电能计量在线监测与远程校准系统的研制
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摘要
随着厂网分离等电力企业体制改革的逐步推进,发电厂、电力用户密切关注电能计量装置,电力企业对经济效益的考核也越来越重视,其核心就是保障贸易结算过程中电能计量的准确和可靠,因此电能计量装置的技术管理就愈发重要。
另一方面,电能计量技术管理却面临着新的形势,凸显了一些新的技术难题,如：电网规模正在不断扩大,交易电量和电能计量装置越来越多,要求在有限的人力条件下实现规范化的技术管理；多费率分时段电价政策的贯彻执行,要求电能表的时钟具有更高的准确度；电力电子相关技术的大量推广运用,非线性负荷与日俱增,电网的谐波污染日益加重,谐波对电能计量的影响及其应对措施有待进一步分析研究；目前普遍采用的传统人工现场校验模式的工作效率低,不能对装置进行实时监测和故障及时预警、报告,难以有效控制计量故障的发生和减少差错电量。
针对以上情况,本文主要进行了以下几个方面的分析研究工作：利用GPS技术、谐波测量理论、注入式谐波的异频测试方法、低校高等效电路法等测量相关技术,结合电力线载波技术、GPRS/PSTN通信技术,完成了基于GPS技术的电能表时钟校准和电压互感器二次压降测量、基于加窗插值FFT的谐波电能测量、基于标准表比较法的电能表误差在线监测与远程校准、基于电压互感器二次负荷基准值的二次负荷测试、基于注入式高频谐波的电流互感器二次导纳的异频法测试、基于等效阻抗测量的电压／电流互感器低校高校验方法并在此基础上提出了电压／电流互感器(TV/TA)的现场实时校准方法；对上述各种测量方法进行了误差分析和不确定度评定。
本文系统地研究了可应用于国内电网的电能计量装置在线监测与远程校准技术,其主要贡献有：
(1)基于GPS技术,根据多费率、多功能电能表时钟的校准要求,开发了基于GPS同步时钟的电能计量时钟基频测试与校准装置,该装置可采用无线非接触方式现场测试电能表的时钟误差；应用GPS的精确授时,在TV的二次回路两端分别利用GPS同步测量电压的幅值,采用两者之差与二次电压之比计算出TV的比差；在TV的二次回路两端,分别于电压信号的过零时刻获取GPS实时时标,获取两者之差计算角差,根据电压互感器TV的二次回路电压向量图,计算电压互感器二次回路压降。
(2)根据湖南省电力公司和电力试验研究院的谐波测试工作,从理论角度分析了谐波源用户的谐波原理,提出了基于Blackman窗的插值FFT谐波电能测量算法,采用复序列FFT蝶式迭代算式,计算供电系统电网参数；提出了综合负荷中是否含有谐波源的识别方法,并依据国家标准和电力行业规程,可按谐波特性和潮流方向分别累计谐波电能的计量模式。研制了一种具有适应谐波源负荷特点,功能多、体积小和界面友好的谐波电能计量与在线监测装置。
(3)依据DL/T448-2000《电能计装置技术管理规程》对电能表、电压互感器二次压降、电压/电流互感器等提出的校验要求,分析了传统的现场校验方式的缺点,通过多年现场工作经验的总结,依据关口电能表的应用实际,提出“标准表比较法”现场校验电能表的误差,研制了电能计量远程监测与校验现场装置,并采用网络数据库技术开发了主站管理信息系统。
(4)根据互感器二次负荷/导纳的测试原理,介绍了在电能计量装置远程校准与监测系统中实现对电压/电流互感器的二次回路负荷/导纳在线测量的方法；分析了影响二次回路阻抗(导纳)大小的主要因素,指出了引起互感器二次回路阻抗/导纳变化的几种状况,通过观测一段时间内数值及相角的变化情况来实现定性判断故障来源。在此基础上,本文还提出了注入谐波分量的异频测试法,并推导了在异频测试法下,二次负荷阻抗、导纳的在线测试方法。
(5)分析了传统互感器现场误差校验及其测试模型,指出了互感器现场校准的缺陷与不足；分析了电流互感器和电压互感器“低校高”的技术原理,提出了在计量装置远程校准与监测系统中实现对互感器误差的现场实时校准方法。
(6)阐述了计量装置远程校准与监测系统的硬件实现方式,包括系统构成、通信网络、下位机显示与监测等；分析了系统主站软件的需求,完成了数据库的系统设计
(7)以国家计量技术规范JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》为依据,对电能计量装置在线监测与远程校准系统中各种测量的不确定度进行了分析评定,从现场测试数据和理论分析表明,本系统可以作为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类电能计量装置的现场检测标准。
本文的研究具有较高的理论意义,并为电能计量管理技术的现代化提供了一种实用、高效、可靠的工具和手段。并根据计量相关领域的技术进步,提出了有关管理规程的修改建议,以使其更加科学、合理、适用。
With the reform of electrical enterprise that power plant separates from power grid step by step, power plants and electricity customers pay close attention to energy metering devices. Power enterprises attach more and more importance to the assessment of economic benefit. The core is to ensure the accuracy and reliability of energy measurement in trade settlement process, as a result, the technical management of energy metering device becomes more and more important.
