米波雷达低仰角估计方法研究
|
摘要
米波雷达在反隐身、抗反辐射导弹等方面具有独特的优势，使其近年来受到世界各国的普遍重视。但由于米波波长较长，受雷达天线尺寸的限制，米波雷达天线主瓣波束较宽，角分辨率差。在探测低仰角目标时，米波雷达接收信号中除了直接从目标反射回来的信号外，还有从地（海）表面产生的镜面反射和漫反射等多径信号。多径效应会影响米波雷达对低空目标的仰角测量精度，进而造成对目标的定位与跟踪性能下降，严重时甚至会丢失目标。目前，虽然很多学者对雷达低仰角估计技术进行了深入细致的研究，也取得了一些突破和成果，然而还有许多技术问题没有得到完全解决。如何有效提高米波雷达在低仰角区的测角精度至今仍然是雷达界的一个难题。
本文在前人工作的基础上，结合承担的科研项目，对基于常规阵列的米波雷达、米波多输入多输出（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output，MIMO）雷达以及基于电磁矢量阵列的米波雷达在低仰角估计中遇到的相关问题，主要从多径信号解相关、降低运算量、改善角度估计精度等方面进行了探讨和研究，具体工作概括如下：
1.分析了米波雷达多径回波模型。介绍了多径效应产生的原因；建立了低仰角目标的回波信号模型，回波信号主要包括直达波信号、镜面反射波信号和漫反射波信号；同时，还分析了影响镜面反射系数和漫反射系数的主要因素，包括频率、极化、表面类型、表面粗糙度、地球曲率等。
2.研究了基于子空间的米波雷达低仰角估计方法。基于广义多重信号分类（Multiple Signal Classification，MUSIC）算法，提出了一种目标仰角和多径衰减系数联合估计的算法。该算法在角度搜索过程中，首先通过阵列接收数据的协方差矩阵与搜索角度计算出虚拟的多径衰减系数，然后将其与搜索角度一起构造子空间，当该子空间与噪声子空间正交时，对应的角度即为目标仰角，对应的系数即为真实的多径衰减系数。该方法可以在未知目标角度的情况下，经过一次角度搜索，即可同时估计波达方向和多径衰减系数。利用多径衰减系数可以进一步计算得到镜面反射系数。该算法不损失阵列孔径，且不要求阵列具有特殊结构。
3.研究了时空级联的米波雷达低仰角估计方法。针对现有时空级联最大似然算法运算量较大的问题，提出了一种基于矩阵束的雷达低仰角估计的时空级联算法。该算法先根据已获得的目标距离和速度信息对接收到的信号进行积累，这样每个接收阵元只获得一个样本数，然后利用单样本数的阵列信号矢量构造矩阵束，最后利用广义特征值分解的总体最小二乘法直接求解目标的仰角。该算法可以有效地克服多径效应，不需要估计协方差矩阵，避免了角度搜索，运算量小。
4.研究了存在互耦误差下的米波雷达低仰角估计的校正方法。针对实际阵列中互耦误差的存在严重恶化超分辨算法估计性能的问题，建立了存在互耦情况下的米波雷达低仰角目标的回波信号模型，并提出了一种互耦条件下米波雷达波达方向估计的自校正算法。该算法利用均匀线阵互耦矩阵为Toeplitz矩阵的特点，对接收数据协方差矩阵的信号参数形式进行变换，并基于子空间原理获得目标波达方向估计的角度搜索函数。另外，利用该算法还可以同时计算出与目标相对应的镜面反射系数和阵列的互耦矩阵。与同类校正算法相比，在存在多径相干信号和未知互耦矩阵的情况下，该算法不损失阵列孔径，不需要辅助阵元和校准源，也不需要高维搜索和迭代运算。
5.研究了米波MIMO雷达对低仰角目标的角度估计方法。针对MIMO雷达在低仰角估计中运算量大的问题，提出了基于波束空间预处理的最大似然算法和广义MUSIC算法。该类算法先后在接收端形成接收波束和“发射波束”，进而在波束域中对存在多径下的目标进行角度估计。首先结合米波MIMO雷达低仰角目标的回波特点，建立了同时考虑发射多径和接收多径的信号模型。其次，提出了基于波束空间的米波MIMO雷达角度估计的最大似然算法。然后，推导了存在多径下MIMO雷达低仰角估计的克拉美·罗界。最后，为了进一步降低运算量，提出了基于波束空间的米波MIMO雷达角度估计的广义MUSIC算法。基于波束空间预处理的算法在保持米波MIMO雷达阵元空间处理的角度估计精度的基础上，大大减少了运算量。
6.研究了基于电磁矢量阵列的米波雷达低仰角估计方法。首先，建立了电磁矢量阵列的接收信号模型。然后，提出了一种利用电磁矢量阵列估计相干信号波达方向和极化参数的方法。该方法利用回波数据构造一个二阶统计矩阵，并用其奇异值分解后的结果构造矩阵束，从而得到目标的仰角，同时还可以估计信号的坡印廷矢量，从而计算得到目标的方位角、极化参数和解仰角估计模糊。该方法在采用一维线性阵列的情况下，能够估计二维角度，阵元间距可以大于半波长，且不需要角度搜索，运算量小。最后，建立了电磁矢量阵列接收多径信号的模型，并给出所提算法在米波雷达低仰角估计中的应用。该方法可以有效克服多径效应对角度估计的影响。
Since VHF (Very High Frequency) radar has unique advantages in anti-stealth andanti-ARM, it has attracted the world-wide attention in recent years. However, theaperture of VHF radar is limited by the long wavelength, so VHF radar has wide beam,which causes bad angular resolution. Especially when VHF radar detects or trackslow-angle target, the received signal in the mainlobe includes the direct path echo fromthe target directly and the reflection multipath echo which are reflected from the ground(sea) surface．The reflection multipath echo, consisting of specular reflection anddiffuse reflection, will reduce the measurement accuracy of elevation sharply, worsenthe performance of target localization and tracking, and result in losing the target in badcondition. At present, many scholars devoted a considerable amount of research tolow-angle estimation, and have made some breakthroughs and achievements, but thereare many technical problems have not been resolved completely. How to effectivelyimprove the low-angle estimation accuracy in VHF radar is still a problem for radarindustry.
Based on previous work and combined with my research tasks at present，thisdissertation starts in the related issues of low-angle estimation in traditional array VHFradar, VHF MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) radar and electromagneticvector-sensor array VHF radar. And this dissertation aims at the study objectives of lowcomplexity, de-correlation and high estimation accuracy in low-angle estimation. Themain content of this dissertation is summarized as follows.
1. The multipath echo model in VHF radar is analyzed. The causes inducingmultipath reflection are introduced. The echo signal model of low-angle target isconstructed, including direct signal, specular reflection signal and diffuse reflectionsignal. Then, the main factors affecting the surface reflection coefficient and the diffusereflection coefficient are also analyzed, which includes signal frequency, signalpolarization, surface type, surface roughness, earth curvature, etc.
2. The subspace-based low-angle estimation method in VHF radar is researched.Based on generalized MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm, an elevationangle and multipath fading coefficient of the target joint estimation algorithm isproposed in VHF multipath environment. In this algorithm, the virtual multipath fadingcoefficient is derived from the array covariance matrix and search angles, then asubspace is formed by this coefficient and search angles. When this subspace isorthogonal to the noise subspace, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) is achieved, and the corresponding coefficient is the real multipath fading coefficient. With the target angleunknown, this algorithm can simultaneously estimate the angle and multipath fadingcoefficient after only one time angle searching. And the surface reflection coefficientcan be achieved by the multipath fading coefficient. While overcoming multipath effectto elevation angle measurement, this method retains antenna aperture, and does notrequire a special antenna array configuration.
3. The temporal-spatial sequential low-angle estimation method in VHF radar isresearched. Since most of the existing algorithms did not make full use of theinformation which can be obtained by radar and the existing temporal-spatial sequentialmaximum likelihood algorithm has large computational burden, a fast algorithm forlow-angle estimation in multipath environments for VHF radar via matrix pencil isproposed. First, by utilizing the information of range and velocity, which has beenachieved, the received data is integrated to form a single sample of the array signalvector. Then, a matrix pencil is constructed by the vector. Finally, the generalizedeigen-decomposition is employed to estimate the DOA directly. While overcomingmultipath effect, this method avoids the spectrum peak searching and reduces thecomputational burden.
4. Low-angle estimation in the presence of multipath effect and mutual couplingerror in VHF radar is researched. The performance of antenna arrays is strongly affectedby mutual coupling, and ignoring its effect can seriously degrade the performance ofDOA estimation algorithms. So the signal model is constructed in the presence ofmultipath effect and mutual coupling, and an auto-calibration DOA algorithm in VHFradar is proposed. In the presented algorithm, based on the characteristic of the mutualcoupling matrix for uniform linear array, the form of the signal parameters in thereceived data covariance matrix is transformed. Without any previous mutual couplingcalibration information, a subspace-based method is applied to estimate the target angle,and simultaneously the surface reflection coefficients and mutual coupling matrix canbe achieved. Compared with many existing array calibration methods, the proposedalgorithm retains antenna aperture and avoids iterative processing under multipath andunknown mutual coupling. Furthermore, it requires neither the presence of calibrationsources nor previous calibration elements.
5. Low-angle estimation in VHF MIMO radar is researched. To reduce thecomputational burden and retain estimation precision, beam-space maximum likelihoodalgorithm and beam-space generalized MUSIC algorithm are developed. In thebeam-space pre-processing method, the receiving beams and "transmitting beams" are formed at the receiving side, and the target angle is estimated in beam space. Firstly, themultipath signal model for MIMO radar is constructed with both transmitted multipathand received multipath signals being considered. Secondly, the proposed beam-spacemaximum likelihood algorithm is presented to estimate the target angle in multipathenvironment. Thirdly, the CRB (Cramer-Rao Bound) of low-angle estimation in MIMOradar is derived. Finally, to reduce the computational burden further, a modifiedgeneralized MUSIC algorithm is developed for low-angle estimation after beam-spacepre-processing. Compared with the element-space processing, the proposed method hasnearly the same estimation precision and owns lower computational burden.
6. Low-angle estimation in VHF radar using vector-sensor array is researched.Firstly, the receiving signal model of vector-sensor array is constructed. Secondly, atwo-dimensional DOA and polarization estimation algorithm for coherent sources usinga linear vector-sensor array is presented. In this algorithm, a second-order statisticsmatrix is defined by the receiving data. Matrix pencil is achieved by the singular valuedecomposition of the second-order statistics matrix, and then the target elevation isestimated. Simultaneously, signal Poynting vector can be achieved by using a vectorcross-product estimator. And then target azimuth and polarization parameter can becomputed directly. If the element interval space is larger than a half-wavelength, thetarget elevation estimation can be disambiguated. The proposed algorithm owns lowcomputational complexity for avoiding angle searching, and it achieves two-dimensionangle and polarization parameter by using a linear vector-sensor array withoutparameter pairing operation. Finally, the multipath signal model of vector-sensor arrayis constructed, and the proposed algorithm is applied in low-angle estimation．Withoutangle searching, the presented method can effectively eliminate multipath effect.
