数字地图无损信息隐藏技术研究
|
摘要
随着信息处理技术和网络技术的快速发展,数字地图已逐步成为地理信息系统、智能交通运输系统、数字化城市和数字化国防建设等方面必需的保障资源。数字矢量地图的地理信息详实准确,具有巨大的经济价值和战略意义。同时,数字地图制作成本极高,针对数字地图的非法拷贝、窃取等侵权行为也日益猖獗。对于数字地图的数据安全防范措施稍有不当,就会给企业造成损失,甚至会对国家安全造成严重的威胁。为此,数字地图的内容安全问题已受到我国政府、军队和科研院所以及相应企业的关注；数字地图水印技术是一种解决数字矢量地图版权保护问题的常用手段。
虽然人们对数字地图水印技术进行了近二十年的研究,提出了若干技术并试图解决数字地图在应用中遇到的各类安全问题,但这些技术并没有很好地解决数字地图的.无损信息隐藏问题。数字地图加入隐藏信息后或多或少的会对地图有损害。
本文以数字地图的两大类别：数字矢量地图和数字影像地图为主要研究对象,以无损信息隐藏为研究内容,从数字地图的实用角度出发,深入研究了可满足数字矢量地图内容无损要求、抵抗多种攻击方式的数字地图无损信息隐藏水印技术。本文的创新工作主要包括以下几个方面：
首先,结合数字矢量地图的特点以及小波分形理论,本文提出了基于小波分形无损的零水印算法,并且详细介绍了基于小波分形无损的零水印算法的技术实现过程,通过有效性、鲁棒性、IBM攻击测试等实验表明：该技术对数字矢量地图的精度无损,且具有较高鲁棒性,结合第三方认证机制,该技术可以完全抵制IBM攻击,使该水印技术具备真正的可行性和实用性。
其次,针对空间域算法主要是通过修改像素信息来嵌入水印,技术实现简单,鲁棒性差,对图像的损伤也较大,无法抵抗多种攻击等缺点。本文提出了基于波段融合的数字影像地图无损信息隐藏技术,以IMG格式的数字影像地图为例详细介绍了技术的实现流程。经过抗攻击性能测试、不可见性检测与分析等方式,验证结论表明该技术达到了水印无损嵌入和提取的目标,且具有较高的鲁棒性和隐蔽性。
最后,在数字矢量地图零水印技术和数字影像地图无损信息隐藏技术研究的基础上,针对上述无损信息隐藏技术地图格式依赖性强,自适应性差的特点,本文提出了格式无关的数字地图可逆数字水印技术。该技术运用云模型的不确定性特征,实现了对主流格式数字地图的无损信息隐藏,相继介绍了云水印的生成、嵌入和提取方法,并就此进行了大量的实验验证。依据云的模糊性和随机性理论,当部分云滴水印受到攻击后,云模型也不会有太大变化,因而具有较好的鲁棒性。并且该算法可适应于数字矢量地图、数字影像地图等多种格式的数字地图。
With the fast development of information processing technology and network techniques, digital vector map has becoming the necessary resource being widely used in GIS, intelligent transport system, digital city, digital national defense construction and so on. Digital vector map has great economical value and strategy significance for its accurate content. And its fabricating cost is huge. On the other hand, illegal copying and stealing of digital vector map are becoming increasingly rampant. A lower level security of it will cause enterprises'losses and even bring risks to national security. As a result, the security problem has attracted our government, military and science research institution's attention. Digital watermarking technology is a common scheme to secure the copyright of digital vector map.
The research on digital watermarking for digital vector map has lasted for about 20 years and many schemes have been proposed to solve some kinds of security problems of it. But these schemes have not fully considered the data characteristic of digital vector map and the particular operations on it.
The two kinds of digital map, digital vector map and digital image map has been discussed in the paper. The author has studied lossless information hiding technology based on the application that can losslessly recover waterwark information, resist some attacks and trace the source maps have been proposed. The main innovative points are the following:
Firstly, this paper presents a lossless zero watermarking algorithm based on wavelet fractal, which is the combination of fractal, wavelet, multiple image fractals, and wavelet fractal and so on, and the technology and implementation procedure of lossless zero watermarking algorithm based on wavelet fractal has been presented in detail. The strong robustness and lossless to vector map is proved by validity test, robustness test and IBM attack test. This model absolutely resists IBM attack and has the real value of practicability and feasibility with the third-party authentication mechanism.
Secondly, spatial domain algorithm is realized by embedding watermark through changing pixel information, so its robustness is weak, its image is hurt mostly and cannot resist many kinds of attack although the implementation is simple. This paper presents the zero watermarking based on wave band superposition, of which image map is an example. What's more, the paper discusses the implementation and test of algorithm using IMG format image map as an example. This algorithm absolutely has lossless watermark embedding and watermark extracting, also has strong robustness and concealment, which is tested by anti-attack and multi-attack experiment.
Finally, this paper presents independent format lossless watermarking algorithm of digital map based on digital vector map watermarking algorithm and image map watermarking algorithm because of their weak self-adaption. The algorithm combining with the advantage of cloud model and digital watermark presents generating, embedding and extracting method of cloud watermark, and do many test based on the algorithm. Cloud model has not much change although some cloud droplets is attacked because of cloud's fuzziness and randomness. The algorithm has strong robustness. In addition, the algorithm adapts to digital vector map, image map and so on, the algorithm has nothing to do with digital map's format.