On the other hand, energy metering technology management faces a new situation, and highlights several new technical problems, such as:network size is growing; trading power and energy measurement devices are increasing; which requires standardized technology management under the conditions of limited manpower; implementation of multi-rate sub-period tariff policy requires clock of the electric energy meter owns a higher accuracy; numerously promotion of power electronics related technology, the increasing of nonlinear loads as harmonic pollution, the impact of harmonics on power measurement and analysis of response measures needs further study; now widely used traditional manual field calibration mode efficiency is low, which can not carry out real-time monitoring and fault warning. It is difficult to effectively control measures fault and reduce errors power.
For the above, this article has mainly carried on the following several aspect analytical study work:Using the GPS technology, Harmonic measure theory, Different frequency harmonic injection test method, low high school equivalent circuit method and other measurement related technologies, with power line carrier technology, GPRS/PSTN communication technology. GPS technology is completed based on the clock power meter calibration and measurement of the voltage transformer secondary voltage drop. Based on add window interpolation FFT harmonic electricity measurement, standard table comparison test electrical energy table error online monitor, long-distance calibration, the second load voltage transformer secondary stress test, the current injection transformer secondary high-frequency harmonics of different frequency admittance method test. As while based on the proposed the voltage/current transformer, the equivalent impedance survey's voltage/current transformer low school high verification method (TV/TA) on the spot the real-time calibration method. This paper has carried on the error analysis and the uncertainty evaluation to the above each measuring technique.
This article researched power metering device on line monitoring and remote calibration techniques can be applied to the domestic electricity grid systematically. The main contributions are as follows:
(1) Based on GPS technology and according to multi-rate, multi-function power meter calibration requirements for the clock, this paper developed energy metering clock fundamental frequency testing and calibration devices. The device can use wireless and non-contact method to test energy meter clock error in the field. With the GPS precision timing, using GPS synchronized measure the amplitude of the voltages on both ends of the secondary circuit in the TV. And using the ratio of the difference between the two voltages and secondary voltage calculate the ratio worse of TV. To gain GPS real-time time scale on both ends of the secondary circuit in the TV respectively when the voltage signal pass zero and gain the difference between them to calculate angle difference. According to TV voltage transformer secondary circuit voltage vector, calculate the voltage transformer secondary circuit voltage drop.
(2) Under the Hunan Electric Power Corporation and Electric Power Test Research Institute's works of harmonic test, from the theoretical point analyzed the principle of harmonics from harmonic source users. Proposed interpolation FFT harmonic power measurement algorithm based on Blackman window, using FFT butterfly sequence iteration formula compute power supply system grid parameters. Proposed identification method about the presence of harmonic source in the consolidated loads, and the measurement model that can add up harmonic energy based on harmonic characteristics and load flow direction, respectively, according to the national standards and the power industry regulations. Developed a kind of Multi-function, small size, friendly interface of harmonic energy measurement and online monitoring devices with harmonic source load adaptive features.