本文在前人工作的基础上，结合承担的科研项目，对基于常规阵列的米波雷达、米波多输入多输出（Multiple-Input Multiple-Output，MIMO）雷达以及基于电磁矢量阵列的米波雷达在低仰角估计中遇到的相关问题，主要从多径信号解相关、降低运算量、改善角度估计精度等方面进行了探讨和研究，具体工作概括如下：
1.分析了米波雷达多径回波模型。介绍了多径效应产生的原因；建立了低仰角目标的回波信号模型，回波信号主要包括直达波信号、镜面反射波信号和漫反射波信号；同时，还分析了影响镜面反射系数和漫反射系数的主要因素，包括频率、极化、表面类型、表面粗糙度、地球曲率等。
2.研究了基于子空间的米波雷达低仰角估计方法。基于广义多重信号分类（Multiple Signal Classification，MUSIC）算法，提出了一种目标仰角和多径衰减系数联合估计的算法。该算法在角度搜索过程中，首先通过阵列接收数据的协方差矩阵与搜索角度计算出虚拟的多径衰减系数，然后将其与搜索角度一起构造子空间，当该子空间与噪声子空间正交时，对应的角度即为目标仰角，对应的系数即为真实的多径衰减系数。该方法可以在未知目标角度的情况下，经过一次角度搜索，即可同时估计波达方向和多径衰减系数。利用多径衰减系数可以进一步计算得到镜面反射系数。该算法不损失阵列孔径，且不要求阵列具有特殊结构。
3.研究了时空级联的米波雷达低仰角估计方法。针对现有时空级联最大似然算法运算量较大的问题，提出了一种基于矩阵束的雷达低仰角估计的时空级联算法。该算法先根据已获得的目标距离和速度信息对接收到的信号进行积累，这样每个接收阵元只获得一个样本数，然后利用单样本数的阵列信号矢量构造矩阵束，最后利用广义特征值分解的总体最小二乘法直接求解目标的仰角。该算法可以有效地克服多径效应，不需要估计协方差矩阵，避免了角度搜索，运算量小。
4.研究了存在互耦误差下的米波雷达低仰角估计的校正方法。针对实际阵列中互耦误差的存在严重恶化超分辨算法估计性能的问题，建立了存在互耦情况下的米波雷达低仰角目标的回波信号模型，并提出了一种互耦条件下米波雷达波达方向估计的自校正算法。该算法利用均匀线阵互耦矩阵为Toeplitz矩阵的特点，对接收数据协方差矩阵的信号参数形式进行变换，并基于子空间原理获得目标波达方向估计的角度搜索函数。另外，利用该算法还可以同时计算出与目标相对应的镜面反射系数和阵列的互耦矩阵。与同类校正算法相比，在存在多径相干信号和未知互耦矩阵的情况下，该算法不损失阵列孔径，不需要辅助阵元和校准源，也不需要高维搜索和迭代运算。
5.研究了米波MIMO雷达对低仰角目标的角度估计方法。针对MIMO雷达在低仰角估计中运算量大的问题，提出了基于波束空间预处理的最大似然算法和广义MUSIC算法。该类算法先后在接收端形成接收波束和“发射波束”，进而在波束域中对存在多径下的目标进行角度估计。首先结合米波MIMO雷达低仰角目标的回波特点，建立了同时考虑发射多径和接收多径的信号模型。其次，提出了基于波束空间的米波MIMO雷达角度估计的最大似然算法。然后，推导了存在多径下MIMO雷达低仰角估计的克拉美·罗界。最后，为了进一步降低运算量，提出了基于波束空间的米波MIMO雷达角度估计的广义MUSIC算法。基于波束空间预处理的算法在保持米波MIMO雷达阵元空间处理的角度估计精度的基础上，大大减少了运算量。
6.研究了基于电磁矢量阵列的米波雷达低仰角估计方法。首先，建立了电磁矢量阵列的接收信号模型。然后，提出了一种利用电磁矢量阵列估计相干信号波达方向和极化参数的方法。该方法利用回波数据构造一个二阶统计矩阵，并用其奇异值分解后的结果构造矩阵束，从而得到目标的仰角，同时还可以估计信号的坡印廷矢量，从而计算得到目标的方位角、极化参数和解仰角估计模糊。该方法在采用一维线性阵列的情况下，能够估计二维角度，阵元间距可以大于半波长，且不需要角度搜索，运算量小。最后，建立了电磁矢量阵列接收多径信号的模型，并给出所提算法在米波雷达低仰角估计中的应用。该方法可以有效克服多径效应对角度估计的影响。
Since VHF (Very High Frequency) radar has unique advantages in anti-stealth andanti-ARM, it has attracted the world-wide attention in recent years. However, theaperture of VHF radar is limited by the long wavelength, so VHF radar has wide beam,which causes bad angular resolution. Especially when VHF radar detects or trackslow-angle target, the received signal in the mainlobe includes the direct path echo fromthe target directly and the reflection multipath echo which are reflected from the ground(sea) surface．The reflection multipath echo, consisting of specular reflection anddiffuse reflection, will reduce the measurement accuracy of elevation sharply, worsenthe performance of target localization and tracking, and result in losing the target in badcondition. At present, many scholars devoted a considerable amount of research tolow-angle estimation, and have made some breakthroughs and achievements, but thereare many technical problems have not been resolved completely. How to effectivelyimprove the low-angle estimation accuracy in VHF radar is still a problem for radarindustry.
Based on previous work and combined with my research tasks at present，thisdissertation starts in the related issues of low-angle estimation in traditional array VHFradar, VHF MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) radar and electromagneticvector-sensor array VHF radar. And this dissertation aims at the study objectives of lowcomplexity, de-correlation and high estimation accuracy in low-angle estimation. Themain content of this dissertation is summarized as follows.
1. The multipath echo model in VHF radar is analyzed. The causes inducingmultipath reflection are introduced. The echo signal model of low-angle target isconstructed, including direct signal, specular reflection signal and diffuse reflectionsignal. Then, the main factors affecting the surface reflection coefficient and the diffusereflection coefficient are also analyzed, which includes signal frequency, signalpolarization, surface type, surface roughness, earth curvature, etc.
2. The subspace-based low-angle estimation method in VHF radar is researched.Based on generalized MUSIC (Multiple Signal Classification) algorithm, an elevationangle and multipath fading coefficient of the target joint estimation algorithm isproposed in VHF multipath environment. In this algorithm, the virtual multipath fadingcoefficient is derived from the array covariance matrix and search angles, then asubspace is formed by this coefficient and search angles. When this subspace isorthogonal to the noise subspace, the direction-of-arrival (DOA) is achieved, and the corresponding coefficient is the real multipath fading coefficient. With the target angleunknown, this algorithm can simultaneously estimate the angle and multipath fadingcoefficient after only one time angle searching. And the surface reflection coefficientcan be achieved by the multipath fading coefficient. While overcoming multipath effectto elevation angle measurement, this method retains antenna aperture, and does notrequire a special antenna array configuration.
3. The temporal-spatial sequential low-angle estimation method in VHF radar isresearched. Since most of the existing algorithms did not make full use of theinformation which can be obtained by radar and the existing temporal-spatial sequentialmaximum likelihood algorithm has large computational burden, a fast algorithm forlow-angle estimation in multipath environments for VHF radar via matrix pencil isproposed. First, by utilizing the information of range and velocity, which has beenachieved, the received data is integrated to form a single sample of the array signalvector. Then, a matrix pencil is constructed by the vector. Finally, the generalizedeigen-decomposition is employed to estimate the DOA directly. While overcomingmultipath effect, this method avoids the spectrum peak searching and reduces thecomputational burden.
4. Low-angle estimation in the presence of multipath effect and mutual couplingerror in VHF radar is researched. The performance of antenna arrays is strongly affectedby mutual coupling, and ignoring its effect can seriously degrade the performance ofDOA estimation algorithms. So the signal model is constructed in the presence ofmultipath effect and mutual coupling, and an auto-calibration DOA algorithm in VHFradar is proposed. In the presented algorithm, based on the characteristic of the mutualcoupling matrix for uniform linear array, the form of the signal parameters in thereceived data covariance matrix is transformed. Without any previous mutual couplingcalibration information, a subspace-based method is applied to estimate the target angle,and simultaneously the surface reflection coefficients and mutual coupling matrix canbe achieved. Compared with many existing array calibration methods, the proposedalgorithm retains antenna aperture and avoids iterative processing under multipath andunknown mutual coupling. Furthermore, it requires neither the presence of calibrationsources nor previous calibration elements.
5. Low-angle estimation in VHF MIMO radar is researched. To reduce thecomputational burden and retain estimation precision, beam-space maximum likelihoodalgorithm and beam-space generalized MUSIC algorithm are developed. In thebeam-space pre-processing method, the receiving beams and "transmitting beams" are formed at the receiving side, and the target angle is estimated in beam space. Firstly, themultipath signal model for MIMO radar is constructed with both transmitted multipathand received multipath signals being considered. Secondly, the proposed beam-spacemaximum likelihood algorithm is presented to estimate the target angle in multipathenvironment. Thirdly, the CRB (Cramer-Rao Bound) of low-angle estimation in MIMOradar is derived. Finally, to reduce the computational burden further, a modifiedgeneralized MUSIC algorithm is developed for low-angle estimation after beam-spacepre-processing. Compared with the element-space processing, the proposed method hasnearly the same estimation precision and owns lower computational burden.
6. Low-angle estimation in VHF radar using vector-sensor array is researched.Firstly, the receiving signal model of vector-sensor array is constructed. Secondly, atwo-dimensional DOA and polarization estimation algorithm for coherent sources usinga linear vector-sensor array is presented. In this algorithm, a second-order statisticsmatrix is defined by the receiving data. Matrix pencil is achieved by the singular valuedecomposition of the second-order statistics matrix, and then the target elevation isestimated. Simultaneously, signal Poynting vector can be achieved by using a vectorcross-product estimator. And then target azimuth and polarization parameter can becomputed directly. If the element interval space is larger than a half-wavelength, thetarget elevation estimation can be disambiguated. The proposed algorithm owns lowcomputational complexity for avoiding angle searching, and it achieves two-dimensionangle and polarization parameter by using a linear vector-sensor array withoutparameter pairing operation. Finally, the multipath signal model of vector-sensor arrayis constructed, and the proposed algorithm is applied in low-angle estimation．Withoutangle searching, the presented method can effectively eliminate multipath effect.
引文
[1]陶弗毓.现代米波雷达介绍[J].地面防空武器,2002,4:34-38.
[2]张峥嵘.米波雷达的进展[J].电光系统,2001,31:14-16.
[3]万山虎,丁建江.提高米波雷达“四抗”性能的关键技术[J].中国雷达,1998,2:1-4.
[4]吴向东.米波雷达低仰角测高算法及相关技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[5]董玫.米波雷达测高算法及应用研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[6]陈迪.米波雷达低仰角目标测角建模与处理方法研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文,2009.
[7]杨雪亚.米波雷达阵列超分辨和测高方法研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2011.
[8]陈长兴,巩林玉,班斐等.米波谐振雷达反隐身技术研究[J].舰船电子对抗,2009,32(4):34-37.
[9]赵小华,渠亮.雷达反隐身技术的浅析[J].现代雷达,2007,29(3):17-18.
[10] Skolnik M I.雷达系统导论(第三版).左群声,徐国良,马林等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[11] Barton D K. Low-angle radar tracking[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1974,62(6):587-704.
[12] White W D. Low-angle radar tracking in the presence of multipath[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1974,10(6):835-852.
[13] Mrstik A V and Smith P G. Multipath limitations on low-angle radar tracking[J].IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1978,14(1):85-102.
[14]古奥.英雄重生米波三坐标雷达的发展现状.现代兵器,2009,4:50-51.
[15] http://tieba.baidu.com/p/1277985119
[16] A Zachepitsky. VHF (metric band) radars from Nizhny Novgorod ResearchRadiotechnical Institute[J]. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine,2000,15(6):9-14.
[17] J Dorey, G Gamier, G Auvray. RIAS，synthetic impulse and antenna radar[C].Proceedings of International Conference on Radar, Paris,1989,3:556-562.
[18] Luce A S, Molina H, Muller D, et al. Experimental results on RIAS digitalbeamforming radar[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Radar, London,1992:505-510.
[19]沈齐,潘健,高梅国等.米波圆接收阵雷达[J].现代雷达,2005,27(11):16-23.
[20]张庆文,保铮,张玉洪.综合脉冲和天线雷达时空的三维匹配滤波及性能分析[J].电子科学学刊.1994,16(5):481-489.
[21]保铮,张庆文.一种新型的米波雷达——综合脉冲与孔径雷达[J].现代雷达,1995,17(1):1-13.
