贵州高校导游英语口语教学探究
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摘要
中国国际旅游接待人数和接待收入的急剧增长,日益表明它已经发展成为一个旅游接待大国。而中国的客源国又以以英语为母语的欧美国家或把英语当第二语言使用的其它国家为主。英语作为一门交际语言,成为了接待入境旅游游客最重要的语言。贵州旅游业的发展,特别是来自境外游客数量的增加势必会对导游人数有更多的需求,对其素质提出更高的要求。高校教学要为社会服务。提高贵州高校导游英语专业学生的导游英语口语能力,增强其就业前景从而满足贵州国际旅游业发展的需要。然而,到目前为止,对贵州高校导游英语口语教学情况及导致因素却鲜有研究。
本文对专门英语教学和导游英语相关文献进行了综述,以表明其和研究问题密不可分的关系。阐明从职业发展需求来看,了解高校导游英语口语教学现状有其必要性。通过对高校导游英语口语教师、该专业学生和在职导游进行调查,探究目前贵州高校导游英语口语教学现状、问题以及如何进一步发展贵州高校导游英语口语教学。
研究采用了定性案例分析辅以大量定量描述的方法。以问卷和半结构化群体访谈作为资料收集工具,研究者在贵州省内四所高校导游专业169名学生、15名英语口语教师和26名贵阳国际旅行社的导游进行了数据收集。问卷以柱状图和饼图呈现进行了描述性分析,发现了较突出的问题,以此作为第二阶段7组半结构化访谈的依据。根据宏大理论对收集到的数据进行分析,得出了以下研究结果:1)以GE进行导游英语口语教学导致学生对导游英语口语没有全面的了解和认识,更不可能把求职和目前的导游英语口语学习很好的结合;2)教材本身不能满足教与学的需求,尤其缺乏具有贵州地方特色的导游英语口语教材;3)除了改进教学技巧以外,教师自身教学理论的提高有助于促进学生的学习效果。最后,提出了本文研究对导游英语口语教学的启示,希望能对教学实践有所帮助。
Dramatically increased international tourist arrivals and receipts have witnessed China grow into a predominant tourist host country. English, as a lingua franca, is employed to receive international tourists who take English as their mother tongue as well as those who use it as their second language. With the recent booming development of international tourism industry in Guizhou province in particular, improving prospective tour guides’oral tourism English competence and thus enhancing their job prospects should be highlighted as central in Guizhou institutes which shoulder the responsibility of providing qualified English tour guides to meet the provincially-increased demand of international tourism. However, little research has been done so far to explore the current situation of oral tourism English teaching and learning in Guizhou institutes and the factors resulted in such a situation.
This dissertation therefore interrogates relevant literature in English for Specific Purposes and tourism English to indicate the close relation between the research questions and the literature review and to address the necessity of exploring the situation of prospective tour guides’oral English education in Guizhou for the professional development. In light of the investigation of the perceptions of teachers, prospective English tour guides as well as in-service tour guides on oral tourism English education in Guizhou institutes, this dissertation explored the current situation of oral tourism English education in institutes, gained the factors which caused the present situation and finally pointed out how the identified factors shed light on the future development of oral tourism English education in Guizhou institutes.
A qualitative case study with rich quantitative description was employed. Both questionnaires and semi-structured group interviews were implemented as data-gathering instruments to collect data from teachers (n=15) and prospective English tour guides (n=169) in four colleges and universities as well as in-service tour guides (n=26) from Guiyang International Travel Agency in Guizhou. After the data gained from the questionnaires was transformed into histogram or pie chart formats to represent patterns with descriptive analysis, accordingly, several thematic categories were concluded for the following 7 semi-structured group interviews. The grounded-theory approach was employed to analyze and interpret the key findings.