虽然人们对数字地图水印技术进行了近二十年的研究,提出了若干技术并试图解决数字地图在应用中遇到的各类安全问题,但这些技术并没有很好地解决数字地图的.无损信息隐藏问题。数字地图加入隐藏信息后或多或少的会对地图有损害。
本文以数字地图的两大类别：数字矢量地图和数字影像地图为主要研究对象,以无损信息隐藏为研究内容,从数字地图的实用角度出发,深入研究了可满足数字矢量地图内容无损要求、抵抗多种攻击方式的数字地图无损信息隐藏水印技术。本文的创新工作主要包括以下几个方面：
首先,结合数字矢量地图的特点以及小波分形理论,本文提出了基于小波分形无损的零水印算法,并且详细介绍了基于小波分形无损的零水印算法的技术实现过程,通过有效性、鲁棒性、IBM攻击测试等实验表明：该技术对数字矢量地图的精度无损,且具有较高鲁棒性,结合第三方认证机制,该技术可以完全抵制IBM攻击,使该水印技术具备真正的可行性和实用性。
其次,针对空间域算法主要是通过修改像素信息来嵌入水印,技术实现简单,鲁棒性差,对图像的损伤也较大,无法抵抗多种攻击等缺点。本文提出了基于波段融合的数字影像地图无损信息隐藏技术,以IMG格式的数字影像地图为例详细介绍了技术的实现流程。经过抗攻击性能测试、不可见性检测与分析等方式,验证结论表明该技术达到了水印无损嵌入和提取的目标,且具有较高的鲁棒性和隐蔽性。
最后,在数字矢量地图零水印技术和数字影像地图无损信息隐藏技术研究的基础上,针对上述无损信息隐藏技术地图格式依赖性强,自适应性差的特点,本文提出了格式无关的数字地图可逆数字水印技术。该技术运用云模型的不确定性特征,实现了对主流格式数字地图的无损信息隐藏,相继介绍了云水印的生成、嵌入和提取方法,并就此进行了大量的实验验证。依据云的模糊性和随机性理论,当部分云滴水印受到攻击后,云模型也不会有太大变化,因而具有较好的鲁棒性。并且该算法可适应于数字矢量地图、数字影像地图等多种格式的数字地图。
With the fast development of information processing technology and network techniques, digital vector map has becoming the necessary resource being widely used in GIS, intelligent transport system, digital city, digital national defense construction and so on. Digital vector map has great economical value and strategy significance for its accurate content. And its fabricating cost is huge. On the other hand, illegal copying and stealing of digital vector map are becoming increasingly rampant. A lower level security of it will cause enterprises'losses and even bring risks to national security. As a result, the security problem has attracted our government, military and science research institution's attention. Digital watermarking technology is a common scheme to secure the copyright of digital vector map.
The research on digital watermarking for digital vector map has lasted for about 20 years and many schemes have been proposed to solve some kinds of security problems of it. But these schemes have not fully considered the data characteristic of digital vector map and the particular operations on it.
The two kinds of digital map, digital vector map and digital image map has been discussed in the paper. The author has studied lossless information hiding technology based on the application that can losslessly recover waterwark information, resist some attacks and trace the source maps have been proposed. The main innovative points are the following:
Firstly, this paper presents a lossless zero watermarking algorithm based on wavelet fractal, which is the combination of fractal, wavelet, multiple image fractals, and wavelet fractal and so on, and the technology and implementation procedure of lossless zero watermarking algorithm based on wavelet fractal has been presented in detail. The strong robustness and lossless to vector map is proved by validity test, robustness test and IBM attack test. This model absolutely resists IBM attack and has the real value of practicability and feasibility with the third-party authentication mechanism.
Secondly, spatial domain algorithm is realized by embedding watermark through changing pixel information, so its robustness is weak, its image is hurt mostly and cannot resist many kinds of attack although the implementation is simple. This paper presents the zero watermarking based on wave band superposition, of which image map is an example. What's more, the paper discusses the implementation and test of algorithm using IMG format image map as an example. This algorithm absolutely has lossless watermark embedding and watermark extracting, also has strong robustness and concealment, which is tested by anti-attack and multi-attack experiment.
Finally, this paper presents independent format lossless watermarking algorithm of digital map based on digital vector map watermarking algorithm and image map watermarking algorithm because of their weak self-adaption. The algorithm combining with the advantage of cloud model and digital watermark presents generating, embedding and extracting method of cloud watermark, and do many test based on the algorithm. Cloud model has not much change although some cloud droplets is attacked because of cloud's fuzziness and randomness. The algorithm has strong robustness. In addition, the algorithm adapts to digital vector map, image map and so on, the algorithm has nothing to do with digital map's format.