[22]张庆文.综合脉冲与孔径雷达系统性能分析与研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士论文,1994.
[23]陈伯孝. SIAR四维跟踪及其长相干积累等技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士论文,1997.
[24]赵永波,张守宏,杨克虎.一种降低SIAR方向图旁瓣电平的新方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,1999,26(4):440-443.
[25]赵永波,刘茂仓,张守宏.综合脉冲与孔径雷达的距离与方向耦合栅瓣现象及其克服方法[J].电子与信息学报,2001,23(4):360-364.
[26]陆鹏程,徐海州,徐晋等.稀布阵综合脉冲孔径雷达阵列优化[J].雷达科学与技术,2008,6(4):243-246.
[27]赵永波,水鹏朗,刘宏伟等.基于线性调频信号的综合脉冲与孔径雷达波形设计方法[J].电子学报,2010,38(9):2076-2082.
[28] Abramovich Y I, Gorokhov A Y, Spencer N K. Convergence analysis ofstochastically-constrained spatial and spatio-temporal adaptive processing forhot-clutter mitigation[C]. Information, Decision and Control1999,1999:61-64.
[29] Bisiaux A, Lemur D, Bertel L. Source separation with collocated antennas:application to digital communications in HF[C]. Eleventh InternationalConference on Antennas and Propagation,2001:17-20.
[30] Howard D D, Sherman S M, Thomson D N, at el. Experimental Results of theComplex Indicated Angle Techique for Multipath Correction[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1974,10(6):779-787.
[31] Sherman S M. Complex indicated angles applied to unresolved radar targets andmultipath[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1971(7):160-170.
[32] Rothwell E J, Chen K M, Nyquist D P, et al. Target detection and identificationusing a stepped-frequency ultra-wideband radar[C]. Proceedings of theInternational Society for Optical Engineering, Denver, CO, USA,1996:26-36.
[33] Letva J. Use of highly deterministic model in signal bearing estimation[J].Electronics letters,1989,25(5):346-348.
[34] Lo T, Litva J. Use of a highly deterministic multipath signal model in low-angletracking[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1991,138(52):136-171.
[35] Lo T, Litva J. Low-angle tracking using a multifrequency sampled apertureradar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1991,27(5):797-805.
[36] Cedervall M, Moses R L. Efficient maximum likelihood DOA estimation forsignals with known waveforms in the presence of multipath[J]. IEEE Transactionson Signal Processing,1997,45(3):808-812.
[37] Bosse E, Turner R M, Brookes D. Improved radar tracking using a multipathmodel maximum likelihood compared with eigenvector analysis[J]. IEEProceedings-Radar, sonar and Navigation,1994,141(4):213-222.
[38] Yu K–B. Recursive super-resolution algorithm for low-elevation target angletracking in multipath[J]. IEE Proceedings-Radar, sonar and Navigation,1994,141(4):223-229.
[39] Zhao Yongbo, Zhang Shouhong. A new simplified temporal-spatial maximumlikelihood algorithm for DOA estimation [C].6th International Conference onSignal Processing,2002, vol.1:174-177.
[40] Djeddou M, Belouchrani A, Aouada S. Maximum likelihood angle-frequencyestimation in partially known correlated noise for low-elevation targets[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,2005,53(8):3057-3064.
[41] Bosse E, Turner R M, Riseborough E S. Model-based multifrequency array signalprocessing for low angle tracking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,1995,31(1):194-210.
[42] Cantrell, B H, Gordon W B, Trunk G. V. Maximum likelihood elevation angleestimates of radar targets using subapertures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospaceand Electronic Systems,1981,17(2):213-221.
[43] Zoltowski M D, Lee T S. Maximum likelihood based sensor array signalprocessing in the beamspace domain for low angle radar tracking[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,1991,39(3):656-671.
[44] Dayan Rahamim, Joseph Tabrikian, Reuven Shavit. Source localization usingvector sensor array in a multipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2004,52(11):3096-3103.
[45] Kwak H, Yang E, Chun J. Vector sensor arrays in DOA estimation for the lowangle tracking[C]. Proceedings of International Waveform Diversity and DesignConference,2007:183-187.
[46] Madurasinghe D. Direction finding in multipath environment using method ofalternating projection[J]. Electronics letters,1991,27(15):1326-1327.
[47] Williams R T, Prasad S, Mahalanabis A K, Sibul L H. An improved spatialsmoothing technique for bearing estimation in a multipath environment[J]. IEEETransactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,1988,36(4):425-432.
[48] Ray K P, Kulkarni R K, Kasyap Ramkrishnan B. DOA estimation in a multipathenvironment using covariance differencing and iterative Forward and Backwardspatial smoothing[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Microwave,2008:794-796.
[49] Takao K, Kikuma N, Yano T. Toeplitzization of correlation matrix in multipathenvironment[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics, Speechand Signal Processing,1986:1873-1876.
[50] Reilly J, Litva J, Bauman P. New angle-of-arrival estimator: comparativeevaluation applied to the low-angle tracking radar problem[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1988,135(5):408-420.
[51] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[52] Kaneko K, Sano A. Music-like iterative DOA estimation in multipathenvironments[C]. Proceedings of5th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel SignalProcessing Workshop,2008:212-215.
[53] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Al-Mualla. Computationallyefficient DOA estimation in a multipath environment using covariancedifferencing and iterative spatial smoothing[C]. Proceedings of IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems,2005, Vol.4:3805-3808.
[54] Lo T, Leung H, Litva J. Low-angle radar tracking in a naval environment usingaforward-backward nonlinear prediction method[J]. IEEE Journal of OceanicEngineering,1994,19(3):468-475.
[55] Lo T, Wong T, Litva J. New Technique for Low-angle Radar Tracking[J].Electronics letters,1991,27(6):529-531.
[56] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[57] Tuncer T E, Yasar T K, Friedlander B. Partly-filled nonuniform linear arrays forDOA estimation in multipath signals[C]. Proceedings of International Conferenceon Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,2007: II-1053-II-1056.
[58] Jen King Jao. A matched array beamforming technique for low angle radartracking in multipath[C]. Proceedings of the1994IEEE National RadarConference,1994:171-176.
[59] Fuchs J–J. On the use of the global matched filter for DOA estimation in thepresence of correlated waveforms[C]. Proceedings of42nd Asilomar Conferenceon Signals, Systems and Computers,2008:269-273.
[60] Wong T, Lo T, Leung H, et al. Low-angle radar tracking using radial basis functionneural network[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1993,140(5):323-328.
[61]范志杰,尚社.一种用于低空目标探测与跟踪的新方法[J].雷达科学与技术,2004,2(3):153-157.
[62]董玫,张守宏,吴向东.距离高分辨测高技术[J].火控雷达技术,2006,35(1):10-14.
[63]盛景泰.米波雷达多径测高技术[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2008,3(5):510-514.
[64]杨克虎,保铮.多频应用对低角跟踪方向估计性能的改善[J].西安电子科技大学学报,1993,20(4):181-193.
[65]贾永康,保铮.变频状态下利用多普勒信息的超分辨波达方向估计方法[J].现代雷达,1997,19(1):20-28.
[66]张平,张晓华.一种低仰角跟踪的新方法[J].现代雷达,2001,12(6):9-12.
[67]何子述,黎敏,荆玉兰.频率捷变的相控阵雷达目标多径DOA估计算法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2005,27(11):1880-1882.
[68]沈福民.一种适用于常规雷达低角跟踪的改进算法[J].电子科学学刊,1995,17(6):599-606.
[69]张瑜,李玲玲.多径条件下雷达到达角的估算及仿真[J].电波科学学报,2004,19(2):215-218.
[70]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[71]韩芳明,张守宏.用改进的MUSIC算法实现相干多径信号分离[J].系统工程与电子技术,2004,26(6):721-723.
[72]童宁宁,郭艺夺,王光明.米波雷达低角跟踪环境下的修正MUSIC算法[J].现代雷达,2008,30(10):29-32.
[73]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[74]赵光辉,陈伯孝,董玫.基于交替投影的DOA估计方法及其在米波雷达中的应用[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(1):224-227.
[75] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[76]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.利用改进的Toeplitz化技术实现米波雷达低仰角测高[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(3):570-574.
[77]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[78]胡晓琴,陈建文,陈辉等.神经网络用于米波雷达测高[J].空军雷达学院学报,2004,18(3):16-19.
[79]陈建文,王布宏,胡晓琴等.径向基函数神经网络在米波雷达测高中的应用
[C].第九届全国雷达学术年会论文集,2004,307-309.
[80]陈伯孝,胡铁军等.基于波瓣分裂的米波雷达低仰角测高方法及其应用[J].电子学报,2007,35(6):1021-1025.
[81] Baixiao Chen, Guanghui Zhao and Shouhong Zhang. Altitude measurement basedon beam split and frequency diversity in VHF radar[J]. IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2010,46(1):3-13.
[82]徐源,陈伯孝.地形对基于波瓣分裂的米波雷达测高方法的影响[J].雷达科学与技术,2008,6(1):9-14
[83]贾永康,保铮.利用多普勒信息的波达方向最大似然估计方法[J].电子学报,1997,25(6):71-76.
[84]贾永康,保铮.时-空二维信号模型下的波达方向估计方法及其性能分析[J].电子学报,1997,25(9):69-73.
[85]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[86]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[87]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏,董玫.一种MIMO雷达低角跟踪环境下的波达方向估计新方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2008,35(5):793-798.
[88]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[89]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种改进的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(13):4056-4058.
[90]赵光辉,陈伯孝,吴向东,张守宏.基于差分预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子与信息学报,2009,31(2):363-365
[91]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良,等.一种适用于米波雷达低角测高环境的快速算法[J].信号处理,2009,25(5):761-765.
[92] Zhang Y, Ye Z, Liu C. Multipath DOA and fading coefficients estimation usingfourth-order cumulants[C]. Proceedings of9th International Conference on SignalProcessing,2008:374-377.
[93] Zhang Y, Ye Z, Xu X. Estimation of fading coefficients in the present of multipathpropagation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2009,57(7):2220-2224.
[1]吴向东.米波雷达低仰角测高算法及相关技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[2]董玫.米波雷达测高算法及应用研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[3]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[4]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[5] Dayan Rahamim, Joseph Tabrikian, Reuven Shavit. Source localization usingvector sensor array in a multipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2004,52(11):3096-3103.
[6] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[7]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[8]赵光辉,陈伯孝,董玫.基于交替投影的DOA估计方法及其在米波雷达中的应用[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(1):224-227.
[9] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[10] Zhang Y, Ye Z, and Liu C. Estimation of fading coefficients in the present ofmultipath propagation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2009,57(7):2220-2224.
[11] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[12] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, Al-Mualla M E. Al-Mualla. Computationally efficientDOA estimation in a multipath environment using covariance differencing anditerative spatial smoothing[C]. Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium onCircuits and System,2005, vol.4:3805-3808.
[13]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.利用改进的Toeplitz化技术实现米波雷达低仰角测高[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(3):570-574.
[14]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[15] Shan T J, Wax M, and Kailath T. On spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrivalestimation of coherent signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, andSignal Processing,1985,33(4):806-811.
[16] Du W, Kirlin R L. Improved spatial smoothing techniques for DOA estimation ofcoherent signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1991,39(5):1208-1210.
[17] Wang B H, Wang Y L, Chen H. Weighted spatial smoothing fordirection-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals[C]. Proceedings of IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, San Antonio, Texas,2002, vol.2:668–671.
[18] Lo T and Litva J. Low-angle tracking using a multifrequency sampled apertureradar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1991,27(5):797-805.
[19] Lo T and Litva J. Use of a highly deterministic multipath signal model inlow-angle tracking[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1991,138(2):163-171.
[20] Lo T, Wong T, and Litva J. New technique for low-angle radar tracking[J].Electronics Letters,1991,27(6):529-531.