(3) According to the requirement of calibration about the electric energy meter^ the second side pressure drop of potential transformer, the potential transformer and current transformer, and etc in the technical administrative code of electric energy metering DL/T448-2000, analysis the weakness of the traditional field calibration way. Through analysis the experience summary of years field work and according to the practical application of the electric energy meter, "master meter comparation" is proposed to calibrate the error of the electric energy meter in field. Developing the field devices which the electric energy measurement realize remote monitoring and calibrating. Meanwhile the master station about management information system is developed by using network database technology.
(4) According to the test code of transformer second side load and admittance, the method that achieve measuring the secondary circuit load and admittance of the potential transformer and current transformer online which using the remote monitoring and calibrating system in the electric energy metering device is introduced. Analysis the main factor that which influences the impedance and admittance of the secondary circuit, pointing out several statuses that causes the changes of the impedance and admittance of the transformer. Through observing numerical value and phase angle change in a period of time to judge the failure source. On this basis, the method of measure in different frequency about inject harmonic components is proposed in this paper, based on which the online test method of the impedance and admittance of the secondary load is deduced in the paper.
(5) The document analyzed the traditional transformer model of error on-site checking and testing, It is pointed out the transformer on-site calibration of the defects and shortcomings; The document also analyzed the technical principles of "low-proofing to high" of the current transformer and voltage transformer, It is proposed a method of real-time and on-site calibration on transformer error in the measurement device in a remote calibration and monitoring system.
(6) The document described hardware implementations of remote test and monitoring system of measurement equipment, including system structure, communication networks, lower computer display and monitoring and so on. It analyzed needs of the main master station software of the system and complete the system design of the database
(7) Take national measurement specifications JJF1059-1999 "Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" as the basis, It is analyzed and evaluated uncertainty of online monitoring of energy measurement devices and remote calibration system of measuring, The system can be used as the field testing standards onⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲclass of energy metering device from the field test data and theoretical analysis.
This study has a high theoretical significance and it provides a practical, efficient and reliable tools and methods for him modernization of electric energy metering management technology. It is pointed out the change proposes about administrative procedures to make it more scientific, reasonable and applicable according to the technological progress of fields on measurement.
另一方面,电能计量技术管理却面临着新的形势,凸显了一些新的技术难题,如：电网规模正在不断扩大,交易电量和电能计量装置越来越多,要求在有限的人力条件下实现规范化的技术管理；多费率分时段电价政策的贯彻执行,要求电能表的时钟具有更高的准确度；电力电子相关技术的大量推广运用,非线性负荷与日俱增,电网的谐波污染日益加重,谐波对电能计量的影响及其应对措施有待进一步分析研究；目前普遍采用的传统人工现场校验模式的工作效率低,不能对装置进行实时监测和故障及时预警、报告,难以有效控制计量故障的发生和减少差错电量。
针对以上情况,本文主要进行了以下几个方面的分析研究工作：利用GPS技术、谐波测量理论、注入式谐波的异频测试方法、低校高等效电路法等测量相关技术,结合电力线载波技术、GPRS/PSTN通信技术,完成了基于GPS技术的电能表时钟校准和电压互感器二次压降测量、基于加窗插值FFT的谐波电能测量、基于标准表比较法的电能表误差在线监测与远程校准、基于电压互感器二次负荷基准值的二次负荷测试、基于注入式高频谐波的电流互感器二次导纳的异频法测试、基于等效阻抗测量的电压／电流互感器低校高校验方法并在此基础上提出了电压／电流互感器(TV/TA)的现场实时校准方法；对上述各种测量方法进行了误差分析和不确定度评定。
