城市快速路出入口设置相关问题研究
|
摘要
为缓解越来越大的城市交通压力,近年来,我国很多大城市开始了快速路的建设；然而,随着快速路交通量的增加出现了很多问题,这些问题主要集中在快速路的出入口处；另外,目前国内对于快速路规划与设计标准还有许多不完善的地方,这严重影响了城市快速路系统整体效益的发挥。因此,对城市快速路出入口设置相关问题的研究对城市快速路的建设有重要的指导意义,对城市快速路路网系统效益的发挥也起到了很大的作用。
论文首先对快速路出入口处存在的各种交通问题进行整理,然后从车辆运行轨迹及衔接段交通流线的角度来分析这些交通问题产生的机理,然后对出入口设置的内容做了归纳,从三个方面来分别研究快速路出入口的设置。
在快速路出入口位置的选定方面,对于节点立交的位置,论文以定性和定量相结合的方法确定互通立交的位置。定性分析是以交通区位理论为基础,定量分析则引入了重要度的概念,两者互相补充；对于路段出入口,则根据各种组合类型的出入口的最小安全间距来确定两相邻互通立交之间出入口的最大数量,然后分析了主线交通量与路段出入口数量的关系。
快速路出入口立交型式的选择上,首先分别介绍了常用的四种立交型式的优缺点及其适用条件,然后从相交道路等级的不同、交通流量流向大小的不同和用地限制等方面来确定立交的型式。论文还根据互通式立交间距的合理与否提出了组合式立交的使用,并举例加以论证。
快速路出入口处交通设计主要包括车道的设计和交通组织设计两个部分,论文中针对不同的交通组合类型,对其出入口处交通组织方式进行了分析,并对衔接段处的交通组织进行了研究。
论文最后以北京二三环为例,从二三环的区位位置、二三环上交通问题及分析、二三环上出入口的数量及出入口处的交通组织方法等方面来说明本文所论述内容的合理性。
In recent years, many large city began the construction of urban expressway to release the increasing pressure on the urban transport in China; in the other hand, there have been lots of problems arising due to the pressure of the increasing traffic flow in the urban expressway network, and these problems exist mostly in the area of the exit and entrance; in addition, because of the specification which is imperfections about the urban expressway, resulting in more and more problems at the exit and entrance, it seriously impacts the efficiency of the urban expressway network. Therefore, it's significance to study on establishment with related issues at the entrance and exit of urban expressway and will play a large role to benefit from the urban expressway network.
First, the paper sorts the existing problems at the entrance and exit, and then analysis the source of these problems by vehicle trajectory and traffic flow line. Then, the contents of this paper were summarized, and the article is divided into three parts to be studied.
In the aspect of the location of entrance and exit, for the interchange nodes, the paper studied the location of interchange with a combination of qualitative and quantitative method to determine the location of Interchange. Qualitative analysis is based on the traffic location theory, and quantitative analysis is the introduction of the concept of an important degree. For the entrance and exit which is at the road section, the paper quantify the entrance and exit according to various combinations of types of entrances and exits, then trying to build the relationship between traffic and the optimal quantity to calculate optimal quantity.
In the aspect of selections of interchanges, the paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages and the application conditions of several commonly used types of interchanges, and then determined the interchange type from the following aspect:the level of the intersecting road, traffic flows and land-use restrictions and so on. The paper also demonstrated the application of composite interchange according to two examples.
The design of the entrance and exit mainly include the design of the lanes and the traffic organization design, the paper analyzes the traffic organization design at the entrance and exit for different types of entrance and exit combinations.
At last, the paper takes ring road of Beijing as an example from the location of the ring road, the problem of the entrance and exit, the traffic organization design to prove the previous contents feasible.
