
The recent10years have seen a rise in the study on the relationship between climate change and traditional knowledge. It is one of the most prospective research frontiers in which various theories, explanations and focal points are forming. In the west, ethno-ecologists, eco-anthropologists, as well as applied anthropologists have started studies in this direction, and contribute much to coping with the impact of climate change. With more frequent extreme weather conditions and severe disasters brought about, accompanied by the impacts on ecosystem and society in ethnic areas, China's natural and social science fields
especially ethno-ecology and eco-anthropology---have attached great importance to the relationship between climate change and TK. It is an important task to research into climate change and TK with cross-disciplinary methods for ethno-ecology and eco-anthropology.
Based on a case study on Tibetans in Deqin County, northwest Yunnan, from an ethno-ecological perspective, this paper adopts a cross-disciplinary method not limited to natural science, studies the impacts on TK associated with biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, establishes theories on climate change and TK research, and explores quantitative analysis method and research model for TK, as well as practice for adapting local climate change and relevant disasters using TK.
This paper includes3parts as follows:
Firstly, study on TK associated with climate and climate change. Although climate models could produce a macro vista of climate change, and estimate future trends and consequences of human development, they prove to be little effective in predicting the accurate local climate change. Recently, a growing number of people recognize TK that depend on biodiversity and environment, which is more complicated than appliances, is a precious source of local climate change information. Tibetans in Deqin County have diversified TK, which could be useful in understanding climate change.
Secondly, study on the impact of climate change on TK associated with bio-resources conservation and sustainable use. Apart from having effect on TK about observing and predicting weather, the impact of climate change on TK associated with bio-resources conservation and sustainable use is the most important one worth attention. This paper focuses on this kind of impact, and discusses the direct and indirect influences of climate change and extreme weather conditions on TK of Tibetans in Deqin County, according to the classification system of TK proposed by Professor Xue Dayuan, i.e. the knowledge for traditional use of agricultural bio-species and genetic resources; the knowledge for traditional use of medicinal bio-species; traditional technical innovations for bio-resource use and traditional practices for farming and living styles; traditional cultures such as customary laws and community protocols that are related to conservation and sustainable use of bio-resources; and traditional geographically biological indicators.
Thirdly, study on TK and the adaptation to climate change. TK associated with bio-resources conservation and sustainable use plays a significant role in mitigating and adapting to current and future climate change. The other focal point of this paper lies in the adaptation strategy based on TK and its practice, and the way mitigating the adverse impacts by climate change via the cooperation between TK and national policies. This paper discusses the climate change adaptation strategy based on TK, and its practice in Tibetan communities in Yunling, Deqin County.
This paper is not limited to studies in pure natural science field, but combining it with social science, analyses the impact of climate change and extreme weather conditions, and establishes theories for climate change and TK according to the classification system of TK. The establishment of theories and frameworks provides a reference for relevant future studies, laying foundations and pointing out directions.
As TK is primarily based on relative and local experiences, lacking scientific criteria and measure scale, it has always been a problem to do quantitative analysis, and thus arouses doubt on the credibility of study results. This paper gives indicators and data on TK, establishes a framework for TK quantitative analysis and research, and thus is an innovation for its quantitative analysis, strengthening the credibility and value of TK, and providing a model of TK studies.
This paper gives a definition for TK related with climate change---the direct and indirect observation of local climate and natural phenomena by local people, one generation after another, and the knowledge predicting and coping with climate change, as well as extreme weather conditions---and can be classified as climate and natural phenomena.
This paper constructs research theories and methods of climate change and TK, aiming to attract more ethno-ecologists and eco-anthropologists focus on the issue, launch comprehensive cross-disciplinary studies to promote further development of this field.
引文
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