星载测云雷达资料的初步分析
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摘要
云与辐射的相互作用对于全球的天气和气候变化过程有着重要的影响,不同高度的云有着不同的辐射强迫,获得云体高度及其在时空上的变化对于研究全球气候变化有着重要意义。云卫星(CloudSat)是世界上首颗专门用于研究云的卫星,首次从太空中对全球云层的垂直结构和云层的微物理特性进行观测,研究全球云层随季节和地理位置的变化,评估云层参数化在全球模式中的作用,从而有助于改进天气预报,解决气候及云与气候反馈作用中存在的问题。云卫星的主要载荷是天底观测的94GHz云廓线雷达(CPR),其横轨分辨率为1.4km,沿轨分辨率为2.5 km,垂直分辨率为500 m。
本文利用云卫星上的云廓线雷达(CloudSat/CPR)2006年6月至2007年12月期间的资料,对比分析了青藏高原、高原南坡和南亚季风区域不同云类的云顶、云底高度和云体厚度统计量。结果表明,研究区域在单位面积上的云顶和云底高度变化具有一定的时空连续性,研究区域内不同云类的云顶和云底高度存在不同的变化区间,且随着季节的改变均有着明显的变化;同时各区域不同云类的云体厚度在夏季较大,冬季较小;各区域不同云类所占的比例(云量)随季节变化也具有一定的规律性;同类云体的云高和云厚特征量在不同的研究区域上是存在明显变化的。
文中利用CloudSat资料获取云顶高度值、结合A-Train中Aqua卫星的MODIS云产品资料,对云顶高度与云顶亮温值之间的相关性进行了分析研究。通过大量的云层个例分析,结果表明,云顶高度值与云顶亮温值之间呈现负的相关系数,即亮温值随云顶高度的降低而增大;当云体分布较为密集连续,云体厚度较大时,亮温值与云顶高度之间具有较好的相关性。经过对比分析,设定了较为合理有效的判定阈值,从而获得了一个相对较好的云顶高度与云顶亮温间的相关系数,并拟合得到了线性经验公式。
Cloud-radiation interaction has a large impact on the Earth's weather and climate change, and clouds with different heights cause different radiative forcing. Thus, the information on the statistics of cloud height and its variation in space and time is very important to global climate change studies. CloudSat will provide, from space, the first global survey of cloud profiles and cloud physical properties, with seasonal and geographical variations, needed to evaluate the way clouds are parameterized in global models, thereby contributing to improved predictions of weather, climate and the cloud-climate feedback problem. The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) on CloudSat is a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar which measures the energy backscattered by clouds and precipitation within a 1.5 km across-track by 2.5 km along-track radar footprint and 500m vertical resolution.
In this paper, cloud top height (CTH), cloud base height (CBH) and cloud thickness in the regions of Tibetan Plateau, Plateau south slope and South Asian Monsoon are analyzed based on the CloudSat data during the period from June 2006 to December 2007. The results show that frequency of cloud top and base heights in unit area over the studied regions have some certain space-time continuity. The CTH and CBH of different cloud types are in different range, and have significant seasonal variations. The cloud thickness is large (small) in summer (winter), and the percentage of different cloud types also have some certain regularity. The cloud heights and thicknesses of the same cloud type have some certain variation in the different study regions.
We also use passive-sensing observation datas from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) which boarded on Aqua (other A-Train satellite) to get the cloud top brightness temperature (TB) , and analyze the correlation between the MODIS TB and the CloudSat CTH. With a large number of cases, the results show that there is a negative correlation between TB and CTH, which means that the TB value will increase when the CTH is reduced. When the cloud is dense and thick, the correlation between the TB and the CTH is good. For improving the correlation, we set a more reasonable threshold to determine effective data. With this threshold, the correlation becomes much better, and a useful linear relationship is obtained.
本文利用云卫星上的云廓线雷达(CloudSat/CPR)2006年6月至2007年12月期间的资料,对比分析了青藏高原、高原南坡和南亚季风区域不同云类的云顶、云底高度和云体厚度统计量。结果表明,研究区域在单位面积上的云顶和云底高度变化具有一定的时空连续性,研究区域内不同云类的云顶和云底高度存在不同的变化区间,且随着季节的改变均有着明显的变化;同时各区域不同云类的云体厚度在夏季较大,冬季较小;各区域不同云类所占的比例(云量)随季节变化也具有一定的规律性;同类云体的云高和云厚特征量在不同的研究区域上是存在明显变化的。
文中利用CloudSat资料获取云顶高度值、结合A-Train中Aqua卫星的MODIS云产品资料,对云顶高度与云顶亮温值之间的相关性进行了分析研究。通过大量的云层个例分析,结果表明,云顶高度值与云顶亮温值之间呈现负的相关系数,即亮温值随云顶高度的降低而增大;当云体分布较为密集连续,云体厚度较大时,亮温值与云顶高度之间具有较好的相关性。经过对比分析,设定了较为合理有效的判定阈值,从而获得了一个相对较好的云顶高度与云顶亮温间的相关系数,并拟合得到了线性经验公式。
Cloud-radiation interaction has a large impact on the Earth's weather and climate change, and clouds with different heights cause different radiative forcing. Thus, the information on the statistics of cloud height and its variation in space and time is very important to global climate change studies. CloudSat will provide, from space, the first global survey of cloud profiles and cloud physical properties, with seasonal and geographical variations, needed to evaluate the way clouds are parameterized in global models, thereby contributing to improved predictions of weather, climate and the cloud-climate feedback problem. The Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) on CloudSat is a 94-GHz nadir-looking radar which measures the energy backscattered by clouds and precipitation within a 1.5 km across-track by 2.5 km along-track radar footprint and 500m vertical resolution.