论文首先对快速路出入口处存在的各种交通问题进行整理,然后从车辆运行轨迹及衔接段交通流线的角度来分析这些交通问题产生的机理,然后对出入口设置的内容做了归纳,从三个方面来分别研究快速路出入口的设置。
在快速路出入口位置的选定方面,对于节点立交的位置,论文以定性和定量相结合的方法确定互通立交的位置。定性分析是以交通区位理论为基础,定量分析则引入了重要度的概念,两者互相补充；对于路段出入口,则根据各种组合类型的出入口的最小安全间距来确定两相邻互通立交之间出入口的最大数量,然后分析了主线交通量与路段出入口数量的关系。
快速路出入口立交型式的选择上,首先分别介绍了常用的四种立交型式的优缺点及其适用条件,然后从相交道路等级的不同、交通流量流向大小的不同和用地限制等方面来确定立交的型式。论文还根据互通式立交间距的合理与否提出了组合式立交的使用,并举例加以论证。
快速路出入口处交通设计主要包括车道的设计和交通组织设计两个部分,论文中针对不同的交通组合类型,对其出入口处交通组织方式进行了分析,并对衔接段处的交通组织进行了研究。
论文最后以北京二三环为例,从二三环的区位位置、二三环上交通问题及分析、二三环上出入口的数量及出入口处的交通组织方法等方面来说明本文所论述内容的合理性。
In recent years, many large city began the construction of urban expressway to release the increasing pressure on the urban transport in China; in the other hand, there have been lots of problems arising due to the pressure of the increasing traffic flow in the urban expressway network, and these problems exist mostly in the area of the exit and entrance; in addition, because of the specification which is imperfections about the urban expressway, resulting in more and more problems at the exit and entrance, it seriously impacts the efficiency of the urban expressway network. Therefore, it's significance to study on establishment with related issues at the entrance and exit of urban expressway and will play a large role to benefit from the urban expressway network.
First, the paper sorts the existing problems at the entrance and exit, and then analysis the source of these problems by vehicle trajectory and traffic flow line. Then, the contents of this paper were summarized, and the article is divided into three parts to be studied.
In the aspect of the location of entrance and exit, for the interchange nodes, the paper studied the location of interchange with a combination of qualitative and quantitative method to determine the location of Interchange. Qualitative analysis is based on the traffic location theory, and quantitative analysis is the introduction of the concept of an important degree. For the entrance and exit which is at the road section, the paper quantify the entrance and exit according to various combinations of types of entrances and exits, then trying to build the relationship between traffic and the optimal quantity to calculate optimal quantity.
In the aspect of selections of interchanges, the paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages and the application conditions of several commonly used types of interchanges, and then determined the interchange type from the following aspect:the level of the intersecting road, traffic flows and land-use restrictions and so on. The paper also demonstrated the application of composite interchange according to two examples.
The design of the entrance and exit mainly include the design of the lanes and the traffic organization design, the paper analyzes the traffic organization design at the entrance and exit for different types of entrance and exit combinations.
At last, the paper takes ring road of Beijing as an example from the location of the ring road, the problem of the entrance and exit, the traffic organization design to prove the previous contents feasible.
引文
[1]王毅.我国城市快速路发展综述[J].城市交通.2003.8：53-54
[2]JTJ011—94公路路线设计规范[S]
[3]刘颖,李克平,张振华.浅谈城市快速路出入口研究的必要性[J].交通与运输.2007.12
[4]Marc A Butorac,Jerilyn C Wen. NCHRP Synthesis 332:Access Management on Crossroads in the Vicinity of Interchanges[R].Washington D.C.;,Transportation Reaserch Board,2004
[5]Committee on access management, Access Management Manual[R].Washington D.C. Transportation Reaserch Board,2003
[6]Gluck J,H S Levinson,V Stover. NCHRP Report 420:Impacts Of Access Managerment Techniques[r].Washington D.C. Transportation Reaserch Board 1999
[7]William E. Frawley and William L. Eisele. Access Management Guidebook For Texas. Texas Transportation Institute. June 2005:5;22-25
[8]American Association Of State Highway And Transportation Officials. A policy on germetric design of highways and streets (green book)[M].Washington D.C.2001
[9]Jack.E Leisch.M.ASCE. Spacing of Interchange on Freeway in Urban Areas. Journal of the Highway Division. Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineering, may.1962
[10]A.AI—Kaisy, J.A.Stewart, A simulation approach for examining capacity and operational performance at freeway diverge areas.
[11]Mu^noz,J.C.,Daganzo,C.F.,Experimental characterization of multi-lane freeway tra.c upstream of an off-ramp bottleneck. PATH Working Paper 2000-13.Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,CA.
[12]R.Jayakrishnan. Simulation of Uban Transportation Networks with Multiple Vehiele Classes and Serviees:Classifications, Functional Requirements and General-purpose Modeling Schemes. TRB.2003.
[13]Birakayala A B. Investigating the effects of access road intersections on freeway congestion[D]. Texas:College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, 2003.