[21] Bosse E, Turner R M, and Brookes D. Improved radar tracking using a multipathmodel: maximum likelihood compared with eigenvector analysis[J]. IEEProceeding-Radar, Sonar, Navigation,1994,141(4):213-222.
[22]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[23]杨雪亚.米波雷达阵列超分辨和测高方法研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2011.
[24] David K B.雷达系统分析与建模[M].南京电子技术研究所译.北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[25] Barton D K. Low-angle Tracking[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1974,62(6):687-704.
[26] Skolnik M I.雷达手册(第二版)[M].王军,林强,米慈中等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003.
[27]焦培南,张忠治.雷达环境与电波传播特性[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[28] Long M W.陆地和海面的雷达波散射特性[M].薛德镛译.北京:科学出版社,1981.
[29] Beard C I, Katz I, Spetner L. Phenomenological vector model of microwavereflection from the ocean[J]. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,1956,4(2):162-167.
[30]董玫,赵永波,张守宏.米波段下海面多径模型研究[J].电子学报,2009,36(6):1373-1377.
[31]杨勇,冯德军,王雪松等.低空雷达导引头海面目标检测性能分析[J].电子与信息学报,2011,33(8):1780-1785.
[32] Skolnik M I.雷达系统导论(第三版).左群声,徐国良,马林等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[33] Ament W S. Toward a theory of reflection by a rough surface [J]. Proceedings ofthe IEEE,1953,41(1):142-146.
[34] Mahafza B R. Radar system analysis and design using MATLAB Second Edition[M]. Chapman&Hall/CRC,2005.
[35] Smith Jr J R, Mirotznik M S. Rough surface scattering models[C]. Proceedings ofIEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, USA,2004,5:3107-3110.
[1]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[2]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种改进的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].系统仿真学报[J],2009,21(13):4056-4058.
[3]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[4] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[5] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, Al-Mualla M E. Al-Mualla. Computationally efficientDOA estimation in a multipath environment using covariance differencing anditerative spatial smoothing[C]. Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium onCircuits and System,2005, vol.4:3805-3808.
[6]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.利用改进的Toeplitz化技术实现米波雷达低仰角测高[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(3):570-574.
[7] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[8]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[9]刘俊,刘峥,刘韵佛.米波雷达仰角和多径衰减系数联合估计算法[J],电子与信息学报,2011,33(1):33-37.
[10]贾永康,保铮.利用多普勒信息的波达方向最大似然估计方法[J].电子学报,1997,25(6):71-76.
[11] Ziskind I, Wax M. Maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources byalternating projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and SignalProcessing,1988,36(10):1553-1560.
[12]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[13]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[14]赵光辉,陈伯孝,董玫.基于交替投影的DOA估计方法及其在米波雷达中的应用[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(1):224-227.
[15] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[16] Hua Y, Sarkar T K. Matrix pencil method and its performance[C]. Proceedings ofInternational Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,1988, Vol.4:2476–2479.
[17] Koh J, Sarkar T K. High resolution DOA estimation using matrix pencil[C].Proceedings of IEEE on Antennas and Propagation Society InternationalSymposium,2004, Vol.1:423-426.
[18] H Ouibrahim, D D Weiner, T K Sarkar. A generalized approach to directionfinding[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Military Communications Conference,5-9Oct.1986, Vol.3:41.4.1-41.4.5.
[19] Hua Y, Sarkar T K. Matrix pencil method for estimating parameters ofexponentially damped/undamped sinusoids in noise[J]. IEEE Transactions onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,1990,38(5):814-824.
[20] Hua Y, Sarkar T K. On SVD for estimating generalized eigenvalues of singularmatrix pencil in noise[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1991,39(4):892-900.
[21] Sarkar T K and Pereira O. Using the matrix pencil method to estimate theparameters of a sum of complex exponentials[J]. IEEE Antennas and PropagationMagazine,1995,37(1):48-54.
[22] Hua Y. Estimating two-dimensional frequencies by matrix enhancement andmatrix pencil[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1992,40(9):2267-2280.
[23] Fernandez del Rio J E, Catedra-Perez M F. The matrix pencil method fortwo-dimensional direction of arrival estimation employing an L-shaped array[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1997,45(11):1693-1694.
[24] Chen F J, Fung C C, Kok C W, Kwong S. Estimation of two-dimensionalfrequencies using modified matrix pencil method[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2007,55(2):718-724.
[25] Yilmazer N, Koh J, and Sarkar T K. Utilization of a unitary transform for efficientcomputation in the matrix pencil method to find the direction of arrival[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,2006,54(1):175-181.
[26] Yilmazer N, Sarkar T K. Efficient computation of the azimuth and elevation anglesof the sources by using unitary matrix pencil method (2-D UMP)[C]. Proceedingsof IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, July2006:9-14.
[27] R.O. Schmidt. Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(3):276–280.
[28] R. Roy, T. Kailath. ESPRIT—a subspace rotation approach to estimate ofparameters of cisoids in noise[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustic Speech andSignal Processing,1986,34(10):1340–1342.
[29] Zhang X D, Liang Y C. Prefiltering-based ESPRIT for estimating parameters ofsinusoids in non-Gaussian ARMA niose[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,1995,43(1):349-353.
[1] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[2]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[3]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[4] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[5] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[6]魏平,肖先赐.阵列测向系统中模型误差的校正方法[J].电子科技大学学报,1995,24(7):121-126.
[7]李彩菊,贾云东,李亚安.基于单辅助源的阵列幅相误差校正方法[J].探测与控制学报,2009,31(增刊):37-39.
[8]于斌,尹成友,黄治.阵列天线互耦、阵元位置误差和通道不一致性的校正[J].微波学报,2008,24(4):56-59.
[9]俄广西,龚耀寰.一种新的阵列天线校正方法[J].信号处理,2003,19(5):404-406.
[10] Fabrizio S, Alberto S. A novel online mutual coupling compensation algorithm foruniform and linear arrays[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing,2007,55(2):560-573.
[11] Levis C, Tai C. A method of analyzing coupled antennas of unequal sizes[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,1956,4(2):128-132.
[12] Iizuka K. A technique for measuring mutual admittance of antennas[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,1965,13(3):469-470.
[13] Yeh C, Leou M, Ucci D R. Bearing estimations with mutual coupling present[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1989,37(10):1332-1335.
[14] Dandekar K R, Ling H. Experimental study of mutual coupling compensation insmart antenna applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2002,1(3):480-487.
[15] Zvezdina M Y. Calculating of mutual coupling coefficients in presence cylinder[C].Proceedings of International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques,2003,1:134-137.
[16]王少波,万国宾,孙道成.波达方向估计的一种互耦修正方法[J].电子对抗,2006,4:13-17.
[17] Friedlander B, Weiss A J. Direction finding in presence of mutual coupling[J].IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,1991,39(3):273-284.
[18]林敏,龚铮权.基于子空间的阵元间互耦校正方法[J].电子学报,2001,29(9):1176-1178.
[19]林敏,龚铮权.超分辨测向中阵元间互耦的校正[J].电子与信息学报,2002,24(5):631-636.
[20]林敏,王淑节,龚铮权.阵元间互耦对测向性能的影响及其校正方法[J].解放军理工大学学报,2002,3(6):31-34.
[21]李杰,高火涛,郑霞.相控阵天线的互耦和近场校准[J].电子学报,2005,31(1):119-122.
[22]王布宏,王永良,陈辉等.均匀线阵互耦条件下的鲁棒DOA估计及互耦自校正[J].中国科学E辑技术科学,2004,34(2):229-240.
[23] Min Lin, Zhengquan Gong, Luxi Yang. A method for DOA estimation with mutualcoupling present[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium onMicrowave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for WirelessCommunications Proceedings,2005:996-999.
[24]赵娜,刘枫,兰家隆.一种经典阵元幅相误差、阵元间互耦自校正方法的仿真分析[J].系统仿真技术,2006,2(3):130-133.
[25] Qiaowei Yuan, Qiang Chen, Kunio Sawaya. Performance of adaptive arrayantenna with arbitrary geometry in the presence of mutual coupling[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,2006,54(7):1991-1996.
[26] Qi C, Chen Z, Zhang Y, et al. DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm formultiple subarrays in the presence of mutual coupling[J]. IEE Proceeding-Radar,Sonar, Navigation,2006,153(4):333-337.
[27] Wang B, Wang Y, and Chen H. A robust DOA estimation algorithm for uniformlinear array in the presence of mutual coupling[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Antennasand Propagation Society International Symposium, Columbus, OH, USA,22-27June2003:924-927.
[28] Bao Q, Ko C C and Zhi W. DOA estimation under unknown mutual coupling andmultipath[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2005,41(2):565-573.
[29] Xu X, Ye Z, and ZHANG Y. DOA estimation for mixed signals in the presence ofmutual coupling[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2009,57(9):3523-3532.
[30]王布宏,侯青松,郭英等.共形阵列天线互耦校正的辅助阵元法[J].电子学报,2009,36(6):1283-1288.
[1] Rabideau, Daniel J. Parker, Peter. Ubiquitous MIMO multifunction Digital ArrayRadar[C]. Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,2003:1057-1064.
[2] Fishler Eran, Haimovich Alex, Blum Rick. Performance of MIMO radar systems:Advantages of angular diversity[C]. Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth AsilomarConference on Signals, Systems and Computers,2004:305-309.
[3] Fishler Eran, Haimovich Alexander, Blum Rick. Spatial diversity in radars-Modelsand detection performance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2006,54(3):823-838.
[4] Fishler E, Haimovich A, Blum R, et al. MIMO radar: an idea whose time hascome[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference, Apr.2004:71-78.
[5] Haimovich A M, Blum R S, and Leonard J, et al. MIMO radar with widelyseparated antennas[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(1):116-129.
[6] Stoica P, Li J, Xie Y. On probing signal design for MIMO radar[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,2007,55(8):4151-4161.
[7] Bliss D W, Forsythe K W. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar andimaging degrees of freedom and resolution[C]. Proceedings of the AsilomarConference on Signal, Systems, and Computers,2003:54-59.
[8] Xu L, Li J, Stoica P. Adaptive techniques for MIMO radar[C]. Proceeding of the4th IEEE Workshop Sensor Array Multi-Channel, Waltham, MA, USA, July2006:258-262.
[9] Lehmann N H, Fishler E, Haimovich A M, et al. Evaluation of transmit diversityin MIMO-Radar direction finding[J]. IEEE Transcations on Signal Processing,2007,55(5):2215-2225.
[10] Xu L, Li J, Stoica P. Target detection and parameter estimation for MIMO radarsystems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2008,44(3):927-939.
[11]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[12]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[13]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[14] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[15] Chen Biaxiao, Zhao Guanghui, Zhang Shouhong. Altitude Measurement based onBeam Split and Frequency Diversity in VHF Radar[J]．IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2010,46(1):3-13.
[16] Zhao Guanghui, Shi Guangming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[17] Zhao GuangHui, Chen BaiXiao, Zhu ShouPing. Direction synthesis in DOAestimation for monostatic multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar basedsynthetic impulse and aperture radar (SIAR) and its performance analyse[J].Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences,2008,51(5):656-673.
[18]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏,等.一种MIMO雷达低角跟踪环境下的波达方向估计新方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2008,35(5):793-798.
[19]吴向东.米波雷达低仰角测高算法及相关技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2008.
[20]王海燕.米波MIMO雷达DOA估计算法研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学，2010.
[21]谢荣,刘峥,刘俊.基于矩阵束的MIMO雷达低仰角快速估计方法[J].电子与信息学报,2011,33(8):1833-1838.
[22] I Bekkerman, J Tabrikian. Target detection and localization using MIMO radarsand sonars[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2006,54(10):3873-3883.
[23] Yongbo Zhao, Penglang Shui, and Hongwei Liu. Computationally Efficient DOAEstimation for MIMO Radar[C]. Proceedings of2nd International Congress onImage and Signal Processing,17-19Oct.2009.