引文
[1]G.S.Cox,G.de Jager.A survey of point pattern matching techniques and a new approach to point pattern recognition[C]. Proceedings of Symposium on Communication and Signal Processing, Lesotho,1993:243-248P
[2]Schyndel R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A digital watermark[C]. Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.1994:86-90P
[3]Solachidis V, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I. Fourier descriptors watermarking of vector graphics images[C]. International Conference On Image Processing 2000,2000:9-12P
[4]Solachidis V, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I. Watermarking polygonal lines using fourier descriptors[C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Istanbul, Turkey,2000:1955-1958P
[5]Kitamura I, Kanai S, Kishinami T. Copyright protection of vector map using digital watermarking method based on discrete Fourier transform[C]. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS),2001, (3):1191-1193P
[6]Voiqt M, Yang B, Busch C. Reversible watermarking of 2D-vector data[C]. Proceedings of the 2004 Multimedia and Security Workshop on Multimedia and Security, Germany, Magdeburg,2004:160-165P
[7]Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F J, Shamoon T, Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Trans on Image Processing,1997,6(12):1673-1686P
[8]Kitamura I, Kanai S, Kishinami T. Watermarking vector digital map using wavelet transformation[C]. Proceedings of annual conference of the geographical information systems association, Tokyo, Japan,2000:417-421P
[9]Ohbuchi R, Hiroo U, Shub E. Watermarking 2D vector maps in the mesh-spectral domain[C]. The Fifth International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications. Korea, Seoul,2003:216-225P
[10]Vigot M, Busch C. Feature-based watermarking of 2D-vector data[C]. Proceedings of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging,2003:359-366P
[11]Voigt, M., B.Yang, C. Busch. High-capacity reversible watermarking for 2D-vector data[C]. Proceedings of SPIE-IS and T Electronic Imaging-Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅶ,2005:409-417P
[12]张佐理,孙树森,汪亚明,郑可飚.二维矢量地图的零水印算法[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(6)：1473-1476+1479页
[13]Du Q Z, Peng F. A zero-watermark algorithm with real-mean for 2D engineering graphic[C]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security,2008:890-893P
[14]LOpez C. Watermarking of digital geospatial datasets:a review of technical, legal and copyright issues[J]. International Journal of Geographic Information Science,2002, 16(6):589-607P
[15]LOpez, C. Digital rights managements of Geo-datasets:protection against map piracy in the digital era. The Global Magazine for Geomatics International[J],2003,17(2):51-53P
[16]Bacci A, LOpez C. Evaluation tests performed over a proposed anti-piracy system for digital vector datasets[C]. Cambridge Conference, Cambridge, UK,2003:188-193P
[17]Thoen W, Huber B. GIS & Steganography-Part3:Vector Steganography. Directions Magazine[DB/OL]. http://www.directionsmag.com.2007.02.20
[18]Sonnet H, Isenberg T, Dittmann J, et al. Illustration watermarks for vector graphics[C]. Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. Calgary, Canada,2003:73-82P
[19]任石,秦茂玲,刘弘.矢量图数字水印技术[J].计算机应用研究,2007,24(8)：22-24页
[20]孙建国.基于内容特征的二维矢量地图数字水印技术研究[D].哈尔滨,哈尔滨工程大学,2009：15-22
[21]Barni M. BartoliniF. Cappellini V, et al. Watermarking-based protection of remote sensing images:requirements and possible solutions[J]. Proceedings of SPIE The International Society for optical Engineering,2001:191-202P
[22]Barni M, Bartolini F, Cappellini V, et al. Copyright protection of remote sensing imagery by means of digital watermarking[J]. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for optical Engineering,2001:565-576P
[23]Barni M, Bartolini F, Cappellini V, et al. Near-lossless digital watermarking for copyright protection of remote sensing images[J]. International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS),2002:1447-1449P
[24]Barni M. Bartolini F. Cappellini V, et al. Watermarking techniques for electronic delivery of remote sensing images[J]. International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS),2001:2265-2267P
[25]Barni M. Bartolini F. Magli E, et al. Watermarking techniques for electronic delivery of remote sensing images[J]. Optical Engineering,2002:2111-2119P