[14]American Association Of State Highway And Transportation Officials. A policy on germetric design of highways and streets (green book)[M].Washington D.C.2001
[15]Masahiro Kojima, Hironao Kawashima,Taka Sugiura, Akiko Ohme. The Analysis of Vehicle Behavior in the Weaving Section on the Highway Using A Micro-Simulator. Highway Res. Record 15,1963
[16]高奖.大城市快速路规划与设计关键问题研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2006.3
[17]郝小妮.我国城市快速路布局方法研究[D].长安大学硕士学位论文.2003.6
[18]徐玉莲.城市道路网立交布局与形式研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2005.3
[19]胡国军.我国大城市快速路规模与布局研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2005.3
[20]陈恺,张宁,黄卫.出入口管理技术改善立交与地面道路的交通衔接[J].公路.2006,No.10
[21]董猛,赵建新,王士林.高架快速路出口匝道衔接段交通组织方案研究[J].城市道桥与防洪.2007,第2期
[22]杨晓芳,付强,杨晓光.城市快速路与地面道路交通整合控制分析 [J].交通与计算机.2005,第5期第23卷总第126期
[23]晏秋,孙丽,盛明茴.受空间制约的快速路下匝道与交叉口衔接段优化设计与控制[J].交通信息与安全.2010年第1期第28卷
[24]王英平.城市快速路交通流数据间隙特性研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文.2006.6
[25]董斌.城市快速路交通流时变特性研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文.2006.6
[26]杨少辉.城市快速路系统交通瓶颈形成、扩散特性与控制方法研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文.2006.6
[27]郭南.城市快速路菱形立交先入后出式出口交通特性研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文.2005.6
[28]钟连德,荣建,周荣贵,李秀文.城市快速路与高速公路交通流特性的对比分析[J].公路交通科技.2005,Vol.22No.1
[29]刘颖,李克平,张振华.浅谈城市快速路出入口研究的必要性[J].交通与运输.2007,12
[30]詹琳霞.城市快速路出入口设置影响因素研究[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2008.6
[31]张飘,刘小明.高速公路互通式立交选型考虑因素[J].公路交通科技.1999年9月Vol.16No.3
[32]刘敬华.城市快速环路组合式立交规划设计探讨[J].交通科技.2004年第4期：91-92
[33]陈小鸿,周商吾.城市高架路匝道测定位计算方法[J].维普资讯http://www.cqvip.com/QK/97706X/1994002/1301393.html
[34]朱胜跃.城市快速路出入口设置探讨[J].城市交通.2004,Vol.2No.4
[35]李爱增,李文权,王炜.城市快速路互通立交最小间距[J].公路交通科技.2008,Vol.25 No.6：109-111
[36]龙科军,杨晓光,王跃辉,周志刚.城市快速路互通立交最小间距模型[J].公路交通科技.2007,24(11)
[37]贺玉龙,刘小明,任福田.城市快速路互通式立交的最小间距[J].北京工业大学学报.2001,Vol.27No.1
[38]李文权,李铁柱,常玉林,石小法.高速公路互通立交加速车道长度的设计方法[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版).2000,Vol.30No.4
[39]何雄君,梁会,王建平,向晋举.我国互通式立交变速车道长度的确定方法研究[J].武汉理工大学学报.2005,Vol.29No.3
[40]陈峻,於昊,王炜,丁峰,袁琦.城市高架道路下匝道地面联结段交通分析与评价[J].中国公路学报.2000,Vol.13No.3
[41]周商吾,陈小鸿.城市高架道路与地面道路衔接的研究[J].