本文系统地研究了可应用于国内电网的电能计量装置在线监测与远程校准技术,其主要贡献有：
(1)基于GPS技术,根据多费率、多功能电能表时钟的校准要求,开发了基于GPS同步时钟的电能计量时钟基频测试与校准装置,该装置可采用无线非接触方式现场测试电能表的时钟误差；应用GPS的精确授时,在TV的二次回路两端分别利用GPS同步测量电压的幅值,采用两者之差与二次电压之比计算出TV的比差；在TV的二次回路两端,分别于电压信号的过零时刻获取GPS实时时标,获取两者之差计算角差,根据电压互感器TV的二次回路电压向量图,计算电压互感器二次回路压降。
(2)根据湖南省电力公司和电力试验研究院的谐波测试工作,从理论角度分析了谐波源用户的谐波原理,提出了基于Blackman窗的插值FFT谐波电能测量算法,采用复序列FFT蝶式迭代算式,计算供电系统电网参数；提出了综合负荷中是否含有谐波源的识别方法,并依据国家标准和电力行业规程,可按谐波特性和潮流方向分别累计谐波电能的计量模式。研制了一种具有适应谐波源负荷特点,功能多、体积小和界面友好的谐波电能计量与在线监测装置。
(3)依据DL/T448-2000《电能计装置技术管理规程》对电能表、电压互感器二次压降、电压/电流互感器等提出的校验要求,分析了传统的现场校验方式的缺点,通过多年现场工作经验的总结,依据关口电能表的应用实际,提出“标准表比较法”现场校验电能表的误差,研制了电能计量远程监测与校验现场装置,并采用网络数据库技术开发了主站管理信息系统。
(4)根据互感器二次负荷/导纳的测试原理,介绍了在电能计量装置远程校准与监测系统中实现对电压/电流互感器的二次回路负荷/导纳在线测量的方法；分析了影响二次回路阻抗(导纳)大小的主要因素,指出了引起互感器二次回路阻抗/导纳变化的几种状况,通过观测一段时间内数值及相角的变化情况来实现定性判断故障来源。在此基础上,本文还提出了注入谐波分量的异频测试法,并推导了在异频测试法下,二次负荷阻抗、导纳的在线测试方法。
(5)分析了传统互感器现场误差校验及其测试模型,指出了互感器现场校准的缺陷与不足；分析了电流互感器和电压互感器“低校高”的技术原理,提出了在计量装置远程校准与监测系统中实现对互感器误差的现场实时校准方法。
(6)阐述了计量装置远程校准与监测系统的硬件实现方式,包括系统构成、通信网络、下位机显示与监测等；分析了系统主站软件的需求,完成了数据库的系统设计
(7)以国家计量技术规范JJF1059-1999《测量不确定度评定与表示》为依据,对电能计量装置在线监测与远程校准系统中各种测量的不确定度进行了分析评定,从现场测试数据和理论分析表明,本系统可以作为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ类电能计量装置的现场检测标准。
本文的研究具有较高的理论意义,并为电能计量管理技术的现代化提供了一种实用、高效、可靠的工具和手段。并根据计量相关领域的技术进步,提出了有关管理规程的修改建议,以使其更加科学、合理、适用。
With the reform of electrical enterprise that power plant separates from power grid step by step, power plants and electricity customers pay close attention to energy metering devices. Power enterprises attach more and more importance to the assessment of economic benefit. The core is to ensure the accuracy and reliability of energy measurement in trade settlement process, as a result, the technical management of energy metering device becomes more and more important.
On the other hand, energy metering technology management faces a new situation, and highlights several new technical problems, such as:network size is growing; trading power and energy measurement devices are increasing; which requires standardized technology management under the conditions of limited manpower; implementation of multi-rate sub-period tariff policy requires clock of the electric energy meter owns a higher accuracy; numerously promotion of power electronics related technology, the increasing of nonlinear loads as harmonic pollution, the impact of harmonics on power measurement and analysis of response measures needs further study; now widely used traditional manual field calibration mode efficiency is low, which can not carry out real-time monitoring and fault warning. It is difficult to effectively control measures fault and reduce errors power.
For the above, this article has mainly carried on the following several aspect analytical study work:Using the GPS technology, Harmonic measure theory, Different frequency harmonic injection test method, low high school equivalent circuit method and other measurement related technologies, with power line carrier technology, GPRS/PSTN communication technology. GPS technology is completed based on the clock power meter calibration and measurement of the voltage transformer secondary voltage drop. Based on add window interpolation FFT harmonic electricity measurement, standard table comparison test electrical energy table error online monitor, long-distance calibration, the second load voltage transformer secondary stress test, the current injection transformer secondary high-frequency harmonics of different frequency admittance method test. As while based on the proposed the voltage/current transformer, the equivalent impedance survey's voltage/current transformer low school high verification method (TV/TA) on the spot the real-time calibration method. This paper has carried on the error analysis and the uncertainty evaluation to the above each measuring technique.