The findings indicate that teaching and learning general English does not cater for specific needs of oral tourism English which to some extent results in the mismatch between interest in learning and future job orientation. The published course books with inadequate input of localized oral tourism English are proved to be of only limited value for students’particular needs in improving their oral tourism English competence. Both prospective and in-service tour guides participating in the research believe that apart from their teaching techniques to deliver courses, teachers’development of teaching theory was of great importance to enhance their students’learning efficacy. Based on the findings, a set of implications was formulated with the hope that these implications would shed new light on the curriculum improvement or reform in the area of oral tourism English education.
本文对专门英语教学和导游英语相关文献进行了综述,以表明其和研究问题密不可分的关系。阐明从职业发展需求来看,了解高校导游英语口语教学现状有其必要性。通过对高校导游英语口语教师、该专业学生和在职导游进行调查,探究目前贵州高校导游英语口语教学现状、问题以及如何进一步发展贵州高校导游英语口语教学。
研究采用了定性案例分析辅以大量定量描述的方法。以问卷和半结构化群体访谈作为资料收集工具,研究者在贵州省内四所高校导游专业169名学生、15名英语口语教师和26名贵阳国际旅行社的导游进行了数据收集。问卷以柱状图和饼图呈现进行了描述性分析,发现了较突出的问题,以此作为第二阶段7组半结构化访谈的依据。根据宏大理论对收集到的数据进行分析,得出了以下研究结果:1)以GE进行导游英语口语教学导致学生对导游英语口语没有全面的了解和认识,更不可能把求职和目前的导游英语口语学习很好的结合;2)教材本身不能满足教与学的需求,尤其缺乏具有贵州地方特色的导游英语口语教材;3)除了改进教学技巧以外,教师自身教学理论的提高有助于促进学生的学习效果。最后,提出了本文研究对导游英语口语教学的启示,希望能对教学实践有所帮助。
Dramatically increased international tourist arrivals and receipts have witnessed China grow into a predominant tourist host country. English, as a lingua franca, is employed to receive international tourists who take English as their mother tongue as well as those who use it as their second language. With the recent booming development of international tourism industry in Guizhou province in particular, improving prospective tour guides’oral tourism English competence and thus enhancing their job prospects should be highlighted as central in Guizhou institutes which shoulder the responsibility of providing qualified English tour guides to meet the provincially-increased demand of international tourism. However, little research has been done so far to explore the current situation of oral tourism English teaching and learning in Guizhou institutes and the factors resulted in such a situation.
This dissertation therefore interrogates relevant literature in English for Specific Purposes and tourism English to indicate the close relation between the research questions and the literature review and to address the necessity of exploring the situation of prospective tour guides’oral English education in Guizhou for the professional development. In light of the investigation of the perceptions of teachers, prospective English tour guides as well as in-service tour guides on oral tourism English education in Guizhou institutes, this dissertation explored the current situation of oral tourism English education in institutes, gained the factors which caused the present situation and finally pointed out how the identified factors shed light on the future development of oral tourism English education in Guizhou institutes.
A qualitative case study with rich quantitative description was employed. Both questionnaires and semi-structured group interviews were implemented as data-gathering instruments to collect data from teachers (n=15) and prospective English tour guides (n=169) in four colleges and universities as well as in-service tour guides (n=26) from Guiyang International Travel Agency in Guizhou. After the data gained from the questionnaires was transformed into histogram or pie chart formats to represent patterns with descriptive analysis, accordingly, several thematic categories were concluded for the following 7 semi-structured group interviews. The grounded-theory approach was employed to analyze and interpret the key findings.
The findings indicate that teaching and learning general English does not cater for specific needs of oral tourism English which to some extent results in the mismatch between interest in learning and future job orientation. The published course books with inadequate input of localized oral tourism English are proved to be of only limited value for students’particular needs in improving their oral tourism English competence. Both prospective and in-service tour guides participating in the research believe that apart from their teaching techniques to deliver courses, teachers’development of teaching theory was of great importance to enhance their students’learning efficacy. Based on the findings, a set of implications was formulated with the hope that these implications would shed new light on the curriculum improvement or reform in the area of oral tourism English education.
