移动通信中的MC-CDMA关键技术研究
摘要
MC-CDMA结合了OFDM和CDMA技术的优点,抗频率选择性哀落能力强,频普效率高,系统实现简单。因此,MC-CDMA在移动通信、无线接入、卫星通信以及超宽带通信等领域具有广阔的应用前景,是4G移动通信中的有效解决方案。论文深入研究了MC-CDMA中峰均功率比抑制、信道估计、定时和载波同步方面的问题。
首先,论文介绍了多载波CDMA的三种结合方式,详细阐述了MC-CDMA的发射机模型、信道模型和接收机模型,分析了MC-CDMA的频谱效率、误码率以及系统容量等方面的性能。
其次,论文研究了MC-CDMA发送信号高峰均功率比的抑制方法。基于高功率放大器(HPA)的模型,分析了非线性放大器对发送信号带来的带内失真和带外噪声,阐述高PAPR对MC-CDMA系统的影响。介绍了通用OFDM系统抑制PAPR的传统方法以及两种专门针对MC-CDMA系统的PAPR抑制方法,分析了各算法的优缺点。详细推导了MC-CDMA上下行链路发送信号的PAPR值与扩频序列相关特性之间关系的表达式,对具有虚载波结构和不具有虚载波结构两种情况的MC-CDMA上下行链路的PAPR性能进行了研究。通过研究可知,在MC-CDMA上下行链路采用二进制Golay互补序列具有良好的PAPR性能,并且系统结构简单。针对Golay序列传统扩展方法存住的缺点提出一种二进制正交Golay可补序列集的构造方法,该方法可以快速生成数量等于码长的二进制正交Golay互补序列。从理论上证明了该方法的正确性并通过计算机仿真进行验证。
然后,论文研究了MC-CDMA中的信道估计方法。分析了无线传播信道的统计特性和MC-CDMA的信道模型,在介绍几种常用导频符号辅助调制(PSAM)信道估计算法的基础上提出一种基于MC-CDMA虚载波结构的LS信道估计改进算法,在保留LS算法运算量低优点的同时大大提高了信道估计精度。针对传统盲信道估计算法运算量高、收敛速度慢的缺点,根据MC-CDMA系统中信号子空间维数远远小于噪声子空间维数的特点提出了一种易于实现的盲信道估计算法。该算法从信号子空间的角度进行盲信道估计并且采用扩展PASTd算法动态跟踪信号子空间及其维数,显著降低了盲信道估计算法的运算量。另外,算法还通过将PASTd信号子空间跟踪的结果进行正交化处理,大大提高了信道估计的精度,增强了盲信道估计算法的实用性。
最后,论文研究了MC-CDMA中的定时和载波同步方法。分析了定时同步偏差和载波频率偏移对MC-CDMA系统的影响,介绍了几种常见的定时和载波同步算法并对各算法的同步性能进行分析。结合MC-CDMA自身的特点,提出一种基于用户扩频序列的精确定时和载波频偏估计算法。该算法首先采用多符号平滑法提高了粗定时同步和小数倍频偏估计精度,然后通过在频域将FFT后的接收序列和用户扩频序列进行分段相关求和实现了整数倍频偏估计。利用频偏估计结果对接收序列进行频偏补偿,再和由用户扩频序列产生的本地参考序列进行时域相关实现了精确定时同步。该算法不需要插入导频和训练序列,数据传输效率高,同步性能好,仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。
在论文的结束语部分,总结了论文的主要贡献,指明了下一步需要继续进行的研究工作和今后可能的研究方向。
MC-CDMA which combines the strongpoints of CDMA and OFDM has the advantages of high frequency efficiency and excellent capacity to resist frequency selective shadow. MC-CDMA has widely application value in mobile systems, wireless access, satellite communications and UWB communications . And now, people have considered MC-CDMA as the effective solution scheme in the 4G communication systems. The key technologys such as the resistence of high PAPR、channel estimation and system synchronization are deeply researched in this thesis.
First of all, the three multiple access schemes based on a combination of code division and multi-carrier techniques were introduced in this thesis. The transmitter model、channel model and the receiver modes were detaily expatiated and the frequency efficiency、bit error rate(BER) performance and system capacity were analyzed.