[26]Anthony Tung Shuen Ho. Robust copyright protection of satellite images using novel digital image-in-image watermarking algorithm[J]. International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium,2001:1194-1196P
[27]Anthony T. S. Ho, Jun Shen, Soon Hie Tan, et al. Digital image-in-image watermarking for copyright protection of satellite images using the fast Hadamard transform[J].International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS), 2002:3311-3313P
[28]HO,et al. Robust Copyright Protection of Satellite Images Using Novel Digital image-in-image Watermarking Algorithm [A]. IEEE IGARSS01[C].Sydney,2001:1194-1196P
[29]刘宏.信息隐藏技术在遥感影像中的应用[D].郑州：解放军信息工程大学,2008：3(4)：10-14页
[30]A.Tirkel, G Rankin, R. van Schyndel. Electronic watermark[J]. In:Digital Image Computing,Technology and Applications-DICTA,1993:666-672P
[31]R.G. Van Schyndel, A.Z.Tirkel, N, Mee and C.F. Osborns.A Digital Watermark[C]. Prooceeding of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Austin,1994, (2):86-90P
[32]B.G Mobasseri. A Spatial Digital Video Watermark that Survives MPEG[C]. International Conference on Information Technology:Coding and Computing,2000:68-73P
[33]Q. M.Ge, Z.M.Lu and X.M.Niu.Oblivious Video Watermarking Scheme with Adaptive Embedding Mechanism[C]. The Second International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xi'an, China,2003:2876-2881P
[34]Z.M.Lu, Q.M.Ge and X.M. Niu. Robust Adaptive Video watermarking in Spatial Domain[C]. The 5th International Symposium on Test and Measurement.(ISTM'2003) Shenzhen, China,2003:1875-1880P
[35]W. Bender, D.Gruhl and N.Morimoto. Technique for Data Hiding[C]. Proceedings of SPIE 2420, storage and retrieval for image and video database,1995:164-173P
[36]C.l.Podilehukandw, J.Zeng. Image-adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models[J]. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,1998,16:525-539P
[37]J. Guo and P.F. Shi. Object-based Watermarking Scheme Robust to object Manipulation[J]. Electronics Letters.2002,38(25):1656-1657P
[38]J. W. Huang and Y.Q. Shi. Adaptive Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Visual MaskingP[J], Electronics Letters16th,1998,34(8):748-750P
[39]H. Luo,Z. M. Lu. The Applications of Edge Detection to Digital Image Watermarking[C]. The 5th International Symposium on Test and Measurement (ISTM'2003), Shenzhen, China,2003:2062-2065P
[40]张宏伟.矢量与遥感影像的自动配准[D].武汉：武汉大学.2004：3-5页
[41]高俊.数字地图.21世纪测绘业的支柱[J].测绘通报.1999,(10)：2-6页
[42]Tottrup C., Improving Tropical Forest Mapping Using Multi-Date Landsat TM Data and Pre-Classification Image Smoothing[J]. Journal of Geomatics,2004,29(6):717-730P
[43]S Jodouin,L.Bentabet,D.Ziou,J.Vaillancourt,C.Armenakis, Spatial database updating using active contours for multispectral images:application with Landsat 7[J]. Journal of Photogrammetry&Remote Sensing 2003,(57):346-355P
[44]C'ecile Gomez,Christophe Delacourt,Pascal Allemand,Patrick Ledru,R.Wackerle, Using ASTER remote sensing data set for geological mapping[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 2005,(30):97-108P
[45]齐清文,梁雅娟,何晶等,数字地图的理论、方法和技术体系探讨[J].测绘科学.2005,30(6)：16-18页
[46]高俊.数字地图.21世纪测绘业的支柱[J].测绘通报,1999(10)：2-6页
[47]秋叶飞.Web页面中的影像地图及其制作方法[J].计算机与通信.1998,6：32-33页
[48]LI Q C, DOU Y. Interpretation attack and relating characteristic of digital watermarking. Computer Application& Research,2005,5:115-117P
[49]徐兵.城市影像地图及其精度分析的研究[D].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学.2003：19-28页
[50]李雪梅,庞小平,赵晶.影像地图集矢量要素与影像的协调处理[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2009,29(1)：105页
[51]谢于明.图像及视频的无损信息隐藏方法研究[D].合肥：中国科技大学,2007：1+9-10页
[52]陈波,谭运猛,吴世忠.信息隐藏综述[J].计算机与数字工程,2005,14(1)：65-68页
[53]陶奉芝.无损信息隐藏技术[D].青岛：青岛大学,2008,5：7-11页
[54]戴跃伟.信息隐藏技术的理论及应用研究[D].南京：南京理工大学,2002：75-79页
[55]夏光升.信息隐藏技术研究[D].博士学位论文,北京邮电大学：2003：32-34页
[56]张坤.数字图像信息隐藏理论与算法研究[D].西安：西北工业大学,2006：19-21+38页
[57]巩利萍.数字图像的信息隐藏算法研究[D].成都：电子科技大学.2007：4,11-12页
[58]邵承永,王孝通,徐晓刚等.矢量地图的无损数据隐藏算法[C].第十三届全国图象图形学学术会议,2007：15-19页
[59]贾培宏,马劲松,史照良等.GIS空间数据水印信息隐藏与加密技术方法研究[J].武汉大学学报：信息科学版,2004,29(8)：747-751页
[60]Luo X-W., Cheng Q., Tan J.. A lossless data embedding scheme for medical images in application of e-diagnosis[C]. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,2003.852-855P
[61]Tian J. High capacity reversible data embedding and content authentication [C]. IEEE International Conference on Speech, and Signal Processing,2003:517-520P
[62]Tian J. Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2003,13(8):890-896P