引文
Ap, J., & Wong, K.K.F. (2001).Case study on tour guiding: professionalism, issues and problems. Tourism Management, 22, 551-563.
Anthony, L.(1997). English for Specific Purposes: What does it mean? Why is it different?. English for Specific Purposes: An international journal, 5 (3), 1.
Benson, P., & Voller, P. (1997). Autonomy and independence in language learning. London: Longman.
Borra Febas, J. (1978). Semiologia del lenguaje turistico. Estudios Truisticos.
Bryman, A. (2004) Social research methods (2nd edition.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbolic action: Essays on life, literature and method. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Carter, D. (1983).Some propositions about ESP. The ESP Journal 2, 131-137.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2001). (Eds.). Research methods in education. (5th edition.). London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research 12 (1), 5–29.
Cross, D. (1991). Please follow me: The practical tourist guides handbook. England: Wessexplore Tourist Service, Salisbury.
Cummins, J.(1979).Cognitive/academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum age question and some other matters. Working Papers on Bilingualism.
Dann, G. M. S. (1996). The language of tourism: A sociolinguistic perspective. Wallingford: Cab International.
de Kadt, E. (1979). Tourism: Passport to development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Do rnyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in Second Language Research: construction,administration and processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaun Associates.
Dudley-Evans, T., & Jo St John, M. (1998). Developments in English for specific purposes: Amulti-disciplinary approach. London: Cambridge University Press.
EFTGA (1998). European federation of tour guides association-Information brochure.Unpublished.
Ellis, M., & Johnson, C. (2002). Teaching business English. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Press.
English Teaching Syllabus for English majors at the foundation stage. (1990). Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Press.
Geva, A., & Goldman, A. (1991). Satisfaction measurement in guided tours. Annals ofTourism Research, 18 (2), 177–185.
Hewings, M. (2004). Editorial. English for specific purposes, 23 (1), 1-2.
Hodgson, A. (1987). The travel and tourism industry. New York: Pergamon Press.
Hudman, L. E., & Jackson, R.H. (1994). Geography of travel and tourism. New York:Delmar Publishers Inc.
Hu, W.Z. (1997). Culture and Communication. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press.
Hughes, R. (2005).Teaching and researching speaking. Beijing: Foreign language Teachingand Research Press.
Huisman, M. (2000).Imputation of missing item responses: some simple techniques. Quality and Quantity, 34, 331–351.
Hutchinson, T.,&Waters, A. (1987).English for specific purposes: A learner-centered approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jakobson, R. (1960). Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.) (Ed.), Style in Language350-377. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Johnson, K.,& Morrow, K. (Eds.). (1981). Communication in the classroom. London: Longman.
Karavas-Doukas, E. (1996). Using attitude scales to investigate teachers’ attitudes to the communicative approach. ELT Journal, 50, 187-198.
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. New York: Sage.
Mackay, R., & Mountford, A. (1978).English for specific purposes: A case study approach. London: Longman.
Mancini, M.(1990). Conducting tours: A practical guide. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing Co.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. London: Sage. McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1997). Research methods for English language teachers. London: Arnold.
McKean. P. F. (1976). An anthropological analysis of the culture and balinese. Washington: Paper. Joint UNESCO/IBDR Seminar on the Social and Cultural Impact of Tourism, December 8- 10.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd edition.). London: Sage.
Mossberg, L. (1995). Tour leaders and their importance in charter tours. Tourism Management 16 (6), 437–445.
Negi, Jagmohan. (1990). Tourism and travel: Concepts and principles. New Delhi: Gitanjali Publishing House.
Nettekoven, L. (1979). Mechanisms of intercultural interaction. In Emanuel de Kadt (1979) Tourism: Passport to development? 134-145. New York: Oxford University Press.
Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. (New edition.). London: Pinter.