Secondly, the thesis investigated the techniques for PAPR reduction. Based on the model of high power amplifier (HPA), the in-band distortion and out-of-band noise introduced by HPA nonlinearity were analyzed and the influences on the system performances by high PAPR were described. Three kinds of PAPR reduction methods in universal OFDM systems and two methods aiming at MC-CDMA are introduced and their advantages and disadvantages were also analyzed. The correlation expressions of PAPR and user spreading sequence were deduced and the PAPR of MC-CDMA with and without virtual carriers were researched. From the conclusion, the uplink and downlink of MC-CDMA has better PAPR performance and simple system structure when using binary Golay complementary sequence. Contraposing the shortcoming of traditional Golay sequence extension methods, a fastly construction method of binary orthogonal complementary Golay sequence sets was presented. The theoretical proof of the method and computer simulation were also put forword.
Thirdly, the thesis investigated the channel estimation algorithms in MC-CDMA. The wireless channel characteristics and the MC-CDMA channel model were analyzed. A modified LS channel estimation algorithm based on virtual carriers was presented. the The advantage of low complexity of LS algorithm was retained and the channel estimation performance was remarkablely improved. The blind MC-CDMA channel estimation has the disadvantage of high compution complexity and slow convergence. According to the fact that the dimension of signal subspace is far more less than that of noise subspace in MC-CDMA systems, a blind channel estimation algorithm based on extented PASTd signal subspace tracking was presented in this thessis. The channel estimation precision was remarkablely increased through reorthogonalizing the result of PASTd subspace tracking before channel estimation and therefore the practical value of the blind channel estimation algorithm was improved.
At last, the thesis investigted the timing and carrier synchronization algorithms. The effects resulting from the timing and frequency offset were analyzed. Several traditional timing and frequency synchronization algorithms were discribed and their performances were analyzed. A system synchronization algorithm based on user's spreading sequence was presented. In the algorithm, the integer frequency offset was estimated through dividing the frequency into a number of blocks according to the time offset and correlating the received FFT sequences with the user's spreading sequence. The precise timing was obtained through correlating the receiver sequences after frequency offset compensation with the conference sequences in time domain. The system synchronization algorithm has high data transmission efficiency and the synchronization performance was validated by computer simulation.
In the last section, the main contribution of the thesis was summarized and the further research was pointed out.
首先,论文介绍了多载波CDMA的三种结合方式,详细阐述了MC-CDMA的发射机模型、信道模型和接收机模型,分析了MC-CDMA的频谱效率、误码率以及系统容量等方面的性能。
其次,论文研究了MC-CDMA发送信号高峰均功率比的抑制方法。基于高功率放大器(HPA)的模型,分析了非线性放大器对发送信号带来的带内失真和带外噪声,阐述高PAPR对MC-CDMA系统的影响。介绍了通用OFDM系统抑制PAPR的传统方法以及两种专门针对MC-CDMA系统的PAPR抑制方法,分析了各算法的优缺点。详细推导了MC-CDMA上下行链路发送信号的PAPR值与扩频序列相关特性之间关系的表达式,对具有虚载波结构和不具有虚载波结构两种情况的MC-CDMA上下行链路的PAPR性能进行了研究。通过研究可知,在MC-CDMA上下行链路采用二进制Golay互补序列具有良好的PAPR性能,并且系统结构简单。针对Golay序列传统扩展方法存住的缺点提出一种二进制正交Golay可补序列集的构造方法,该方法可以快速生成数量等于码长的二进制正交Golay互补序列。从理论上证明了该方法的正确性并通过计算机仿真进行验证。
然后,论文研究了MC-CDMA中的信道估计方法。分析了无线传播信道的统计特性和MC-CDMA的信道模型,在介绍几种常用导频符号辅助调制(PSAM)信道估计算法的基础上提出一种基于MC-CDMA虚载波结构的LS信道估计改进算法,在保留LS算法运算量低优点的同时大大提高了信道估计精度。针对传统盲信道估计算法运算量高、收敛速度慢的缺点,根据MC-CDMA系统中信号子空间维数远远小于噪声子空间维数的特点提出了一种易于实现的盲信道估计算法。该算法从信号子空间的角度进行盲信道估计并且采用扩展PASTd算法动态跟踪信号子空间及其维数,显著降低了盲信道估计算法的运算量。另外,算法还通过将PASTd信号子空间跟踪的结果进行正交化处理,大大提高了信道估计的精度,增强了盲信道估计算法的实用性。
最后,论文研究了MC-CDMA中的定时和载波同步方法。分析了定时同步偏差和载波频率偏移对MC-CDMA系统的影响,介绍了几种常见的定时和载波同步算法并对各算法的同步性能进行分析。结合MC-CDMA自身的特点,提出一种基于用户扩频序列的精确定时和载波频偏估计算法。该算法首先采用多符号平滑法提高了粗定时同步和小数倍频偏估计精度,然后通过在频域将FFT后的接收序列和用户扩频序列进行分段相关求和实现了整数倍频偏估计。利用频偏估计结果对接收序列进行频偏补偿,再和由用户扩频序列产生的本地参考序列进行时域相关实现了精确定时同步。该算法不需要插入导频和训练序列,数据传输效率高,同步性能好,仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性。