[42]肖忠斌,王炜,李文权,张旭吴.城市高架路下匝道地面连接段最小长度模型[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版).2007,第37卷第6期
[43]张旭呈,李文权.城市高架路下匝道衔接道路通行能力研究[J].交通与计算机.2007,第25卷第4期总第137期
[44]孙明正,杨晓光,张扬.城市高架道路匝道与平面交叉口衔接交通问题及改善方法研究[J].公路交通科技.2003,Vol.20No.5
[45]杨晓光,狄姗.城市高架道路出口匝道衔接路段交通组织方法研究[J].交通运输工程与信息学报.2003,第1卷第2期：50-51
[46]高奖,过秀成.城市高架道路匝道与平面交叉口衔接空间优化设计[J].道路交通与安全.第6卷第10期2006年10月
[47]孙有望.关于城市快速路出入口设置的改进方案探讨[J].道路建设：10-11
[48]刘桂生.城市快速路系统规划设计[J].城市道桥与防洪.2000.3,第1期
[49]城市快速路设计规范.CJJ129-2009
[50]美国交通工程师协会.道路通行能力手册[M].任福田等译.北京：人民交通出版社,1996
[51]李江.交通工程学[M].人民交通出版社.2002：116-117
[52]翟忠民.道路交通组织优化[M].人民交通出版社.2004：93-133
[53]孙丽,晏秋.快速路出入口设置存在问题及改善措施研究[J].交通与运输.2009.12
[54]Yan Qiu, Du Wen "Ways and Methods to Make Urban Expressway Play its Full Role", the 2th International Conference on Transportation Engineering, Chengdu, July, 25-27,2009
[55]管楚度.交通区位论及其应用[M].人民交通出版社.2000：24-30
[56]杨健荣.城市化进程中公路网结点交通组织研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2006.3
[57]卢文增.大城市出入口道路与交通规划[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士论文.2004：14-15
[58]李旭宏.道路交通规划[M].东南大学出版社.1997.10：224-225
[59]北京市中心区交通改善实施方案.http://www.chinautc.com/Information/manage/UNCC_Editor/uploadfile/2000/12.pdf
[60]钟伟.互通式立体交叉选型研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006.9
[61]徐玉莲.城市道路网立交布局与形式研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2005.3：39-41
[62]秦建宁.浅谈城市快速路立交设计[J].科技信息.2007年第27期
[63]朱胜跃.浅谈城市快速路规划设计—对北京上海城市快速路建设的一点思考.上海高速公路建设管理论文专集.67
[64]李泽民.浅谈城市快速路系统规模及其规划布局[J].武汉城市建设学院学报.1997年9月
[65]钟连德,荣建,孙晓端.关于高架快速路车道宽度设置的探讨[J].公路交通科技.2006.10,Vo1.23 No.10
[66]中国公路学会.交通工程手册[M].人民交通出版社,1998
[67]朱丽,钱林波.城市快速路出入口间距及匝道控制研究[J].和谐交通,都市交通发展新战略新任务—第十六届海峡两岸都市交通学术研讨会论文集
[68]同济大学,上海市公安局交通巡逻警察总队.城市道路平面交叉口规划与设计规程DGJ08-96-2001[S].上海：上海市建设和管理委员会,2001
[69]2004-2020北京交通发展纲要.http://www.cqvip.com/QK/97357X/2005006/20705896.html
[70]http://www.fx120.net/scribble/auto/200601221302194698.htm
[711 http://www.chinaguive.cn/news/html/?90.html
[721 http://2008.sohu.com/20071003/n252469733.shtml
[73]http://forum.home.news.cn/thread/64997132/1.html
[741 http://www.zdiao.com/vtest effect.asD?testid=110134
[751 http://china.findlaw.cn/lawvers/article/d5055.html
[761 http://gb.cri.cn/18824/2008/01/04/2185@1900627 4.htm
[771 http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-03-05/20692.shtml
[771 http://beiiinetransport.blog.sohu.com/113453498.html
[781 http://www.ditiezu.com/thread-2420-1-1.html
[2]JTJ011—94公路路线设计规范[S]
[3]刘颖,李克平,张振华.浅谈城市快速路出入口研究的必要性[J].交通与运输.2007.12
[4]Marc A Butorac,Jerilyn C Wen. NCHRP Synthesis 332:Access Management on Crossroads in the Vicinity of Interchanges[R].Washington D.C.;,Transportation Reaserch Board,2004
[5]Committee on access management, Access Management Manual[R].Washington D.C. Transportation Reaserch Board,2003
[6]Gluck J,H S Levinson,V Stover. NCHRP Report 420:Impacts Of Access Managerment Techniques[r].Washington D.C. Transportation Reaserch Board 1999
[7]William E. Frawley and William L. Eisele. Access Management Guidebook For Texas. Texas Transportation Institute. June 2005:5;22-25
[8]American Association Of State Highway And Transportation Officials. A policy on germetric design of highways and streets (green book)[M].Washington D.C.2001
[9]Jack.E Leisch.M.ASCE. Spacing of Interchange on Freeway in Urban Areas. Journal of the Highway Division. Proceeding of the American Society of Civil Engineering, may.1962
[10]A.AI—Kaisy, J.A.Stewart, A simulation approach for examining capacity and operational performance at freeway diverge areas.