This article researched power metering device on line monitoring and remote calibration techniques can be applied to the domestic electricity grid systematically. The main contributions are as follows:
(1) Based on GPS technology and according to multi-rate, multi-function power meter calibration requirements for the clock, this paper developed energy metering clock fundamental frequency testing and calibration devices. The device can use wireless and non-contact method to test energy meter clock error in the field. With the GPS precision timing, using GPS synchronized measure the amplitude of the voltages on both ends of the secondary circuit in the TV. And using the ratio of the difference between the two voltages and secondary voltage calculate the ratio worse of TV. To gain GPS real-time time scale on both ends of the secondary circuit in the TV respectively when the voltage signal pass zero and gain the difference between them to calculate angle difference. According to TV voltage transformer secondary circuit voltage vector, calculate the voltage transformer secondary circuit voltage drop.
(2) Under the Hunan Electric Power Corporation and Electric Power Test Research Institute's works of harmonic test, from the theoretical point analyzed the principle of harmonics from harmonic source users. Proposed interpolation FFT harmonic power measurement algorithm based on Blackman window, using FFT butterfly sequence iteration formula compute power supply system grid parameters. Proposed identification method about the presence of harmonic source in the consolidated loads, and the measurement model that can add up harmonic energy based on harmonic characteristics and load flow direction, respectively, according to the national standards and the power industry regulations. Developed a kind of Multi-function, small size, friendly interface of harmonic energy measurement and online monitoring devices with harmonic source load adaptive features.
(3) According to the requirement of calibration about the electric energy meter^ the second side pressure drop of potential transformer, the potential transformer and current transformer, and etc in the technical administrative code of electric energy metering DL/T448-2000, analysis the weakness of the traditional field calibration way. Through analysis the experience summary of years field work and according to the practical application of the electric energy meter, "master meter comparation" is proposed to calibrate the error of the electric energy meter in field. Developing the field devices which the electric energy measurement realize remote monitoring and calibrating. Meanwhile the master station about management information system is developed by using network database technology.
(4) According to the test code of transformer second side load and admittance, the method that achieve measuring the secondary circuit load and admittance of the potential transformer and current transformer online which using the remote monitoring and calibrating system in the electric energy metering device is introduced. Analysis the main factor that which influences the impedance and admittance of the secondary circuit, pointing out several statuses that causes the changes of the impedance and admittance of the transformer. Through observing numerical value and phase angle change in a period of time to judge the failure source. On this basis, the method of measure in different frequency about inject harmonic components is proposed in this paper, based on which the online test method of the impedance and admittance of the secondary load is deduced in the paper.
(5) The document analyzed the traditional transformer model of error on-site checking and testing, It is pointed out the transformer on-site calibration of the defects and shortcomings; The document also analyzed the technical principles of "low-proofing to high" of the current transformer and voltage transformer, It is proposed a method of real-time and on-site calibration on transformer error in the measurement device in a remote calibration and monitoring system.
(6) The document described hardware implementations of remote test and monitoring system of measurement equipment, including system structure, communication networks, lower computer display and monitoring and so on. It analyzed needs of the main master station software of the system and complete the system design of the database
(7) Take national measurement specifications JJF1059-1999 "Evaluation and Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" as the basis, It is analyzed and evaluated uncertainty of online monitoring of energy measurement devices and remote calibration system of measuring, The system can be used as the field testing standards onⅠ、Ⅱ、Ⅲclass of energy metering device from the field test data and theoretical analysis.
This study has a high theoretical significance and it provides a practical, efficient and reliable tools and methods for him modernization of electric energy metering management technology. It is pointed out the change proposes about administrative procedures to make it more scientific, reasonable and applicable according to the technological progress of fields on measurement.
引文
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