MIMO雷达参数估计算法研究
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摘要
多输入多输出(multiple-input multiple-output,MIMO)雷达,是一种新体制雷达,它可以采用多个发射天线和多个接收天线,各天线根据系统要求可以进行灵活布置并且各发射天线可以同时发射完全正交或部分相关的信号。自从其概念被提出以来,受到了众多科研工作者的关注。本文将对MIMO雷达的波形优化与信号处理方法等方面的问题进行研究。主要工作包括以下几个方面：
一、双基地MIMO雷达系统性能分析及互藕校正。
首先,考虑双基地MIMO雷达系统中目标散射特性和系统几何构型对参数估计性能的影响。根据给出的系统模型,对系统最多可分辨和定位目标的数目进行分析,并给出了理论证明。分析表明,利用目标反射系数的非相关特性,双基地MIMO雷达最多可有效分辨和定位收发阵元数的乘积减一个目标。其次,建立了兼具传统相控阵雷达和MIMO雷达特点的混合双基地雷达系统结构,综合考虑传统相控阵的相干处理增益和MIMO雷达的空间分集增益对目标方位估计性能的影响。给出角度估计的CRB,通过对不同结构下系统CRB的分析来判断估计性能的优劣。最后,针对阵元间互耦的存在会严重影响雷达目标定位算法性能,利用MIMO雷达的特性,基于均匀线阵互耦矩阵模型的对称带状Toeplitz性,在互耦信息未知的情况下,提出一种双基地MIMO雷达发射阵列和接收阵列互耦同时校正的算法。利用Capon谱估计,并结合相关文献中对均匀线阵互耦矩阵的计算和建模,将求解互耦系数转化为线性约束二次最小化问题,采用迭代的方式进行校正。此算法不需要校正源,也不需要进行特征值分解。
二、波形设计。
针对已有波形设计方法其旁瓣峰值经常出现在主瓣附近,提出利用已有的零相关正交二相码实现匹配滤波输出的零相关区域的方法；针对扩展零相关区域长度会降低零相关区域效率的问题,给出基于张量扩张的零相关区域扩展方法,并给出实现流程。
三、参数估计算法。
利用双基地MIMO雷达进行定位时,需要对发射角和接收角进行估计,而已有算法或者采用二维搜索,或者采用两个一维算法估计角度然后进行搜索配对,本文提出一种MUSIC和APES组合的两步参数估计方法。所提方法是将各参数进行联合估计,并实现自动配对。
针对双基地MIMO雷达二维角度估计问题,提出一种基于二维实值ESPRIT的DOD和DOA联合估计算法,该算法能够给出DOD和DOA的闭式解,而且所有参数估计值自动配对,同时降低运算复杂度。
针对双基地共置天线MIMO雷达存在的相干源波达方向估计问题,提出一种基于数据矩阵重构的适用于任何信号类型的角度参数估计方法。为了降低非平稳噪声对估计性能的影响和在小快拍具有更好的检测门限值,采用数据重构对数据进行扩展。同时对非平稳噪声情况下的确定Cramer-Rao界(CRB)进行推导分析。
As a new type of radar, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar consists of multiple transmitting antennas and multiple receiving antennas. Transmit antennas and receive antennas can be flexibly configured according to system requirements and each transmit antenna can freely choose signal waveform to obtain more degrees of freedom. MIMO radar has received much attention from researchers since it was proposed.
This dissertation studies orthogonal waveform design and array signal processing for MIMO radar. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Performance analysis and couple calibration of bistatic MIMO radar system
With the orthogonal waveforms are transmited by the transmitter of MIMO radar, the problem of parameter identifiability is investigated in the first part. Based on the bistatic MIMO radar system model, an analysis on the parameter identifiability of MIMO radar was given. By exploiting the uncorrelation of reflection coefficient of the targets, the maximum numbers of targets that could be uniquely identified by the MIMO radar is the product of the number of receive and transmit elements minus one. In the following part, the effect of the hybrid bistatic radar configuration on the direction finding performance is considered. A hybrid bistatic radar configuration which constitutes the conventional phased array radar and MIMO radar configuration was proposed. The new configuration could take advantage of both the coherent processing gain provided by the conventional phased array radar and the spatial gain received from MIMO radar. The average Cramer-Rao bound(ACRB) of the estimation was evaluated to assess the estimation performance for both angle of departure and angle of arrival. By measuring the average CRB, the direction finding performances of different configurations were investigated. At last, according to the structural speciality of MIMO radar and the mutual coupling matrix of uniform linear array is a banded symmetric Toeplitz matrix, a calibration algorithm for both transmitting array and receiving array of a bistatic MIMO radar system was proposed. The calibration can be performed without any calibration source and any mutual information. The coupling coefficients vector is computed by finding the solution of a linear constrained quadratic problem, so eigenvalue decomposition is not requisite.