[11]Mu^noz,J.C.,Daganzo,C.F.,Experimental characterization of multi-lane freeway tra.c upstream of an off-ramp bottleneck. PATH Working Paper 2000-13.Institute of Transportation Studies,University of California,CA.
[12]R.Jayakrishnan. Simulation of Uban Transportation Networks with Multiple Vehiele Classes and Serviees:Classifications, Functional Requirements and General-purpose Modeling Schemes. TRB.2003.
[13]Birakayala A B. Investigating the effects of access road intersections on freeway congestion[D]. Texas:College of Engineering, The University of Texas at Arlington, 2003.
[14]American Association Of State Highway And Transportation Officials. A policy on germetric design of highways and streets (green book)[M].Washington D.C.2001
[15]Masahiro Kojima, Hironao Kawashima,Taka Sugiura, Akiko Ohme. The Analysis of Vehicle Behavior in the Weaving Section on the Highway Using A Micro-Simulator. Highway Res. Record 15,1963
[16]高奖.大城市快速路规划与设计关键问题研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2006.3
[17]郝小妮.我国城市快速路布局方法研究[D].长安大学硕士学位论文.2003.6
[18]徐玉莲.城市道路网立交布局与形式研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2005.3
[19]胡国军.我国大城市快速路规模与布局研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2005.3
[20]陈恺,张宁,黄卫.出入口管理技术改善立交与地面道路的交通衔接[J].公路.2006,No.10
[21]董猛,赵建新,王士林.高架快速路出口匝道衔接段交通组织方案研究[J].城市道桥与防洪.2007,第2期
[22]杨晓芳,付强,杨晓光.城市快速路与地面道路交通整合控制分析 [J].交通与计算机.2005,第5期第23卷总第126期
[23]晏秋,孙丽,盛明茴.受空间制约的快速路下匝道与交叉口衔接段优化设计与控制[J].交通信息与安全.2010年第1期第28卷
[24]王英平.城市快速路交通流数据间隙特性研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文.2006.6
[25]董斌.城市快速路交通流时变特性研究[D].吉林大学硕士学位论文.2006.6
[26]杨少辉.城市快速路系统交通瓶颈形成、扩散特性与控制方法研究[D].吉林大学博士学位论文.2006.6
[27]郭南.城市快速路菱形立交先入后出式出口交通特性研究[D].北京工业大学硕士学位论文.2005.6
[28]钟连德,荣建,周荣贵,李秀文.城市快速路与高速公路交通流特性的对比分析[J].公路交通科技.2005,Vol.22No.1
[29]刘颖,李克平,张振华.浅谈城市快速路出入口研究的必要性[J].交通与运输.2007,12
[30]詹琳霞.城市快速路出入口设置影响因素研究[D].北京交通大学硕士学位论文.2008.6
[31]张飘,刘小明.高速公路互通式立交选型考虑因素[J].公路交通科技.1999年9月Vol.16No.3
[32]刘敬华.城市快速环路组合式立交规划设计探讨[J].交通科技.2004年第4期：91-92
[33]陈小鸿,周商吾.城市高架路匝道测定位计算方法[J].维普资讯http://www.cqvip.com/QK/97706X/1994002/1301393.html
[34]朱胜跃.城市快速路出入口设置探讨[J].城市交通.2004,Vol.2No.4
[35]李爱增,李文权,王炜.城市快速路互通立交最小间距[J].公路交通科技.2008,Vol.25 No.6：109-111
[36]龙科军,杨晓光,王跃辉,周志刚.城市快速路互通立交最小间距模型[J].公路交通科技.2007,24(11)
[37]贺玉龙,刘小明,任福田.城市快速路互通式立交的最小间距[J].北京工业大学学报.2001,Vol.27No.1
[38]李文权,李铁柱,常玉林,石小法.高速公路互通立交加速车道长度的设计方法[J].河南大学学报(自然科学版).2000,Vol.30No.4
[39]何雄君,梁会,王建平,向晋举.我国互通式立交变速车道长度的确定方法研究[J].武汉理工大学学报.2005,Vol.29No.3
[40]陈峻,於昊,王炜,丁峰,袁琦.城市高架道路下匝道地面联结段交通分析与评价[J].中国公路学报.2000,Vol.13No.3
[41]周商吾,陈小鸿.城市高架道路与地面道路衔接的研究[J].