[63]Alatter A.M.. Reversible watermark using difference expansion of quads [C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,2004,377-380P
[64]Alatter A.M.. Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform [J]. IEEE Transactions on image processing,2004,13(8):1147-1156P
[65]Chang C-C., Tai W-L., Lin C-C. A reversible data hiding scheme based on side match vectior quantization [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2006,16(10):1301—1308P
[66]邵承永,王孝通,徐晓刚等.矢量地图的无损数据隐藏算法研究[J].中国图像图形学报.2007,2(12)：206-211页
[67]门朝光,曹刘娟.基于空间特征的矢量地图可逆水印处理方法：中国专利,CN101604440A.2009-5-6页
[68]孙建国,门朝光.基于二维矢量地图属性特征的数字水印算法[J].高技术通讯.2009,19(7)：713-717页
[69]谢贤智,归奕红.零水印技术对数字图像版权保护的应用研究[J].广西工学院学报.2007,9(18)：113-115页
[70]ZHANG C, YU X L, LIU J P, et al. A new wavelet packet image watermarking scheme combined with zero-watermark[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications,2004, 40(27):84-87P
[71]JIANG Y Z, YANG Q S. Research on image non-watermarking algorithms between DCT-domain and DWT-domain[J]. Computer Development & Applications,2005,18(6): 12-14P
[72]JI C L, YANG X Y, ZHANG C, et al. A transform domain zero-watermark quadric-detecting schema combined with spatial-domain invariants[J]. Computer Engineering, 2004,30(14):105-107P
[73]赵杰,王晅,何冰等.一种基于小波变换的零水印算法[J].计算机工程与科学,2009,3(31)：35-37页,40页
[74]Shlesinger M.F. the gaitherburg Symposium on fractals in the natural science[J], J. Stat. Phys.2003,64:36-.43P
[75]Benoit B. Mandelbort. Les object fractal:forme, hasard et dimension, Flammarion[M], IEEE Society, Paris,1975:15-19 P
[76]Benoit B. Mandelbort, Fractals:form, chance, and dimension freeman[M], IEEE Society, New York,1977:5-8 P
[77]Benoit B. Mandelbort, The fractal geometry of nature freeman[M], IEEE Society,,New York,1982:19-22 P
[78]赵健.小波与分形理论在图像处理中的应用研究[D].西安：西北工业大学,2003：20-21页
[79]孙策,孙劲光.小波域点模型零水印技术的研究[C].第十二届全国图象图形学学术会议.2003：176-180页
[80]王文娟.基于小波变换的分形图像压缩[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006,4：10页
[81]SHI L, GENG H Q, HONG F, et al. Adaptive watermarking based on fractal image coding in wavelet domain[J]. Mini-Micro Systems,2004,25 (12):2254-2257P
[82]YANG S M, ZHANG Z B, WANG J Z, et al. New blind digital image watermark algorithm based on fractal compression in wavelet transformation domain[J]. Computer Engineering and Design,2007,28 (24):6016-6019P
[83]LI Y L, ZHOU J C. Digital Watermark Based on LIFS in Multi-wavelet Domain[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2008,8 (13):3653-3655P
[84]Barnsley M, Solan A D. A better way to compress images[J]. ByteMag,1988,20(2):12- 14P
[85]崔得龙.基于DWT的数字图像零水印技术[J].成都信息工程学院学报.2007,6(22)：306-308页
[86]俞登封.基于SVD分解和傅立叶一梅林变换的零水印技术研究[D].北京：北京化工大学,：15-20页
[87]李庆诚,窦毅.数字水印的解释攻击与关联性特征[J].计算机应用研究,.2005,5：115-117页
[88]张晓鹏,童小华,刘妙龙.一种基于混沌变换和小波变换的零水印算法[J].测绘与空间地理信息.2010,33(1)：156-160页
[89]李青元,刘晓东,曹代勇.WebGIS矢量空间数据压缩方法探讨[J].中国图形图像学报,2001,6(12)：1225-1229页
[90]李琦,杨超伟,陈爱军WebGIS中的地理关系数据库模型研究[J].中国图象图形学报.2000,5(2)：119-123页
[91]尹浩,林闯,邱峰,等.数字水印技术综述[J]..计算机研究与发展,2005,42(7)：1093-1099页
[92]Schneier B. The Cambridge Algorithm Work-shop[J]. Dr.Dobbs JOURNAL,1994:18-24P
[93]Schneier B. The Blowfish Encrytion Algorithm[J]. Dr.Dobbs JOURNAL,1994:38-40P
[94]Stallings W.密码编码学与网络安全原理与实践[M].第2版.杨明,等译.北京：电子工业出版社,2001：15-24页
[95]李德毅,孟海军,史雪梅.隶属云和隶属云发生器[J].计算机研究和发展,1995,32(6)：15-20页
[96]李德毅,杜鹢.不确定性人工智能[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005：8-10页
[97]李德毅,刘常昱.论正态云模型的普适性[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(8)：28-33页
[98]Li De-Yi, Liu Chang-Yu, Du Yi, Han Xu. Artificial intelligence with uncertainty[J]. Journal of Software,2004,15(9):1583-592P
[99]Li De-Yi. Uncertainty in knowledge representation[J]. Engineer and Science of China, 2000,2(10):73-79P
[100]杨帆.时间序列的云预测方法[D].南京：解放军理工大学,2001：13-15页
[101]Yang Fan,Wang Ye,Li Deyi.Cloud prediction based on time granularity[C].Proceedings of 5th Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Minging, HongKong,2001
[102]Jiang Rong,Li Deyi,Chen Hui.Time-series prediction with cloud models in DMKD[C].Proceedings of 3rd Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Minging,Beijing,1999
[103]郭延鹏.乘用车换档规律云模型的研究[D].吉林：吉林大学,2008,04：13页
[104]赵东宁,张勇,李德毅.基于云模型的文本数字水印技术[J].计算机应用,2003,2：100-102页
[105]李德毅,张勇,王建民,赵东宁.一种向关系数据库嵌入和提取数字水印的方法[P].申请号/专利号：200310117358,授权公告日期：2006.10.4
[106]LiangCY., Li Ang., NiuXM.Video Authentieation and TamPer Deteetion Based on CloudModel[A].Third International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Proeessing[C],2007,1:225-228P