Pelosi, M.K., Sandifer, T. M., & Letkowski, J.J. (1998). Doing statistics with Excel 97. Chichester: Wiley.
Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pidgeon, N., & Henwood, K. (2004) Grounded theory. In M Hardy & A Bryman (Eds.) Handbook of Data Analysis 625–648. London: Sage.
Pond, K. L. (1993). The professional guide: Dynamics of tour guiding. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
Robinson, P. C. (1991). ESP today: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Prentice Hall.
Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. London: Sage.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd edition.). London: Sage.
Strevens, P. (1988). ESP after twenty years: A re-appraisal. In M Tickoo (Ed.), ESP: State of the Art 1-13. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Centre.
Swales, J. (1985). A genre-based approach to language across the curriculum. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Centre.
Walker, R. (1995). TEACHING THE ENGLISH OF TOURISM. IATEFL ESP SIG Newsletter no4, 3. 3-5.
Widdowson, H.G. (1978). Teaching language as communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wolfson, N. (1983). Rules of Speaking. In Richards and Schmidt (Eds.). Language and Communication 61-87. London: Longman.
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and Methods (2nd edition.). London: Sage.
Yongman, M. B. (1979). Analyzing social and educational research data. London: McGraw-Hill.
陈立美,语境与英文导游辞的创作,《杭州师范学院学报》,1999,(2)。
段开成编著,2004,《旅游英语(高级)》,天津:南开大学出版社。
贵州省人民政府新闻办公室,《贵州风貌》,2001(4),1,贵州:贵州画报社。
韩荔华,2000,《导游语言概论》,北京:旅游教育出版社。
韩荔华,2002,《实用导游语言技巧》,北京:旅游教育出版社。
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Anthony, L.(1997). English for Specific Purposes: What does it mean? Why is it different?. English for Specific Purposes: An international journal, 5 (3), 1.
Benson, P., & Voller, P. (1997). Autonomy and independence in language learning. London: Longman.
Borra Febas, J. (1978). Semiologia del lenguaje turistico. Estudios Truisticos.
Bryman, A. (2004) Social research methods (2nd edition.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Burke, K. (1966). Language as symbolic action: Essays on life, literature and method. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Carter, D. (1983).Some propositions about ESP. The ESP Journal 2, 131-137.
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2001). (Eds.). Research methods in education. (5th edition.). London: RoutledgeFalmer.
Cohen, E. (1985). The tourist guide: The origins, structure and dynamics of a role. Annals of Tourism Research 12 (1), 5–29.
Cross, D. (1991). Please follow me: The practical tourist guides handbook. England: Wessexplore Tourist Service, Salisbury.
Cummins, J.(1979).Cognitive/academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum age question and some other matters. Working Papers on Bilingualism.
Dann, G. M. S. (1996). The language of tourism: A sociolinguistic perspective. Wallingford: Cab International.
de Kadt, E. (1979). Tourism: Passport to development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Do rnyei, Z. (2003). Questionnaires in Second Language Research: construction,administration and processing. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaun Associates.
Dudley-Evans, T., & Jo St John, M. (1998). Developments in English for specific purposes: Amulti-disciplinary approach. London: Cambridge University Press.
EFTGA (1998). European federation of tour guides association-Information brochure.Unpublished.
Ellis, M., & Johnson, C. (2002). Teaching business English. Shanghai: Shanghai ForeignLanguage Press.
English Teaching Syllabus for English majors at the foundation stage. (1990). Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Press.
Geva, A., & Goldman, A. (1991). Satisfaction measurement in guided tours. Annals ofTourism Research, 18 (2), 177–185.
Hewings, M. (2004). Editorial. English for specific purposes, 23 (1), 1-2.
Hodgson, A. (1987). The travel and tourism industry. New York: Pergamon Press.
Hudman, L. E., & Jackson, R.H. (1994). Geography of travel and tourism. New York:Delmar Publishers Inc.