In this paper, cloud top height (CTH), cloud base height (CBH) and cloud thickness in the regions of Tibetan Plateau, Plateau south slope and South Asian Monsoon are analyzed based on the CloudSat data during the period from June 2006 to December 2007. The results show that frequency of cloud top and base heights in unit area over the studied regions have some certain space-time continuity. The CTH and CBH of different cloud types are in different range, and have significant seasonal variations. The cloud thickness is large (small) in summer (winter), and the percentage of different cloud types also have some certain regularity. The cloud heights and thicknesses of the same cloud type have some certain variation in the different study regions.
We also use passive-sensing observation datas from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) which boarded on Aqua (other A-Train satellite) to get the cloud top brightness temperature (TB) , and analyze the correlation between the MODIS TB and the CloudSat CTH. With a large number of cases, the results show that there is a negative correlation between TB and CTH, which means that the TB value will increase when the CTH is reduced. When the cloud is dense and thick, the correlation between the TB and the CTH is good. For improving the correlation, we set a more reasonable threshold to determine effective data. With this threshold, the correlation becomes much better, and a useful linear relationship is obtained.
引文
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[2]Stephens G.L.and P.J.Webster,Clouds and climate:Sensitivity of simple systems,J.Atmos.Sci.,1981,38,235-247
[3]Stephens G.L.,S.C.Tsay,J.P.W.Stackhouse,et al.,The relevance of the microphysical and radiative properties of cirrus clouds to climate and climatic feedback.J.Atmos.Sci.,1990,47,1742-1753
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[5]邱金桓,陈洪滨,王普才等.大气遥感研究展望,大气科学,2005,29:134
[6]张培昌,杜秉玉等,雷达气象学,(北京),气象出版社,2000
[7]邱金桓,陈洪滨,大气物理与大气探测学,(北京),气象出版社,2005
[8]Thomas P.Ackerman,et al.,Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Science Plan,United States Department of Energy Office of Science,Office of Biological and Environmental Research,2004
[9]张培昌,王振会,大气微波遥感基础,(北京),气象出版社,1995
[10]Mason,B.J,The Physics of Clouds,Second Edition,Clarendon Press,Oxford,1971
[11]Ulaby,F.T.,R.K.Moore,A.KFung.Microwave Remote Sensing:active and passive.Vol.3:From Theory to Application,Addison-Wesley Publ.Company,1981
[12]Clothiaux,E.E,M.A.Miller,B.Albrecht,T.P.Ackerman,J.Verlinde,D.M.Babb,R.M.Peters.and W.J.Syrett,An evaluation of a 94 GHz radar for remote sensing of cloud properties,J.Atmos.Oceanic Technol.,1995,12,201-22
[13]White,A.B,C.W.Fairall,and J.B.Snider,Surface-based remote sensing of marine boundary-layer cloud properties,J.Atmos.Sci,1995,52,2827-2838
[14]Cober,S.G.,A.Tremblay,G.A.Isaac,Comparisons of SSM/I liquid water path with aircraft measurements,J.Appl.Meteor.,1996,35,503-51
[15]Lin,B.,P.Minnis,B.Wielicki,D.R.Doeling,R.Palikonda,D.F.Young,T.Uttal,Estimation of water cloud properties from satellite microwave,infrared,and visible measurements in oceanicenvironments.Part Ⅱ:Results,.Geophys.Res.,esults,J.Geophys.Res.,1998,103(D4),3887-3905
[16]陈洪滨,测量云液水柱含量的一个设想,大气科学,2002,26(5):695-701
[17]Greenwald,T.J.,G.L.Stephens,T.H.Vonder Haar,D.L.Jackson,A physical retrieval of cloud liquid water over the global oceans using SSM/I observations,J.Geophys.Res.,1993,98(D 10),18471-18488
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[19]Chen,H.B.,A retrieval algorithm for deriving liquid water path from space-borne microwave radiometric measurements,J.Remote Sensing(Chinese),2000,4,165-171
[20]McCormick M.P.,The Review of Laser Engineering,Spaceborne lidars,1995,23:89-93
[21]Winker D.M.,Couch R.H.,McCormick M.P.,An overview of LITE:NASA's Lidar In-space Technology Experiment.Proc.IEEE,1996,84:164-180
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[23]Harper,W.G.,Examples of cloud detection with 8.6-millimeter radar.Meteor.Mag.London,1996,95,106-116
[24]霍娟,吕达仁,全天空数字相机观测云量的初步研究,南京气象学院学报,2002,25(2)
[25]Simpson J,R.F.Adler,G.R.North,A proposed Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)satellite,Bull Amer Meteor Soc,1988,69:278- 295
[26]王振会,TRMM卫星测雨雷达及其应用研究综述,气象科学,2001,21(4),491-500
[27]方宗义 许健民 赵凤生,中国气象卫星和卫星气象研究的回顾和发展,气象学报,2004,62(5),550-560
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