[107]王兆红.基于梯形云模型的数量型关联规则挖掘方法.青岛：山东科技大学.2004,5
[108]张戈.基于Contourlet变换的数字水印优化嵌入算法与性能分析.南京：南京理工大学.2009,05：24-28页
[2]Schyndel R G, Tirkel A Z, Osborne C F. A digital watermark[C]. Proceedings of the 6th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.1994:86-90P
[3]Solachidis V, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I. Fourier descriptors watermarking of vector graphics images[C]. International Conference On Image Processing 2000,2000:9-12P
[4]Solachidis V, Nikolaidis N, Pitas I. Watermarking polygonal lines using fourier descriptors[C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Istanbul, Turkey,2000:1955-1958P
[5]Kitamura I, Kanai S, Kishinami T. Copyright protection of vector map using digital watermarking method based on discrete Fourier transform[C]. International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS),2001, (3):1191-1193P
[6]Voiqt M, Yang B, Busch C. Reversible watermarking of 2D-vector data[C]. Proceedings of the 2004 Multimedia and Security Workshop on Multimedia and Security, Germany, Magdeburg,2004:160-165P
[7]Cox I J, Kilian J, Leighton F J, Shamoon T, Secure spread spectrum watermarking for multimedia[J]. IEEE Trans on Image Processing,1997,6(12):1673-1686P
[8]Kitamura I, Kanai S, Kishinami T. Watermarking vector digital map using wavelet transformation[C]. Proceedings of annual conference of the geographical information systems association, Tokyo, Japan,2000:417-421P
[9]Ohbuchi R, Hiroo U, Shub E. Watermarking 2D vector maps in the mesh-spectral domain[C]. The Fifth International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications. Korea, Seoul,2003:216-225P
[10]Vigot M, Busch C. Feature-based watermarking of 2D-vector data[C]. Proceedings of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging,2003:359-366P
[11]Voigt, M., B.Yang, C. Busch. High-capacity reversible watermarking for 2D-vector data[C]. Proceedings of SPIE-IS and T Electronic Imaging-Security, Steganography, and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents Ⅶ,2005:409-417P
[12]张佐理,孙树森,汪亚明,郑可飚.二维矢量地图的零水印算法[J].计算机工程与设计,2009,30(6)：1473-1476+1479页
[13]Du Q Z, Peng F. A zero-watermark algorithm with real-mean for 2D engineering graphic[C]. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Electronic Commerce and Security,2008:890-893P
[14]LOpez C. Watermarking of digital geospatial datasets:a review of technical, legal and copyright issues[J]. International Journal of Geographic Information Science,2002, 16(6):589-607P
[15]LOpez, C. Digital rights managements of Geo-datasets:protection against map piracy in the digital era. The Global Magazine for Geomatics International[J],2003,17(2):51-53P
[16]Bacci A, LOpez C. Evaluation tests performed over a proposed anti-piracy system for digital vector datasets[C]. Cambridge Conference, Cambridge, UK,2003:188-193P
[17]Thoen W, Huber B. GIS & Steganography-Part3:Vector Steganography. Directions Magazine[DB/OL]. http://www.directionsmag.com.2007.02.20
[18]Sonnet H, Isenberg T, Dittmann J, et al. Illustration watermarks for vector graphics[C]. Proceedings of the 11th Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. Calgary, Canada,2003:73-82P
[19]任石,秦茂玲,刘弘.矢量图数字水印技术[J].计算机应用研究,2007,24(8)：22-24页
[20]孙建国.基于内容特征的二维矢量地图数字水印技术研究[D].哈尔滨,哈尔滨工程大学,2009：15-22
[21]Barni M. BartoliniF. Cappellini V, et al. Watermarking-based protection of remote sensing images:requirements and possible solutions[J]. Proceedings of SPIE The International Society for optical Engineering,2001:191-202P
[22]Barni M, Bartolini F, Cappellini V, et al. Copyright protection of remote sensing imagery by means of digital watermarking[J]. Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for optical Engineering,2001:565-576P
[23]Barni M, Bartolini F, Cappellini V, et al. Near-lossless digital watermarking for copyright protection of remote sensing images[J]. International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS),2002:1447-1449P
[24]Barni M. Bartolini F. Cappellini V, et al. Watermarking techniques for electronic delivery of remote sensing images[J]. International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS),2001:2265-2267P
[25]Barni M. Bartolini F. Magli E, et al. Watermarking techniques for electronic delivery of remote sensing images[J]. Optical Engineering,2002:2111-2119P