(2) Waveform design
Practical radar requirements such as unit peak-to-average power ratio and range compression dictate that we use MIMO radar waveforms that have constant modulus and good auto-and cross-correlation properties. We present in this part new computationally efficient zero correlation zone (ZCZ) implementation method. According to the binary ZCZ code in communication and a spread-spectrum radar polyphase code, a new polyphase code with larger ZCZ is synthesized. The main feature of the new code is the absence of sidelobe in ZCZ in the compressed pulse. The configuration of the radar transmitter and receiver for application is presented.
(3) Parameters estimation
We present a multiple targets localization and parameter estimation algorithm for a bistatic MIMO radar system. MUSIC estimator is directly employed to estimate the DOAs, the amplitude and phase estimator (APES) is used to derive closed-form solution of the DODs, then RCS can be obtained from solutions of DODs and DOAs via least squares method. The DODs and RCS of targets can be solved in close form, and all the parameters are paired automatically.
It is shown how bistatic MIMO radar with uniform linear may be used with the data extension technique and2-D unitary ESPRIT algorithm to estimate the joint DOA and DOD. A closed-form solution of DOA and DOD of targets is obtained. Then, the RCS of targets are estimated by exploiting the solution of DOA and DOD. All the parameters are paired automatically. The algorithm has low computation complexity.
The last part of this dissertation shows how estimation of signal parameters via combining the data matrix reconstruction and least squares (LS) ESPRIT be used to estimate both the DOA and DOD in a bistatic MIMO radar system. The proposed algorithm can be effective for any type of signals such as coherent or noncoherent signals. The proposed algorithm can provide improvement precise parameters estimation over ESPRIT for noncoherent signals, especially in the presence of nonuniform noise.
一、双基地MIMO雷达系统性能分析及互藕校正。
首先,考虑双基地MIMO雷达系统中目标散射特性和系统几何构型对参数估计性能的影响。根据给出的系统模型,对系统最多可分辨和定位目标的数目进行分析,并给出了理论证明。分析表明,利用目标反射系数的非相关特性,双基地MIMO雷达最多可有效分辨和定位收发阵元数的乘积减一个目标。其次,建立了兼具传统相控阵雷达和MIMO雷达特点的混合双基地雷达系统结构,综合考虑传统相控阵的相干处理增益和MIMO雷达的空间分集增益对目标方位估计性能的影响。给出角度估计的CRB,通过对不同结构下系统CRB的分析来判断估计性能的优劣。最后,针对阵元间互耦的存在会严重影响雷达目标定位算法性能,利用MIMO雷达的特性,基于均匀线阵互耦矩阵模型的对称带状Toeplitz性,在互耦信息未知的情况下,提出一种双基地MIMO雷达发射阵列和接收阵列互耦同时校正的算法。利用Capon谱估计,并结合相关文献中对均匀线阵互耦矩阵的计算和建模,将求解互耦系数转化为线性约束二次最小化问题,采用迭代的方式进行校正。此算法不需要校正源,也不需要进行特征值分解。
二、波形设计。
针对已有波形设计方法其旁瓣峰值经常出现在主瓣附近,提出利用已有的零相关正交二相码实现匹配滤波输出的零相关区域的方法；针对扩展零相关区域长度会降低零相关区域效率的问题,给出基于张量扩张的零相关区域扩展方法,并给出实现流程。
三、参数估计算法。
利用双基地MIMO雷达进行定位时,需要对发射角和接收角进行估计,而已有算法或者采用二维搜索,或者采用两个一维算法估计角度然后进行搜索配对,本文提出一种MUSIC和APES组合的两步参数估计方法。所提方法是将各参数进行联合估计,并实现自动配对。
针对双基地MIMO雷达二维角度估计问题,提出一种基于二维实值ESPRIT的DOD和DOA联合估计算法,该算法能够给出DOD和DOA的闭式解,而且所有参数估计值自动配对,同时降低运算复杂度。
针对双基地共置天线MIMO雷达存在的相干源波达方向估计问题,提出一种基于数据矩阵重构的适用于任何信号类型的角度参数估计方法。为了降低非平稳噪声对估计性能的影响和在小快拍具有更好的检测门限值,采用数据重构对数据进行扩展。同时对非平稳噪声情况下的确定Cramer-Rao界(CRB)进行推导分析。
As a new type of radar, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar consists of multiple transmitting antennas and multiple receiving antennas. Transmit antennas and receive antennas can be flexibly configured according to system requirements and each transmit antenna can freely choose signal waveform to obtain more degrees of freedom. MIMO radar has received much attention from researchers since it was proposed.