[42]肖忠斌,王炜,李文权,张旭吴.城市高架路下匝道地面连接段最小长度模型[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版).2007,第37卷第6期
[43]张旭呈,李文权.城市高架路下匝道衔接道路通行能力研究[J].交通与计算机.2007,第25卷第4期总第137期
[44]孙明正,杨晓光,张扬.城市高架道路匝道与平面交叉口衔接交通问题及改善方法研究[J].公路交通科技.2003,Vol.20No.5
[45]杨晓光,狄姗.城市高架道路出口匝道衔接路段交通组织方法研究[J].交通运输工程与信息学报.2003,第1卷第2期：50-51
[46]高奖,过秀成.城市高架道路匝道与平面交叉口衔接空间优化设计[J].道路交通与安全.第6卷第10期2006年10月
[47]孙有望.关于城市快速路出入口设置的改进方案探讨[J].道路建设：10-11
[48]刘桂生.城市快速路系统规划设计[J].城市道桥与防洪.2000.3,第1期
[49]城市快速路设计规范.CJJ129-2009
[50]美国交通工程师协会.道路通行能力手册[M].任福田等译.北京：人民交通出版社,1996
[51]李江.交通工程学[M].人民交通出版社.2002：116-117
[52]翟忠民.道路交通组织优化[M].人民交通出版社.2004：93-133
[53]孙丽,晏秋.快速路出入口设置存在问题及改善措施研究[J].交通与运输.2009.12
[54]Yan Qiu, Du Wen "Ways and Methods to Make Urban Expressway Play its Full Role", the 2th International Conference on Transportation Engineering, Chengdu, July, 25-27,2009
[55]管楚度.交通区位论及其应用[M].人民交通出版社.2000：24-30
[56]杨健荣.城市化进程中公路网结点交通组织研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2006.3
[57]卢文增.大城市出入口道路与交通规划[D].西安建筑科技大学硕士论文.2004：14-15
[58]李旭宏.道路交通规划[M].东南大学出版社.1997.10：224-225
[59]北京市中心区交通改善实施方案.http://www.chinautc.com/Information/manage/UNCC_Editor/uploadfile/2000/12.pdf
[60]钟伟.互通式立体交叉选型研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2006.9
[61]徐玉莲.城市道路网立交布局与形式研究[D].东南大学硕士学位论文.2005.3：39-41
[62]秦建宁.浅谈城市快速路立交设计[J].科技信息.2007年第27期
[63]朱胜跃.浅谈城市快速路规划设计—对北京上海城市快速路建设的一点思考.上海高速公路建设管理论文专集.67
[64]李泽民.浅谈城市快速路系统规模及其规划布局[J].武汉城市建设学院学报.1997年9月
[65]钟连德,荣建,孙晓端.关于高架快速路车道宽度设置的探讨[J].公路交通科技.2006.10,Vo1.23 No.10
[66]中国公路学会.交通工程手册[M].人民交通出版社,1998
[67]朱丽,钱林波.城市快速路出入口间距及匝道控制研究[J].和谐交通,都市交通发展新战略新任务—第十六届海峡两岸都市交通学术研讨会论文集
[68]同济大学,上海市公安局交通巡逻警察总队.城市道路平面交叉口规划与设计规程DGJ08-96-2001[S].上海：上海市建设和管理委员会,2001
[69]2004-2020北京交通发展纲要.http://www.cqvip.com/QK/97357X/2005006/20705896.html
[70]http://www.fx120.net/scribble/auto/200601221302194698.htm
[711 http://www.chinaguive.cn/news/html/?90.html
[721 http://2008.sohu.com/20071003/n252469733.shtml
[73]http://forum.home.news.cn/thread/64997132/1.html
[741 http://www.zdiao.com/vtest effect.asD?testid=110134
[751 http://china.findlaw.cn/lawvers/article/d5055.html
[761 http://gb.cri.cn/18824/2008/01/04/2185@1900627 4.htm
[771 http://auto.sina.com.cn/news/2002-03-05/20692.shtml
[771 http://beiiinetransport.blog.sohu.com/113453498.html
[781 http://www.ditiezu.com/thread-2420-1-1.html