[26]Anthony Tung Shuen Ho. Robust copyright protection of satellite images using novel digital image-in-image watermarking algorithm[J]. International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium,2001:1194-1196P
[27]Anthony T. S. Ho, Jun Shen, Soon Hie Tan, et al. Digital image-in-image watermarking for copyright protection of satellite images using the fast Hadamard transform[J].International Geosciences and Remote Sensing Symposium(IGARSS), 2002:3311-3313P
[28]HO,et al. Robust Copyright Protection of Satellite Images Using Novel Digital image-in-image Watermarking Algorithm [A]. IEEE IGARSS01[C].Sydney,2001:1194-1196P
[29]刘宏.信息隐藏技术在遥感影像中的应用[D].郑州：解放军信息工程大学,2008：3(4)：10-14页
[30]A.Tirkel, G Rankin, R. van Schyndel. Electronic watermark[J]. In:Digital Image Computing,Technology and Applications-DICTA,1993:666-672P
[31]R.G. Van Schyndel, A.Z.Tirkel, N, Mee and C.F. Osborns.A Digital Watermark[C]. Prooceeding of IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, Austin,1994, (2):86-90P
[32]B.G Mobasseri. A Spatial Digital Video Watermark that Survives MPEG[C]. International Conference on Information Technology:Coding and Computing,2000:68-73P
[33]Q. M.Ge, Z.M.Lu and X.M.Niu.Oblivious Video Watermarking Scheme with Adaptive Embedding Mechanism[C]. The Second International Conference on Machine Learning and Cybernetics, Xi'an, China,2003:2876-2881P
[34]Z.M.Lu, Q.M.Ge and X.M. Niu. Robust Adaptive Video watermarking in Spatial Domain[C]. The 5th International Symposium on Test and Measurement.(ISTM'2003) Shenzhen, China,2003:1875-1880P
[35]W. Bender, D.Gruhl and N.Morimoto. Technique for Data Hiding[C]. Proceedings of SPIE 2420, storage and retrieval for image and video database,1995:164-173P
[36]C.l.Podilehukandw, J.Zeng. Image-adaptive Watermarking Using Visual Models[J]. IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun.,1998,16:525-539P
[37]J. Guo and P.F. Shi. Object-based Watermarking Scheme Robust to object Manipulation[J]. Electronics Letters.2002,38(25):1656-1657P
[38]J. W. Huang and Y.Q. Shi. Adaptive Image Watermarking Scheme Based on Visual MaskingP[J], Electronics Letters16th,1998,34(8):748-750P
[39]H. Luo,Z. M. Lu. The Applications of Edge Detection to Digital Image Watermarking[C]. The 5th International Symposium on Test and Measurement (ISTM'2003), Shenzhen, China,2003:2062-2065P
[40]张宏伟.矢量与遥感影像的自动配准[D].武汉：武汉大学.2004：3-5页
[41]高俊.数字地图.21世纪测绘业的支柱[J].测绘通报.1999,(10)：2-6页
[42]Tottrup C., Improving Tropical Forest Mapping Using Multi-Date Landsat TM Data and Pre-Classification Image Smoothing[J]. Journal of Geomatics,2004,29(6):717-730P
[43]S Jodouin,L.Bentabet,D.Ziou,J.Vaillancourt,C.Armenakis, Spatial database updating using active contours for multispectral images:application with Landsat 7[J]. Journal of Photogrammetry&Remote Sensing 2003,(57):346-355P
[44]C'ecile Gomez,Christophe Delacourt,Pascal Allemand,Patrick Ledru,R.Wackerle, Using ASTER remote sensing data set for geological mapping[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 2005,(30):97-108P
[45]齐清文,梁雅娟,何晶等,数字地图的理论、方法和技术体系探讨[J].测绘科学.2005,30(6)：16-18页
[46]高俊.数字地图.21世纪测绘业的支柱[J].测绘通报,1999(10)：2-6页
[47]秋叶飞.Web页面中的影像地图及其制作方法[J].计算机与通信.1998,6：32-33页
[48]LI Q C, DOU Y. Interpretation attack and relating characteristic of digital watermarking. Computer Application& Research,2005,5:115-117P
[49]徐兵.城市影像地图及其精度分析的研究[D].辽宁：辽宁工程技术大学.2003：19-28页
[50]李雪梅,庞小平,赵晶.影像地图集矢量要素与影像的协调处理[J].测绘与空间地理信息,2009,29(1)：105页
[51]谢于明.图像及视频的无损信息隐藏方法研究[D].合肥：中国科技大学,2007：1+9-10页
[52]陈波,谭运猛,吴世忠.信息隐藏综述[J].计算机与数字工程,2005,14(1)：65-68页
[53]陶奉芝.无损信息隐藏技术[D].青岛：青岛大学,2008,5：7-11页
[54]戴跃伟.信息隐藏技术的理论及应用研究[D].南京：南京理工大学,2002：75-79页
[55]夏光升.信息隐藏技术研究[D].博士学位论文,北京邮电大学：2003：32-34页
[56]张坤.数字图像信息隐藏理论与算法研究[D].西安：西北工业大学,2006：19-21+38页
[57]巩利萍.数字图像的信息隐藏算法研究[D].成都：电子科技大学.2007：4,11-12页
[58]邵承永,王孝通,徐晓刚等.矢量地图的无损数据隐藏算法[C].第十三届全国图象图形学学术会议,2007：15-19页
[59]贾培宏,马劲松,史照良等.GIS空间数据水印信息隐藏与加密技术方法研究[J].武汉大学学报：信息科学版,2004,29(8)：747-751页
[60]Luo X-W., Cheng Q., Tan J.. A lossless data embedding scheme for medical images in application of e-diagnosis[C]. Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE on Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society,2003.852-855P
[61]Tian J. High capacity reversible data embedding and content authentication [C]. IEEE International Conference on Speech, and Signal Processing,2003:517-520P
[62]Tian J. Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2003,13(8):890-896P