This dissertation studies orthogonal waveform design and array signal processing for MIMO radar. The main contributions of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) Performance analysis and couple calibration of bistatic MIMO radar system
With the orthogonal waveforms are transmited by the transmitter of MIMO radar, the problem of parameter identifiability is investigated in the first part. Based on the bistatic MIMO radar system model, an analysis on the parameter identifiability of MIMO radar was given. By exploiting the uncorrelation of reflection coefficient of the targets, the maximum numbers of targets that could be uniquely identified by the MIMO radar is the product of the number of receive and transmit elements minus one. In the following part, the effect of the hybrid bistatic radar configuration on the direction finding performance is considered. A hybrid bistatic radar configuration which constitutes the conventional phased array radar and MIMO radar configuration was proposed. The new configuration could take advantage of both the coherent processing gain provided by the conventional phased array radar and the spatial gain received from MIMO radar. The average Cramer-Rao bound(ACRB) of the estimation was evaluated to assess the estimation performance for both angle of departure and angle of arrival. By measuring the average CRB, the direction finding performances of different configurations were investigated. At last, according to the structural speciality of MIMO radar and the mutual coupling matrix of uniform linear array is a banded symmetric Toeplitz matrix, a calibration algorithm for both transmitting array and receiving array of a bistatic MIMO radar system was proposed. The calibration can be performed without any calibration source and any mutual information. The coupling coefficients vector is computed by finding the solution of a linear constrained quadratic problem, so eigenvalue decomposition is not requisite.
(2) Waveform design
Practical radar requirements such as unit peak-to-average power ratio and range compression dictate that we use MIMO radar waveforms that have constant modulus and good auto-and cross-correlation properties. We present in this part new computationally efficient zero correlation zone (ZCZ) implementation method. According to the binary ZCZ code in communication and a spread-spectrum radar polyphase code, a new polyphase code with larger ZCZ is synthesized. The main feature of the new code is the absence of sidelobe in ZCZ in the compressed pulse. The configuration of the radar transmitter and receiver for application is presented.
(3) Parameters estimation
We present a multiple targets localization and parameter estimation algorithm for a bistatic MIMO radar system. MUSIC estimator is directly employed to estimate the DOAs, the amplitude and phase estimator (APES) is used to derive closed-form solution of the DODs, then RCS can be obtained from solutions of DODs and DOAs via least squares method. The DODs and RCS of targets can be solved in close form, and all the parameters are paired automatically.
It is shown how bistatic MIMO radar with uniform linear may be used with the data extension technique and2-D unitary ESPRIT algorithm to estimate the joint DOA and DOD. A closed-form solution of DOA and DOD of targets is obtained. Then, the RCS of targets are estimated by exploiting the solution of DOA and DOD. All the parameters are paired automatically. The algorithm has low computation complexity.
The last part of this dissertation shows how estimation of signal parameters via combining the data matrix reconstruction and least squares (LS) ESPRIT be used to estimate both the DOA and DOD in a bistatic MIMO radar system. The proposed algorithm can be effective for any type of signals such as coherent or noncoherent signals. The proposed algorithm can provide improvement precise parameters estimation over ESPRIT for noncoherent signals, especially in the presence of nonuniform noise.
引文
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