在论文的结束语部分,总结了论文的主要贡献,指明了下一步需要继续进行的研究工作和今后可能的研究方向。
MC-CDMA which combines the strongpoints of CDMA and OFDM has the advantages of high frequency efficiency and excellent capacity to resist frequency selective shadow. MC-CDMA has widely application value in mobile systems, wireless access, satellite communications and UWB communications . And now, people have considered MC-CDMA as the effective solution scheme in the 4G communication systems. The key technologys such as the resistence of high PAPR、channel estimation and system synchronization are deeply researched in this thesis.
First of all, the three multiple access schemes based on a combination of code division and multi-carrier techniques were introduced in this thesis. The transmitter model、channel model and the receiver modes were detaily expatiated and the frequency efficiency、bit error rate(BER) performance and system capacity were analyzed.
Secondly, the thesis investigated the techniques for PAPR reduction. Based on the model of high power amplifier (HPA), the in-band distortion and out-of-band noise introduced by HPA nonlinearity were analyzed and the influences on the system performances by high PAPR were described. Three kinds of PAPR reduction methods in universal OFDM systems and two methods aiming at MC-CDMA are introduced and their advantages and disadvantages were also analyzed. The correlation expressions of PAPR and user spreading sequence were deduced and the PAPR of MC-CDMA with and without virtual carriers were researched. From the conclusion, the uplink and downlink of MC-CDMA has better PAPR performance and simple system structure when using binary Golay complementary sequence. Contraposing the shortcoming of traditional Golay sequence extension methods, a fastly construction method of binary orthogonal complementary Golay sequence sets was presented. The theoretical proof of the method and computer simulation were also put forword.
Thirdly, the thesis investigated the channel estimation algorithms in MC-CDMA. The wireless channel characteristics and the MC-CDMA channel model were analyzed. A modified LS channel estimation algorithm based on virtual carriers was presented. the The advantage of low complexity of LS algorithm was retained and the channel estimation performance was remarkablely improved. The blind MC-CDMA channel estimation has the disadvantage of high compution complexity and slow convergence. According to the fact that the dimension of signal subspace is far more less than that of noise subspace in MC-CDMA systems, a blind channel estimation algorithm based on extented PASTd signal subspace tracking was presented in this thessis. The channel estimation precision was remarkablely increased through reorthogonalizing the result of PASTd subspace tracking before channel estimation and therefore the practical value of the blind channel estimation algorithm was improved.
At last, the thesis investigted the timing and carrier synchronization algorithms. The effects resulting from the timing and frequency offset were analyzed. Several traditional timing and frequency synchronization algorithms were discribed and their performances were analyzed. A system synchronization algorithm based on user's spreading sequence was presented. In the algorithm, the integer frequency offset was estimated through dividing the frequency into a number of blocks according to the time offset and correlating the received FFT sequences with the user's spreading sequence. The precise timing was obtained through correlating the receiver sequences after frequency offset compensation with the conference sequences in time domain. The system synchronization algorithm has high data transmission efficiency and the synchronization performance was validated by computer simulation.
In the last section, the main contribution of the thesis was summarized and the further research was pointed out.
引文
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