[63]Alatter A.M.. Reversible watermark using difference expansion of quads [C]. IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,2004,377-380P
[64]Alatter A.M.. Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform [J]. IEEE Transactions on image processing,2004,13(8):1147-1156P
[65]Chang C-C., Tai W-L., Lin C-C. A reversible data hiding scheme based on side match vectior quantization [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology,2006,16(10):1301—1308P
[66]邵承永,王孝通,徐晓刚等.矢量地图的无损数据隐藏算法研究[J].中国图像图形学报.2007,2(12)：206-211页
[67]门朝光,曹刘娟.基于空间特征的矢量地图可逆水印处理方法：中国专利,CN101604440A.2009-5-6页
[68]孙建国,门朝光.基于二维矢量地图属性特征的数字水印算法[J].高技术通讯.2009,19(7)：713-717页
[69]谢贤智,归奕红.零水印技术对数字图像版权保护的应用研究[J].广西工学院学报.2007,9(18)：113-115页
[70]ZHANG C, YU X L, LIU J P, et al. A new wavelet packet image watermarking scheme combined with zero-watermark[J]. Computer Engineering and Applications,2004, 40(27):84-87P
[71]JIANG Y Z, YANG Q S. Research on image non-watermarking algorithms between DCT-domain and DWT-domain[J]. Computer Development & Applications,2005,18(6): 12-14P
[72]JI C L, YANG X Y, ZHANG C, et al. A transform domain zero-watermark quadric-detecting schema combined with spatial-domain invariants[J]. Computer Engineering, 2004,30(14):105-107P
[73]赵杰,王晅,何冰等.一种基于小波变换的零水印算法[J].计算机工程与科学,2009,3(31)：35-37页,40页
[74]Shlesinger M.F. the gaitherburg Symposium on fractals in the natural science[J], J. Stat. Phys.2003,64:36-.43P
[75]Benoit B. Mandelbort. Les object fractal:forme, hasard et dimension, Flammarion[M], IEEE Society, Paris,1975:15-19 P
[76]Benoit B. Mandelbort, Fractals:form, chance, and dimension freeman[M], IEEE Society, New York,1977:5-8 P
[77]Benoit B. Mandelbort, The fractal geometry of nature freeman[M], IEEE Society,,New York,1982:19-22 P
[78]赵健.小波与分形理论在图像处理中的应用研究[D].西安：西北工业大学,2003：20-21页
[79]孙策,孙劲光.小波域点模型零水印技术的研究[C].第十二届全国图象图形学学术会议.2003：176-180页
[80]王文娟.基于小波变换的分形图像压缩[D].重庆：重庆大学,2006,4：10页
[81]SHI L, GENG H Q, HONG F, et al. Adaptive watermarking based on fractal image coding in wavelet domain[J]. Mini-Micro Systems,2004,25 (12):2254-2257P
[82]YANG S M, ZHANG Z B, WANG J Z, et al. New blind digital image watermark algorithm based on fractal compression in wavelet transformation domain[J]. Computer Engineering and Design,2007,28 (24):6016-6019P
[83]LI Y L, ZHOU J C. Digital Watermark Based on LIFS in Multi-wavelet Domain[J]. Science Technology and Engineering,2008,8 (13):3653-3655P
[84]Barnsley M, Solan A D. A better way to compress images[J]. ByteMag,1988,20(2):12- 14P
[85]崔得龙.基于DWT的数字图像零水印技术[J].成都信息工程学院学报.2007,6(22)：306-308页
[86]俞登封.基于SVD分解和傅立叶一梅林变换的零水印技术研究[D].北京：北京化工大学,：15-20页
[87]李庆诚,窦毅.数字水印的解释攻击与关联性特征[J].计算机应用研究,.2005,5：115-117页
[88]张晓鹏,童小华,刘妙龙.一种基于混沌变换和小波变换的零水印算法[J].测绘与空间地理信息.2010,33(1)：156-160页
[89]李青元,刘晓东,曹代勇.WebGIS矢量空间数据压缩方法探讨[J].中国图形图像学报,2001,6(12)：1225-1229页
[90]李琦,杨超伟,陈爱军WebGIS中的地理关系数据库模型研究[J].中国图象图形学报.2000,5(2)：119-123页
[91]尹浩,林闯,邱峰,等.数字水印技术综述[J]..计算机研究与发展,2005,42(7)：1093-1099页
[92]Schneier B. The Cambridge Algorithm Work-shop[J]. Dr.Dobbs JOURNAL,1994:18-24P
[93]Schneier B. The Blowfish Encrytion Algorithm[J]. Dr.Dobbs JOURNAL,1994:38-40P
[94]Stallings W.密码编码学与网络安全原理与实践[M].第2版.杨明,等译.北京：电子工业出版社,2001：15-24页
[95]李德毅,孟海军,史雪梅.隶属云和隶属云发生器[J].计算机研究和发展,1995,32(6)：15-20页
[96]李德毅,杜鹢.不确定性人工智能[M].北京：国防工业出版社,2005：8-10页
[97]李德毅,刘常昱.论正态云模型的普适性[J].中国工程科学,2004,6(8)：28-33页
[98]Li De-Yi, Liu Chang-Yu, Du Yi, Han Xu. Artificial intelligence with uncertainty[J]. Journal of Software,2004,15(9):1583-592P
[99]Li De-Yi. Uncertainty in knowledge representation[J]. Engineer and Science of China, 2000,2(10):73-79P
[100]杨帆.时间序列的云预测方法[D].南京：解放军理工大学,2001：13-15页
[101]Yang Fan,Wang Ye,Li Deyi.Cloud prediction based on time granularity[C].Proceedings of 5th Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Minging, HongKong,2001
[102]Jiang Rong,Li Deyi,Chen Hui.Time-series prediction with cloud models in DMKD[C].Proceedings of 3rd Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Minging,Beijing,1999
[103]郭延鹏.乘用车换档规律云模型的研究[D].吉林：吉林大学,2008,04：13页
[104]赵东宁,张勇,李德毅.基于云模型的文本数字水印技术[J].计算机应用,2003,2：100-102页
[105]李德毅,张勇,王建民,赵东宁.一种向关系数据库嵌入和提取数字水印的方法[P].申请号/专利号：200310117358,授权公告日期：2006.10.4
[106]LiangCY., Li Ang., NiuXM.Video Authentieation and TamPer Deteetion Based on CloudModel[A].Third International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Proeessing[C],2007,1:225-228P
[107]王兆红.基于梯形云模型的数量型关联规则挖掘方法.青岛：山东科技大学.2004,5
[108]张戈.基于Contourlet变换的数字水印优化嵌入算法与性能分析.南京：南京理工大学.2009,05：24-28页