[24] J Zhang, L R Zhang, Z W Yang, at el. Signal subspace reconstruction method ofMIMO radar[J]. Electronics Letters,2010,46(7):531-533.
[25] Rong Xie, Zheng Liu, Zijing Zhang. DOA estimation for monostatic MIMO radarusing polynomial rooting[J]. Signal Processing,2010,90(12):3284–3288.
[26]刘晓莉,廖桂生.双基地MIMO雷达多目标定位及幅相误差估计[J].2011,39(3):596-601.
[27] Zhang Yongshun, Guo Yiduo; Niu Xinliang, et al. Angle estimation of coherentmulti-target for MIMO bistatic radar[C]. Proceedings of2010InternationalConference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing, USA,2010:146-149.
[28] Zhang Juan, Zhang Linrang, Liu Nan. An efficient DOA estimation algorithm ofcoherent sources for MIMO radar[C]. Proceedings of2009IET InternationalRadar Conference, Guilin, China, April2009.
[29] Sen S, and Nehorai A. OFDM MIMO radar with mutual-Information waveformdesign for low-grazing angle tracking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2010,58(6):3152-3162.
[30] Stoica P, Nehorai A. MUSIC, Maximum likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound[C].Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics Speech and SignalProcessing,1988:2296-2299.
[31] A Lee Indlehurst, Peter Stoica. Maximum likelihood Methods in Radar ArraySignal Processing[J]. Proceedings of IEEE Transaction,1998,86(2):421-441
[32]王永良,陈辉,彭应宁,等.空间谱估计理论与算法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[33]冯西安.水下目标高分辨方位估计技术研究[D].西安:西北工业大学博士学位论文,2004.
[34] Xu X L, and Buckley K M. A comparison of element and beam spacespatial-spectrum estimation for multiple source clusters[C]. Proceedings ofInternational Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, USA,1990:2643-2646.
[35] Xiao-Liang Xu,Kevin Buckley. An analysis beam-space source location[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,1993,41(1):501-504.
[36] Lee H B and Wengrovitz M S. Resolution threshold of beamspace MUSIC for twoclosely spaced emitters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and SignalProcessing,1990,38(9):1545-1559.
[37] Chen jianwen, Chen Hui. A space-time beam-space ML algorithm for low-angletracking[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium,Monterey, CA, USA, June,2004,3:3245-3248.
[38] Yang Y, Wan C, Sun C, et al. DOA estimation for coherent sources in beamspaceusing spatial smoothing[C]. Information, Communications and Signal Processing2003and the Fourth Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia,2003, Vol.2:1028-1032.
[39] Phaisal-atsawasenee N, Suleesathira R. Improved angular resolution of beamspaceMUSIC for finding direction of coherent sources[C]. Proceedings of the1stInternational Symposium on System and Control in Aerospace and Astronautics,Harbin, China,1996:51-56.
[40] H L Van Trees. Optimum Array Processing[M]. NewYork: Wiley,2002.
[41] Aboulnasr Hassanien, Sergiy A Vorobyov. Transmit energy focusing for DOAestimation in MIMO radar with colocated antennas[J]. IEEE Transactions onSignal Processing,2011,59(6):2669-2682.
[42]张贤达.矩阵分析与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[43]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].第二版.北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[44] P Stoica, E G Larson, A B Gershman. The stochastic CRB for array processing: Atextbook derivation[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2001,8:148-150.
[45] Choi Y H. Alternating minimisation approach to generalised MUSIC and itsperformance[J]. IEE Radar, Sonar and Navigation,2002,149(2):97-101.
[1] A Nehorai, E Paldi. Acoustic Vector-Sensor Array Processing[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Proceeing,1994,42(9):2481-2491.
[2] K T. Wong, Michael D Zoltowski. Self-initiating MUSIC-based direction findingin underwater acoustic particle velocity-field beamspace[J]. IEEE Journal ofOceanic Engineering,2000,25(2):262-273.
[3] Tao Li, Joseph Tabrikian, and Arye Nehorai. A Barankin-Type Bound on DirectionEstimation Using Acoustic Sensor Arrays[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProceeing,2011,59(1):431-435.
[4] A Nehorai, E Paldi. Vector-sensor array processing for electromagnetic sourcelocalization[C]. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,1991, Vol.1:566–572.
[5] A Nehorai, E Paldi. Vector-sensor array processing for electromagnetic sourcelocalization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1994,42(2):376-398.
[6] J Li. Direction and polarization estimation using arrays with small loops and shortdipoles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1993,41(3):379-387.
[7] S H Mir, J D Sahr. Passive direction finding using airborne vector sensors in thepresence of manifold perturbations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2007,55(1):156-164.
[8] K T Wong, X. Yuan.“Vector cross-product direction-finding” with anelectromagnetic vector-sensor of six orthogonally oriented but spatiallynoncollocating dipoles/loops[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2011,59(1):160-171.
[9]陶军,田彦涛,陶建武.机载电磁矢量传感器阵列测量模型[C].中国控制与决策会议录,江苏徐州,中国,5,2010.
[10] M. Hurtado, A. Nehorai. Performance analysis of passive low-grazing-anglesource localization in maritime environments using vector sensors[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(2):780-789.
[11]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[12]陈伯孝,胡铁军,郑自良等.基于波瓣分裂的米波雷达低仰角测高方法及其应用[J].电子学报,2007,35(6):1021-1025.
[13]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[14]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.一种改进的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(13):4056-4058.
[15]赵光辉,陈伯孝,吴向东等.基于差分预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子与信息学报,2009,31(2):363-365.
[16]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[17]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[18]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[19] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[20] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[21] Baixiao Chen, Guanghui Zhao and Shouhong Zhang. Altitude measurement basedon beam split and frequency diversity in VHF radar[J]. IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2010,46(1):3-13.
[22] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[23] M. D. Zoltowski, K. T. Wong. ESPRIT-based2-D direction finding with a sparseuniform array of electromagnetic vector sensors[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2000,48(8):2195–2204.
[24] K. T. Wong, M. D. Zoltowski. Closed-Form Direction Finding with arbitrarilyspaced Electromagnetic vector-sensors at unknown locations[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,2000,48(5):671-681.
[25] K.-C. Ho, K.-C. Tan, A. Nehorai. Estimating directions of arrival of completelyand incompletely polarized signals with electromagnetic vector sensors[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,1999,47(10):2845-2852.
[26]王建英,陈天麒.用L阵实现频率、二维到达角和极化的联合估计[J].电波科学学报,2001,16(1):30-33.
[27]王洪洋,廖桂生,王兰美.基于矢量传感器阵列的信号多参数估计方法[J].电路与系统学报,2006,11(3):88-95.
[28]徐友根,刘志文.极化信号频率、二维到达角和极化参数的同时估计[J].信号处理,2005,21(4):359-364.
[29]文忠,李立萍,陈天麒.矢量阵元阵列对Chirp信号极化和到达角的联合估计[J].电子与信息学报,2005,27(5):726-730.
[30] K. T. Wong, M. D. Zoltowski. Self-initiating MUSIC-based direction finding andpolarization estimation in spatio-polarizational beamspace[J]. IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation,2000,48(8):1235-1245.
[31] M. D. Zoltowski, K. T. Wong. Closed-form eigenstructure-based direction findingusing arbitrary but identical subarrays on a sparse uniform rectangular arraygrid[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2000,48(8):2205-2210.
[32] K. T. Wong, L. Li, M. D. Zoltowski. Root-MUSIC-based direction-finding andpolarization estimation using diversely polarized possibly collocated antennas[J].IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2004,3(8):129-132.
[33] J Li, R T Compton. Angle and polarization estimation in a coherent signalenvironment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1993,29(3):706-716.
[34] Y Hua. A pencil-MUSIC algorithm for finding two-dimensional angles andpolarizations using crossed dipoles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation,1993,41(3):370-376.
[35] Q Cheng, Y Hua. Further study of the pencil-MUSIC algorithm[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1996,32(1):284-299.
[36] J Li, P Stoica, D. Zheng. Efficient direction and polarization estimation with aCOLD array[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1996,44(4):539-547.
[37]徐友根,刘志文.电磁矢量传感器阵列相干信号源波达方向和极化参数的同时估计:空间平滑方法[J].通信学报,2004,25(5):28-38.
[38] D Rahamim, J Tabrikian, R Shavit. Source localization using vector sensor arrayin a multipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2004,52(11):3096–3103.
[39] J He, S Jiang, J Wang, Z Liu. Polarization difference smoothing for directionfinding of coherent signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and ElectronicSystems,2010,46(1):469-480.
[40] Y Xu, Z Liu. Polarimetric angular smoothing algorithm for an electromagneticvector-sensor array[J]. IET Radar Sonar and Navigation,2007,1(3):230-240.
[41]刘兆霆,刘中,何劲.线性极化敏感阵列的极化平滑算法及相干源参数估计[J].航空学报,2010,31(8):1646-1652.
[42]刘兆霆,何劲,刘中.基于电磁矢量阵列孔径扩展方法的相干目标DOA估计[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(10):2511-2515.
[43] X. Gong, Z. Liu, Y. Xu. Coherent source localization: bicomplex polarimetricsmoothing with electromagnetic vector-sensors[J]. IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2011,47(3):2268-2285.
[44] X. Gong, Z. Liu, Y. Xu, M. I. Ahmad. Direction-of-arrival estimation via twofoldmode-projection[J]. Signal Processing,2009,89(5):831-842.
[45] S Miron, N L Bihan, J I. Mars. Quaternion-MUSIC for vector-sensor arrayprocessing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2006,54(4):1218-1229.
[2]张峥嵘.米波雷达的进展[J].电光系统,2001,31:14-16.
[3]万山虎,丁建江.提高米波雷达“四抗”性能的关键技术[J].中国雷达,1998,2:1-4.
[4]吴向东.米波雷达低仰角测高算法及相关技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[5]董玫.米波雷达测高算法及应用研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[6]陈迪.米波雷达低仰角目标测角建模与处理方法研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文,2009.
[7]杨雪亚.米波雷达阵列超分辨和测高方法研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2011.
[8]陈长兴,巩林玉,班斐等.米波谐振雷达反隐身技术研究[J].舰船电子对抗,2009,32(4):34-37.
[9]赵小华,渠亮.雷达反隐身技术的浅析[J].现代雷达,2007,29(3):17-18.
[10] Skolnik M I.雷达系统导论(第三版).左群声,徐国良,马林等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[11] Barton D K. Low-angle radar tracking[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1974,62(6):587-704.
[12] White W D. Low-angle radar tracking in the presence of multipath[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1974,10(6):835-852.
[13] Mrstik A V and Smith P G. Multipath limitations on low-angle radar tracking[J].IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1978,14(1):85-102.
[14]古奥.英雄重生米波三坐标雷达的发展现状.现代兵器,2009,4:50-51.
[15] http://tieba.baidu.com/p/1277985119
[16] A Zachepitsky. VHF (metric band) radars from Nizhny Novgorod ResearchRadiotechnical Institute[J]. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine,2000,15(6):9-14.
[17] J Dorey, G Gamier, G Auvray. RIAS，synthetic impulse and antenna radar[C].Proceedings of International Conference on Radar, Paris,1989,3:556-562.
[18] Luce A S, Molina H, Muller D, et al. Experimental results on RIAS digitalbeamforming radar[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Radar, London,1992:505-510.
[19]沈齐,潘健,高梅国等.米波圆接收阵雷达[J].现代雷达,2005,27(11):16-23.
[20]张庆文,保铮,张玉洪.综合脉冲和天线雷达时空的三维匹配滤波及性能分析[J].电子科学学刊.1994,16(5):481-489.
[21]保铮,张庆文.一种新型的米波雷达——综合脉冲与孔径雷达[J].现代雷达,1995,17(1):1-13.
[22]张庆文.综合脉冲与孔径雷达系统性能分析与研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士论文,1994.
[23]陈伯孝. SIAR四维跟踪及其长相干积累等技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士论文,1997.