Hu, W.Z. (1997). Culture and Communication. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press.
Hughes, R. (2005).Teaching and researching speaking. Beijing: Foreign language Teachingand Research Press.
Huisman, M. (2000).Imputation of missing item responses: some simple techniques. Quality and Quantity, 34, 331–351.
Hutchinson, T.,&Waters, A. (1987).English for specific purposes: A learner-centered approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Jakobson, R. (1960). Closing Statement: Linguistics and Poetics. In T. A. Sebeok (Ed.) (Ed.), Style in Language350-377. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Johnson, K.,& Morrow, K. (Eds.). (1981). Communication in the classroom. London: Longman.
Karavas-Doukas, E. (1996). Using attitude scales to investigate teachers’ attitudes to the communicative approach. ELT Journal, 50, 187-198.
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. New York: Sage.
Mackay, R., & Mountford, A. (1978).English for specific purposes: A case study approach. London: Longman.
Mancini, M.(1990). Conducting tours: A practical guide. Cincinnati: South-Western Publishing Co.
Maxwell, J. A. (1996). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach. London: Sage. McDonough, J., & McDonough, S. (1997). Research methods for English language teachers. London: Arnold.
McKean. P. F. (1976). An anthropological analysis of the culture and balinese. Washington: Paper. Joint UNESCO/IBDR Seminar on the Social and Cultural Impact of Tourism, December 8- 10.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook (2nd edition.). London: Sage.
Mossberg, L. (1995). Tour leaders and their importance in charter tours. Tourism Management 16 (6), 437–445.
Negi, Jagmohan. (1990). Tourism and travel: Concepts and principles. New Delhi: Gitanjali Publishing House.
Nettekoven, L. (1979). Mechanisms of intercultural interaction. In Emanuel de Kadt (1979) Tourism: Passport to development? 134-145. New York: Oxford University Press.
Oppenheim, A. N. (1992). Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement. (New edition.). London: Pinter.
Pelosi, M.K., Sandifer, T. M., & Letkowski, J.J. (1998). Doing statistics with Excel 97. Chichester: Wiley.
Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pidgeon, N., & Henwood, K. (2004) Grounded theory. In M Hardy & A Bryman (Eds.) Handbook of Data Analysis 625–648. London: Sage.
Pond, K. L. (1993). The professional guide: Dynamics of tour guiding. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
Robinson, P. C. (1991). ESP today: A practitioner’s guide. New York: Prentice Hall.
Robson, C. (2002). Real world research: A resource for social scientists and practitioner-researchers. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stake, R. E. (1995). The art of case study research. London: Sage.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory (2nd edition.). London: Sage.
Strevens, P. (1988). ESP after twenty years: A re-appraisal. In M Tickoo (Ed.), ESP: State of the Art 1-13. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Centre.
Swales, J. (1985). A genre-based approach to language across the curriculum. Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Centre.
Walker, R. (1995). TEACHING THE ENGLISH OF TOURISM. IATEFL ESP SIG Newsletter no4, 3. 3-5.
Widdowson, H.G. (1978). Teaching language as communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wolfson, N. (1983). Rules of Speaking. In Richards and Schmidt (Eds.). Language and Communication 61-87. London: Longman.
Yin, R. K. (1994). Case study research: Design and Methods (2nd edition.). London: Sage.
Yongman, M. B. (1979). Analyzing social and educational research data. London: McGraw-Hill.
陈立美,语境与英文导游辞的创作,《杭州师范学院学报》,1999,(2)。
段开成编著,2004,《旅游英语(高级)》,天津:南开大学出版社。
贵州省人民政府新闻办公室,《贵州风貌》,2001(4),1,贵州:贵州画报社。
韩荔华,2000,《导游语言概论》,北京:旅游教育出版社。
韩荔华,2002,《实用导游语言技巧》,北京:旅游教育出版社。
何道宽,1995,《英语·创意导游》, 重庆: 重庆出版社。
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