[24]赵永波,张守宏,杨克虎.一种降低SIAR方向图旁瓣电平的新方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,1999,26(4):440-443.
[25]赵永波,刘茂仓,张守宏.综合脉冲与孔径雷达的距离与方向耦合栅瓣现象及其克服方法[J].电子与信息学报,2001,23(4):360-364.
[26]陆鹏程,徐海州,徐晋等.稀布阵综合脉冲孔径雷达阵列优化[J].雷达科学与技术,2008,6(4):243-246.
[27]赵永波,水鹏朗,刘宏伟等.基于线性调频信号的综合脉冲与孔径雷达波形设计方法[J].电子学报,2010,38(9):2076-2082.
[28] Abramovich Y I, Gorokhov A Y, Spencer N K. Convergence analysis ofstochastically-constrained spatial and spatio-temporal adaptive processing forhot-clutter mitigation[C]. Information, Decision and Control1999,1999:61-64.
[29] Bisiaux A, Lemur D, Bertel L. Source separation with collocated antennas:application to digital communications in HF[C]. Eleventh InternationalConference on Antennas and Propagation,2001:17-20.
[30] Howard D D, Sherman S M, Thomson D N, at el. Experimental Results of theComplex Indicated Angle Techique for Multipath Correction[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1974,10(6):779-787.
[31] Sherman S M. Complex indicated angles applied to unresolved radar targets andmultipath[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1971(7):160-170.
[32] Rothwell E J, Chen K M, Nyquist D P, et al. Target detection and identificationusing a stepped-frequency ultra-wideband radar[C]. Proceedings of theInternational Society for Optical Engineering, Denver, CO, USA,1996:26-36.
[33] Letva J. Use of highly deterministic model in signal bearing estimation[J].Electronics letters,1989,25(5):346-348.
[34] Lo T, Litva J. Use of a highly deterministic multipath signal model in low-angletracking[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1991,138(52):136-171.
[35] Lo T, Litva J. Low-angle tracking using a multifrequency sampled apertureradar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1991,27(5):797-805.
[36] Cedervall M, Moses R L. Efficient maximum likelihood DOA estimation forsignals with known waveforms in the presence of multipath[J]. IEEE Transactionson Signal Processing,1997,45(3):808-812.
[37] Bosse E, Turner R M, Brookes D. Improved radar tracking using a multipathmodel maximum likelihood compared with eigenvector analysis[J]. IEEProceedings-Radar, sonar and Navigation,1994,141(4):213-222.
[38] Yu K–B. Recursive super-resolution algorithm for low-elevation target angletracking in multipath[J]. IEE Proceedings-Radar, sonar and Navigation,1994,141(4):223-229.
[39] Zhao Yongbo, Zhang Shouhong. A new simplified temporal-spatial maximumlikelihood algorithm for DOA estimation [C].6th International Conference onSignal Processing,2002, vol.1:174-177.
[40] Djeddou M, Belouchrani A, Aouada S. Maximum likelihood angle-frequencyestimation in partially known correlated noise for low-elevation targets[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,2005,53(8):3057-3064.
[41] Bosse E, Turner R M, Riseborough E S. Model-based multifrequency array signalprocessing for low angle tracking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,1995,31(1):194-210.
[42] Cantrell, B H, Gordon W B, Trunk G. V. Maximum likelihood elevation angleestimates of radar targets using subapertures[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospaceand Electronic Systems,1981,17(2):213-221.
[43] Zoltowski M D, Lee T S. Maximum likelihood based sensor array signalprocessing in the beamspace domain for low angle radar tracking[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,1991,39(3):656-671.
[44] Dayan Rahamim, Joseph Tabrikian, Reuven Shavit. Source localization usingvector sensor array in a multipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2004,52(11):3096-3103.
[45] Kwak H, Yang E, Chun J. Vector sensor arrays in DOA estimation for the lowangle tracking[C]. Proceedings of International Waveform Diversity and DesignConference,2007:183-187.
[46] Madurasinghe D. Direction finding in multipath environment using method ofalternating projection[J]. Electronics letters,1991,27(15):1326-1327.
[47] Williams R T, Prasad S, Mahalanabis A K, Sibul L H. An improved spatialsmoothing technique for bearing estimation in a multipath environment[J]. IEEETransactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,1988,36(4):425-432.
[48] Ray K P, Kulkarni R K, Kasyap Ramkrishnan B. DOA estimation in a multipathenvironment using covariance differencing and iterative Forward and Backwardspatial smoothing[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Microwave,2008:794-796.
[49] Takao K, Kikuma N, Yano T. Toeplitzization of correlation matrix in multipathenvironment[C]. Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics, Speechand Signal Processing,1986:1873-1876.
[50] Reilly J, Litva J, Bauman P. New angle-of-arrival estimator: comparativeevaluation applied to the low-angle tracking radar problem[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1988,135(5):408-420.
[51] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[52] Kaneko K, Sano A. Music-like iterative DOA estimation in multipathenvironments[C]. Proceedings of5th IEEE Sensor Array and Multichannel SignalProcessing Workshop,2008:212-215.
[53] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Al-Mualla. Computationallyefficient DOA estimation in a multipath environment using covariancedifferencing and iterative spatial smoothing[C]. Proceedings of IEEE InternationalSymposium on Circuits and Systems,2005, Vol.4:3805-3808.
[54] Lo T, Leung H, Litva J. Low-angle radar tracking in a naval environment usingaforward-backward nonlinear prediction method[J]. IEEE Journal of OceanicEngineering,1994,19(3):468-475.
[55] Lo T, Wong T, Litva J. New Technique for Low-angle Radar Tracking[J].Electronics letters,1991,27(6):529-531.
[56] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[57] Tuncer T E, Yasar T K, Friedlander B. Partly-filled nonuniform linear arrays forDOA estimation in multipath signals[C]. Proceedings of International Conferenceon Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing,2007: II-1053-II-1056.
[58] Jen King Jao. A matched array beamforming technique for low angle radartracking in multipath[C]. Proceedings of the1994IEEE National RadarConference,1994:171-176.
[59] Fuchs J–J. On the use of the global matched filter for DOA estimation in thepresence of correlated waveforms[C]. Proceedings of42nd Asilomar Conferenceon Signals, Systems and Computers,2008:269-273.
[60] Wong T, Lo T, Leung H, et al. Low-angle radar tracking using radial basis functionneural network[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1993,140(5):323-328.
[61]范志杰,尚社.一种用于低空目标探测与跟踪的新方法[J].雷达科学与技术,2004,2(3):153-157.
[62]董玫,张守宏,吴向东.距离高分辨测高技术[J].火控雷达技术,2006,35(1):10-14.
[63]盛景泰.米波雷达多径测高技术[J].中国电子科学研究院学报,2008,3(5):510-514.
[64]杨克虎,保铮.多频应用对低角跟踪方向估计性能的改善[J].西安电子科技大学学报,1993,20(4):181-193.
[65]贾永康,保铮.变频状态下利用多普勒信息的超分辨波达方向估计方法[J].现代雷达,1997,19(1):20-28.
[66]张平,张晓华.一种低仰角跟踪的新方法[J].现代雷达,2001,12(6):9-12.
[67]何子述,黎敏,荆玉兰.频率捷变的相控阵雷达目标多径DOA估计算法[J].系统工程与电子技术,2005,27(11):1880-1882.
[68]沈福民.一种适用于常规雷达低角跟踪的改进算法[J].电子科学学刊,1995,17(6):599-606.
[69]张瑜,李玲玲.多径条件下雷达到达角的估算及仿真[J].电波科学学报,2004,19(2):215-218.
[70]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[71]韩芳明,张守宏.用改进的MUSIC算法实现相干多径信号分离[J].系统工程与电子技术,2004,26(6):721-723.
[72]童宁宁,郭艺夺,王光明.米波雷达低角跟踪环境下的修正MUSIC算法[J].现代雷达,2008,30(10):29-32.
[73]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[74]赵光辉,陈伯孝,董玫.基于交替投影的DOA估计方法及其在米波雷达中的应用[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(1):224-227.
[75] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[76]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.利用改进的Toeplitz化技术实现米波雷达低仰角测高[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(3):570-574.
[77]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[78]胡晓琴,陈建文,陈辉等.神经网络用于米波雷达测高[J].空军雷达学院学报,2004,18(3):16-19.
[79]陈建文,王布宏,胡晓琴等.径向基函数神经网络在米波雷达测高中的应用
[C].第九届全国雷达学术年会论文集,2004,307-309.
[80]陈伯孝,胡铁军等.基于波瓣分裂的米波雷达低仰角测高方法及其应用[J].电子学报,2007,35(6):1021-1025.
[81] Baixiao Chen, Guanghui Zhao and Shouhong Zhang. Altitude measurement basedon beam split and frequency diversity in VHF radar[J]. IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2010,46(1):3-13.
[82]徐源,陈伯孝.地形对基于波瓣分裂的米波雷达测高方法的影响[J].雷达科学与技术,2008,6(1):9-14
[83]贾永康,保铮.利用多普勒信息的波达方向最大似然估计方法[J].电子学报,1997,25(6):71-76.
[84]贾永康,保铮.时-空二维信号模型下的波达方向估计方法及其性能分析[J].电子学报,1997,25(9):69-73.
[85]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[86]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[87]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏,董玫.一种MIMO雷达低角跟踪环境下的波达方向估计新方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2008,35(5):793-798.
[88]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[89]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种改进的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(13):4056-4058.
[90]赵光辉,陈伯孝,吴向东,张守宏.基于差分预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子与信息学报,2009,31(2):363-365
[91]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良,等.一种适用于米波雷达低角测高环境的快速算法[J].信号处理,2009,25(5):761-765.
[92] Zhang Y, Ye Z, Liu C. Multipath DOA and fading coefficients estimation usingfourth-order cumulants[C]. Proceedings of9th International Conference on SignalProcessing,2008:374-377.
[93] Zhang Y, Ye Z, Xu X. Estimation of fading coefficients in the present of multipathpropagation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2009,57(7):2220-2224.
[1]吴向东.米波雷达低仰角测高算法及相关技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[2]董玫.米波雷达测高算法及应用研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2008.
[3]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[4]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[5] Dayan Rahamim, Joseph Tabrikian, Reuven Shavit. Source localization usingvector sensor array in a multipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2004,52(11):3096-3103.
[6] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[7]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[8]赵光辉,陈伯孝,董玫.基于交替投影的DOA估计方法及其在米波雷达中的应用[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(1):224-227.
[9] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[10] Zhang Y, Ye Z, and Liu C. Estimation of fading coefficients in the present ofmultipath propagation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2009,57(7):2220-2224.
[11] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[12] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, Al-Mualla M E. Al-Mualla. Computationally efficientDOA estimation in a multipath environment using covariance differencing anditerative spatial smoothing[C]. Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium onCircuits and System,2005, vol.4:3805-3808.
[13]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.利用改进的Toeplitz化技术实现米波雷达低仰角测高[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(3):570-574.
[14]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[15] Shan T J, Wax M, and Kailath T. On spatial smoothing for direction-of-arrivalestimation of coherent signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, andSignal Processing,1985,33(4):806-811.
[16] Du W, Kirlin R L. Improved spatial smoothing techniques for DOA estimation ofcoherent signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1991,39(5):1208-1210.
[17] Wang B H, Wang Y L, Chen H. Weighted spatial smoothing fordirection-of-arrival estimation of coherent signals[C]. Proceedings of IEEEAntennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, San Antonio, Texas,2002, vol.2:668–671.
[18] Lo T and Litva J. Low-angle tracking using a multifrequency sampled apertureradar[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1991,27(5):797-805.
[19] Lo T and Litva J. Use of a highly deterministic multipath signal model inlow-angle tracking[J]. IEE Proceedings-F,1991,138(2):163-171.
[20] Lo T, Wong T, and Litva J. New technique for low-angle radar tracking[J].Electronics Letters,1991,27(6):529-531.
[21] Bosse E, Turner R M, and Brookes D. Improved radar tracking using a multipathmodel: maximum likelihood compared with eigenvector analysis[J]. IEEProceeding-Radar, Sonar, Navigation,1994,141(4):213-222.
[22]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[23]杨雪亚.米波雷达阵列超分辨和测高方法研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学博士学位论文,2011.
[24] David K B.雷达系统分析与建模[M].南京电子技术研究所译.北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[25] Barton D K. Low-angle Tracking[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE,1974,62(6):687-704.
[26] Skolnik M I.雷达手册(第二版)[M].王军,林强,米慈中等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2003.
[27]焦培南,张忠治.雷达环境与电波传播特性[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2007.
[28] Long M W.陆地和海面的雷达波散射特性[M].薛德镛译.北京:科学出版社,1981.
[29] Beard C I, Katz I, Spetner L. Phenomenological vector model of microwavereflection from the ocean[J]. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,1956,4(2):162-167.
[30]董玫,赵永波,张守宏.米波段下海面多径模型研究[J].电子学报,2009,36(6):1373-1377.
[31]杨勇,冯德军,王雪松等.低空雷达导引头海面目标检测性能分析[J].电子与信息学报,2011,33(8):1780-1785.
[32] Skolnik M I.雷达系统导论(第三版).左群声,徐国良,马林等译.北京:电子工业出版社,2006.
[33] Ament W S. Toward a theory of reflection by a rough surface [J]. Proceedings ofthe IEEE,1953,41(1):142-146.
[34] Mahafza B R. Radar system analysis and design using MATLAB Second Edition[M]. Chapman&Hall/CRC,2005.
[35] Smith Jr J R, Mirotznik M S. Rough surface scattering models[C]. Proceedings ofIEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Anchorage, AK, USA,2004,5:3107-3110.
[1]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[2]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种改进的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].系统仿真学报[J],2009,21(13):4056-4058.
[3]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[4] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[5] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, Al-Mualla M E. Al-Mualla. Computationally efficientDOA estimation in a multipath environment using covariance differencing anditerative spatial smoothing[C]. Proceeding of IEEE International Symposium onCircuits and System,2005, vol.4:3805-3808.
[6]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.利用改进的Toeplitz化技术实现米波雷达低仰角测高[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(3):570-574.
[7] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[8]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[9]刘俊,刘峥,刘韵佛.米波雷达仰角和多径衰减系数联合估计算法[J],电子与信息学报,2011,33(1):33-37.
[10]贾永康,保铮.利用多普勒信息的波达方向最大似然估计方法[J].电子学报,1997,25(6):71-76.
[11] Ziskind I, Wax M. Maximum likelihood localization of multiple sources byalternating projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and SignalProcessing,1988,36(10):1553-1560.
[12]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[13]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[14]赵光辉,陈伯孝,董玫.基于交替投影的DOA估计方法及其在米波雷达中的应用[J].电子与信息学报,2008,30(1):224-227.
[15] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[16] Hua Y, Sarkar T K. Matrix pencil method and its performance[C]. Proceedings ofInternational Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing,1988, Vol.4:2476–2479.
[17] Koh J, Sarkar T K. High resolution DOA estimation using matrix pencil[C].Proceedings of IEEE on Antennas and Propagation Society InternationalSymposium,2004, Vol.1:423-426.
[18] H Ouibrahim, D D Weiner, T K Sarkar. A generalized approach to directionfinding[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Military Communications Conference,5-9Oct.1986, Vol.3:41.4.1-41.4.5.
[19] Hua Y, Sarkar T K. Matrix pencil method for estimating parameters ofexponentially damped/undamped sinusoids in noise[J]. IEEE Transactions onAcoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing,1990,38(5):814-824.
[20] Hua Y, Sarkar T K. On SVD for estimating generalized eigenvalues of singularmatrix pencil in noise[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1991,39(4):892-900.
[21] Sarkar T K and Pereira O. Using the matrix pencil method to estimate theparameters of a sum of complex exponentials[J]. IEEE Antennas and PropagationMagazine,1995,37(1):48-54.
[22] Hua Y. Estimating two-dimensional frequencies by matrix enhancement andmatrix pencil[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1992,40(9):2267-2280.
[23] Fernandez del Rio J E, Catedra-Perez M F. The matrix pencil method fortwo-dimensional direction of arrival estimation employing an L-shaped array[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1997,45(11):1693-1694.
[24] Chen F J, Fung C C, Kok C W, Kwong S. Estimation of two-dimensionalfrequencies using modified matrix pencil method[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2007,55(2):718-724.
[25] Yilmazer N, Koh J, and Sarkar T K. Utilization of a unitary transform for efficientcomputation in the matrix pencil method to find the direction of arrival[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,2006,54(1):175-181.
[26] Yilmazer N, Sarkar T K. Efficient computation of the azimuth and elevation anglesof the sources by using unitary matrix pencil method (2-D UMP)[C]. Proceedingsof IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, July2006:9-14.
[27] R.O. Schmidt. Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(3):276–280.
[28] R. Roy, T. Kailath. ESPRIT—a subspace rotation approach to estimate ofparameters of cisoids in noise[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustic Speech andSignal Processing,1986,34(10):1340–1342.
[29] Zhang X D, Liang Y C. Prefiltering-based ESPRIT for estimating parameters ofsinusoids in non-Gaussian ARMA niose[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,1995,43(1):349-353.
[1] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[2]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[3]张文俊,赵永波,张守宏.广义MUSIC算法在米波雷达测高中的应用及其改进[J].电子与信息学报,2007,29(2):387-390.
[4] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[5] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[6]魏平,肖先赐.阵列测向系统中模型误差的校正方法[J].电子科技大学学报,1995,24(7):121-126.
[7]李彩菊,贾云东,李亚安.基于单辅助源的阵列幅相误差校正方法[J].探测与控制学报,2009,31(增刊):37-39.
[8]于斌,尹成友,黄治.阵列天线互耦、阵元位置误差和通道不一致性的校正[J].微波学报,2008,24(4):56-59.
[9]俄广西,龚耀寰.一种新的阵列天线校正方法[J].信号处理,2003,19(5):404-406.
[10] Fabrizio S, Alberto S. A novel online mutual coupling compensation algorithm foruniform and linear arrays[J]. IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing,2007,55(2):560-573.
[11] Levis C, Tai C. A method of analyzing coupled antennas of unequal sizes[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,1956,4(2):128-132.
[12] Iizuka K. A technique for measuring mutual admittance of antennas[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,1965,13(3):469-470.
[13] Yeh C, Leou M, Ucci D R. Bearing estimations with mutual coupling present[J].IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1989,37(10):1332-1335.
[14] Dandekar K R, Ling H. Experimental study of mutual coupling compensation insmart antenna applications[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,2002,1(3):480-487.
[15] Zvezdina M Y. Calculating of mutual coupling coefficients in presence cylinder[C].Proceedings of International Conference on Antenna Theory and Techniques,2003,1:134-137.
[16]王少波,万国宾,孙道成.波达方向估计的一种互耦修正方法[J].电子对抗,2006,4:13-17.
[17] Friedlander B, Weiss A J. Direction finding in presence of mutual coupling[J].IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation,1991,39(3):273-284.
[18]林敏,龚铮权.基于子空间的阵元间互耦校正方法[J].电子学报,2001,29(9):1176-1178.
[19]林敏,龚铮权.超分辨测向中阵元间互耦的校正[J].电子与信息学报,2002,24(5):631-636.
[20]林敏,王淑节,龚铮权.阵元间互耦对测向性能的影响及其校正方法[J].解放军理工大学学报,2002,3(6):31-34.
[21]李杰,高火涛,郑霞.相控阵天线的互耦和近场校准[J].电子学报,2005,31(1):119-122.
[22]王布宏,王永良,陈辉等.均匀线阵互耦条件下的鲁棒DOA估计及互耦自校正[J].中国科学E辑技术科学,2004,34(2):229-240.
[23] Min Lin, Zhengquan Gong, Luxi Yang. A method for DOA estimation with mutualcoupling present[C]. Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium onMicrowave, Antenna, Propagation and EMC Technologies for WirelessCommunications Proceedings,2005:996-999.
[24]赵娜,刘枫,兰家隆.一种经典阵元幅相误差、阵元间互耦自校正方法的仿真分析[J].系统仿真技术,2006,2(3):130-133.
[25] Qiaowei Yuan, Qiang Chen, Kunio Sawaya. Performance of adaptive arrayantenna with arbitrary geometry in the presence of mutual coupling[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,2006,54(7):1991-1996.
[26] Qi C, Chen Z, Zhang Y, et al. DOA estimation and self-calibration algorithm formultiple subarrays in the presence of mutual coupling[J]. IEE Proceeding-Radar,Sonar, Navigation,2006,153(4):333-337.
[27] Wang B, Wang Y, and Chen H. A robust DOA estimation algorithm for uniformlinear array in the presence of mutual coupling[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Antennasand Propagation Society International Symposium, Columbus, OH, USA,22-27June2003:924-927.
[28] Bao Q, Ko C C and Zhi W. DOA estimation under unknown mutual coupling andmultipath[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2005,41(2):565-573.
[29] Xu X, Ye Z, and ZHANG Y. DOA estimation for mixed signals in the presence ofmutual coupling[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2009,57(9):3523-3532.
[30]王布宏,侯青松,郭英等.共形阵列天线互耦校正的辅助阵元法[J].电子学报,2009,36(6):1283-1288.
[1] Rabideau, Daniel J. Parker, Peter. Ubiquitous MIMO multifunction Digital ArrayRadar[C]. Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,2003:1057-1064.
[2] Fishler Eran, Haimovich Alex, Blum Rick. Performance of MIMO radar systems:Advantages of angular diversity[C]. Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth AsilomarConference on Signals, Systems and Computers,2004:305-309.
[3] Fishler Eran, Haimovich Alexander, Blum Rick. Spatial diversity in radars-Modelsand detection performance[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2006,54(3):823-838.
[4] Fishler E, Haimovich A, Blum R, et al. MIMO radar: an idea whose time hascome[C]. Proceedings of the IEEE Radar Conference, Apr.2004:71-78.
[5] Haimovich A M, Blum R S, and Leonard J, et al. MIMO radar with widelyseparated antennas[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine,2008,25(1):116-129.
[6] Stoica P, Li J, Xie Y. On probing signal design for MIMO radar[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,2007,55(8):4151-4161.
[7] Bliss D W, Forsythe K W. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar andimaging degrees of freedom and resolution[C]. Proceedings of the AsilomarConference on Signal, Systems, and Computers,2003:54-59.
[8] Xu L, Li J, Stoica P. Adaptive techniques for MIMO radar[C]. Proceeding of the4th IEEE Workshop Sensor Array Multi-Channel, Waltham, MA, USA, July2006:258-262.
[9] Lehmann N H, Fishler E, Haimovich A M, et al. Evaluation of transmit diversityin MIMO-Radar direction finding[J]. IEEE Transcations on Signal Processing,2007,55(5):2215-2225.
[10] Xu L, Li J, Stoica P. Target detection and parameter estimation for MIMO radarsystems[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2008,44(3):927-939.
[11]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[12]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[13]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[14] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[15] Chen Biaxiao, Zhao Guanghui, Zhang Shouhong. Altitude Measurement based onBeam Split and Frequency Diversity in VHF Radar[J]．IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2010,46(1):3-13.
[16] Zhao Guanghui, Shi Guangming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[17] Zhao GuangHui, Chen BaiXiao, Zhu ShouPing. Direction synthesis in DOAestimation for monostatic multiple input multiple output (MIMO) radar basedsynthetic impulse and aperture radar (SIAR) and its performance analyse[J].Science in China Series E: Technological Sciences,2008,51(5):656-673.
[18]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏,等.一种MIMO雷达低角跟踪环境下的波达方向估计新方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2008,35(5):793-798.
[19]吴向东.米波雷达低仰角测高算法及相关技术研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2008.
[20]王海燕.米波MIMO雷达DOA估计算法研究[D].西安:西安电子科技大学，2010.
[21]谢荣,刘峥,刘俊.基于矩阵束的MIMO雷达低仰角快速估计方法[J].电子与信息学报,2011,33(8):1833-1838.
[22] I Bekkerman, J Tabrikian. Target detection and localization using MIMO radarsand sonars[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2006,54(10):3873-3883.
[23] Yongbo Zhao, Penglang Shui, and Hongwei Liu. Computationally Efficient DOAEstimation for MIMO Radar[C]. Proceedings of2nd International Congress onImage and Signal Processing,17-19Oct.2009.
[24] J Zhang, L R Zhang, Z W Yang, at el. Signal subspace reconstruction method ofMIMO radar[J]. Electronics Letters,2010,46(7):531-533.
[25] Rong Xie, Zheng Liu, Zijing Zhang. DOA estimation for monostatic MIMO radarusing polynomial rooting[J]. Signal Processing,2010,90(12):3284–3288.
[26]刘晓莉,廖桂生.双基地MIMO雷达多目标定位及幅相误差估计[J].2011,39(3):596-601.
[27] Zhang Yongshun, Guo Yiduo; Niu Xinliang, et al. Angle estimation of coherentmulti-target for MIMO bistatic radar[C]. Proceedings of2010InternationalConference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing, USA,2010:146-149.
[28] Zhang Juan, Zhang Linrang, Liu Nan. An efficient DOA estimation algorithm ofcoherent sources for MIMO radar[C]. Proceedings of2009IET InternationalRadar Conference, Guilin, China, April2009.
[29] Sen S, and Nehorai A. OFDM MIMO radar with mutual-Information waveformdesign for low-grazing angle tracking[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2010,58(6):3152-3162.
[30] Stoica P, Nehorai A. MUSIC, Maximum likelihood, and Cramer-Rao bound[C].Proceedings of International Conference on Acoustics Speech and SignalProcessing,1988:2296-2299.
[31] A Lee Indlehurst, Peter Stoica. Maximum likelihood Methods in Radar ArraySignal Processing[J]. Proceedings of IEEE Transaction,1998,86(2):421-441
[32]王永良,陈辉,彭应宁,等.空间谱估计理论与算法[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[33]冯西安.水下目标高分辨方位估计技术研究[D].西安:西北工业大学博士学位论文,2004.
[34] Xu X L, and Buckley K M. A comparison of element and beam spacespatial-spectrum estimation for multiple source clusters[C]. Proceedings ofInternational Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, USA,1990:2643-2646.
[35] Xiao-Liang Xu,Kevin Buckley. An analysis beam-space source location[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,1993,41(1):501-504.
[36] Lee H B and Wengrovitz M S. Resolution threshold of beamspace MUSIC for twoclosely spaced emitters[J]. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics Speech and SignalProcessing,1990,38(9):1545-1559.
[37] Chen jianwen, Chen Hui. A space-time beam-space ML algorithm for low-angletracking[C]. Proceedings of IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society Symposium,Monterey, CA, USA, June,2004,3:3245-3248.
[38] Yang Y, Wan C, Sun C, et al. DOA estimation for coherent sources in beamspaceusing spatial smoothing[C]. Information, Communications and Signal Processing2003and the Fourth Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia,2003, Vol.2:1028-1032.
[39] Phaisal-atsawasenee N, Suleesathira R. Improved angular resolution of beamspaceMUSIC for finding direction of coherent sources[C]. Proceedings of the1stInternational Symposium on System and Control in Aerospace and Astronautics,Harbin, China,1996:51-56.
[40] H L Van Trees. Optimum Array Processing[M]. NewYork: Wiley,2002.
[41] Aboulnasr Hassanien, Sergiy A Vorobyov. Transmit energy focusing for DOAestimation in MIMO radar with colocated antennas[J]. IEEE Transactions onSignal Processing,2011,59(6):2669-2682.
[42]张贤达.矩阵分析与应用[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2004.
[43]张贤达.现代信号处理[M].第二版.北京:清华大学出版社,2002.
[44] P Stoica, E G Larson, A B Gershman. The stochastic CRB for array processing: Atextbook derivation[J]. IEEE Signal Processing Letters,2001,8:148-150.
[45] Choi Y H. Alternating minimisation approach to generalised MUSIC and itsperformance[J]. IEE Radar, Sonar and Navigation,2002,149(2):97-101.
[1] A Nehorai, E Paldi. Acoustic Vector-Sensor Array Processing[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Proceeing,1994,42(9):2481-2491.
[2] K T. Wong, Michael D Zoltowski. Self-initiating MUSIC-based direction findingin underwater acoustic particle velocity-field beamspace[J]. IEEE Journal ofOceanic Engineering,2000,25(2):262-273.
[3] Tao Li, Joseph Tabrikian, and Arye Nehorai. A Barankin-Type Bound on DirectionEstimation Using Acoustic Sensor Arrays[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProceeing,2011,59(1):431-435.
[4] A Nehorai, E Paldi. Vector-sensor array processing for electromagnetic sourcelocalization[C]. Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Signals,Systems and Computers,1991, Vol.1:566–572.
[5] A Nehorai, E Paldi. Vector-sensor array processing for electromagnetic sourcelocalization[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,1994,42(2):376-398.
[6] J Li. Direction and polarization estimation using arrays with small loops and shortdipoles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1993,41(3):379-387.
[7] S H Mir, J D Sahr. Passive direction finding using airborne vector sensors in thepresence of manifold perturbations[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2007,55(1):156-164.
[8] K T Wong, X. Yuan.“Vector cross-product direction-finding” with anelectromagnetic vector-sensor of six orthogonally oriented but spatiallynoncollocating dipoles/loops[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2011,59(1):160-171.
[9]陶军,田彦涛,陶建武.机载电磁矢量传感器阵列测量模型[C].中国控制与决策会议录,江苏徐州,中国,5,2010.
[10] M. Hurtado, A. Nehorai. Performance analysis of passive low-grazing-anglesource localization in maritime environments using vector sensors[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,2007,43(2):780-789.
[11]赵永波,张守宏.雷达低角跟踪环境下的最大似然波达方向估计方法[J].电子学报,2004,32(9):1520-1523.
[12]陈伯孝,胡铁军,郑自良等.基于波瓣分裂的米波雷达低仰角测高方法及其应用[J].电子学报,2007,35(6):1021-1025.
[13]吴向东,张守宏,董玫.一种基于线性预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子学报,2006,34(9):1668-1671.
[14]吴向东,赵永波,张守宏等.一种改进的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].系统仿真学报,2009,21(13):4056-4058.
[15]赵光辉,陈伯孝,吴向东等.基于差分预处理的米波雷达低仰角处理算法[J].电子与信息学报,2009,31(2):363-365.
[16]胡晓琴,陈建文,王永良.米波雷达测高多径模型研究[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(4):651-657.
[17]董玫,赵永波,张守宏,等.倾斜面阵下的米波雷达测高方法[J].西安电子科技大学学报,2009,36(1):43-47.
[18]胡铁军,杨雪亚,陈伯孝.阵列内插的波束域ML米波雷达测高方法[J].电波科学学报,2009,24(4):660-666.
[19] Zoltowski M, Haber F. A vector space approach to direction finding in a coherentmultipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1986,34(9):1069-1079.
[20] Al-Ardi E M, Shubair R M, and Al-Mualla M E. Computationally efficienthigh-resolution DOA estimation in multipath environment[J]. Electronics Letters,2004,40(14):908-910.
[21] Baixiao Chen, Guanghui Zhao and Shouhong Zhang. Altitude measurement basedon beam split and frequency diversity in VHF radar[J]. IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2010,46(1):3-13.
[22] Zhao Guang-hui, Shi Guang-ming. Altitude measurement of low elevation targetbased on iterative subspace projection[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace andElectronic Systems,2011,47(2):1256-1263.
[23] M. D. Zoltowski, K. T. Wong. ESPRIT-based2-D direction finding with a sparseuniform array of electromagnetic vector sensors[J]. IEEE Transactions on SignalProcessing,2000,48(8):2195–2204.
[24] K. T. Wong, M. D. Zoltowski. Closed-Form Direction Finding with arbitrarilyspaced Electromagnetic vector-sensors at unknown locations[J]. IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation,2000,48(5):671-681.
[25] K.-C. Ho, K.-C. Tan, A. Nehorai. Estimating directions of arrival of completelyand incompletely polarized signals with electromagnetic vector sensors[J]. IEEETransactions on Signal Processing,1999,47(10):2845-2852.
[26]王建英,陈天麒.用L阵实现频率、二维到达角和极化的联合估计[J].电波科学学报,2001,16(1):30-33.
[27]王洪洋,廖桂生,王兰美.基于矢量传感器阵列的信号多参数估计方法[J].电路与系统学报,2006,11(3):88-95.
[28]徐友根,刘志文.极化信号频率、二维到达角和极化参数的同时估计[J].信号处理,2005,21(4):359-364.
[29]文忠,李立萍,陈天麒.矢量阵元阵列对Chirp信号极化和到达角的联合估计[J].电子与信息学报,2005,27(5):726-730.
[30] K. T. Wong, M. D. Zoltowski. Self-initiating MUSIC-based direction finding andpolarization estimation in spatio-polarizational beamspace[J]. IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation,2000,48(8):1235-1245.
[31] M. D. Zoltowski, K. T. Wong. Closed-form eigenstructure-based direction findingusing arbitrary but identical subarrays on a sparse uniform rectangular arraygrid[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2000,48(8):2205-2210.
[32] K. T. Wong, L. Li, M. D. Zoltowski. Root-MUSIC-based direction-finding andpolarization estimation using diversely polarized possibly collocated antennas[J].IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,2004,3(8):129-132.
[33] J Li, R T Compton. Angle and polarization estimation in a coherent signalenvironment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1993,29(3):706-716.
[34] Y Hua. A pencil-MUSIC algorithm for finding two-dimensional angles andpolarizations using crossed dipoles[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas andPropagation,1993,41(3):370-376.
[35] Q Cheng, Y Hua. Further study of the pencil-MUSIC algorithm[J]. IEEETransactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems,1996,32(1):284-299.
[36] J Li, P Stoica, D. Zheng. Efficient direction and polarization estimation with aCOLD array[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation,1996,44(4):539-547.
[37]徐友根,刘志文.电磁矢量传感器阵列相干信号源波达方向和极化参数的同时估计:空间平滑方法[J].通信学报,2004,25(5):28-38.
[38] D Rahamim, J Tabrikian, R Shavit. Source localization using vector sensor arrayin a multipath environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2004,52(11):3096–3103.
[39] J He, S Jiang, J Wang, Z Liu. Polarization difference smoothing for directionfinding of coherent signals[J]. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and ElectronicSystems,2010,46(1):469-480.
[40] Y Xu, Z Liu. Polarimetric angular smoothing algorithm for an electromagneticvector-sensor array[J]. IET Radar Sonar and Navigation,2007,1(3):230-240.
[41]刘兆霆,刘中,何劲.线性极化敏感阵列的极化平滑算法及相干源参数估计[J].航空学报,2010,31(8):1646-1652.
[42]刘兆霆,何劲,刘中.基于电磁矢量阵列孔径扩展方法的相干目标DOA估计[J].电子与信息学报,2010,32(10):2511-2515.
[43] X. Gong, Z. Liu, Y. Xu. Coherent source localization: bicomplex polarimetricsmoothing with electromagnetic vector-sensors[J]. IEEE Transactions onAerospace and Electronic Systems,2011,47(3):2268-2285.
[44] X. Gong, Z. Liu, Y. Xu, M. I. Ahmad. Direction-of-arrival estimation via twofoldmode-projection[J]. Signal Processing,2009,89(5):831-842.
[45] S Miron, N L Bihan, J I. Mars. Quaternion-MUSIC for vector-sensor arrayprocessing[J]. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing,2006,54(4):1218-1229.