电脑凿岩台车快速施工技术研究
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摘要
岩石隧道的施工方法主要有钻爆法和TBM法，我国主要采用的施工方法是钻爆法。钻爆法的核心工序之一就是钻眼爆破，目前常用的钻眼机具为气动凿岩机配合自制开挖台架和电脑凿岩台车。
目前国内把气动凿岩机配合自制开挖台架作为主要的钻爆施工方法。这种方法施工成本较低，但是工人劳动强度大、劳动环境恶劣、施工效率较低；而电脑凿岩台车钻眼法具有速度快、自动化程度高、施工安全、施工质量高、隧道开挖作业工作环境好等优点，但是电脑凿岩台车自身造价较高。
本文结合黔贵线独山隧道电脑凿岩台车科研项目，表明通过优化电脑凿岩台车钻眼爆破法的施工工艺，可以缩短每一循环的工作时间，提高施工速度，从而达到降低施工成本的目的。文章首先回顾了电脑凿岩台车快速施工技术的国内外研究现状以及目前国际上电脑凿岩台车发展情况，然后分析了电脑凿岩台车钻眼法的操作流程和选择电脑凿岩台车型号的关键因素。
文章以隧道施工组织设计原理为理论基础，利用双代号网络图研究分析了隧道施工的关键线路和关键工序；并优化了隧道开挖的各个关键工序，重点研究了隧道开挖中的几个主要工序：钻眼爆破、出碴运输、锚喷支护及其他保证快速施工的辅助措施；优化设计了针对电脑凿岩台车的3种施工工艺：全断面法快速施工技术、微台阶法控制爆破施工技术和电脑凿岩台车钻眼法与TBM相结合的施工技术；从施工工期和开挖成本两方面比较了电脑凿岩台车钻眼爆破法、气动凿岩机钻眼爆破法及TBM法的掘进速度及开挖成本。
本文认为，电脑凿岩台车钻眼爆破法是先进的隧道开挖方法，能适应各种地质条件下的隧道开挖，特别在中长或特长隧道的施工中，具有掘进快速、施工成本较低等优点，在未来的隧道施工中有着光明的发展前景。
Rock tunnel construction methods are drill-blasting method and TBM, our country mainly uses the method of drill-blasting method. Drilling blasting is one of the core processes in Drill-blasting method, now we commonly use pneumatic rock drill with homemade bench excavation and computer-controlled jumbo as drilling machines.
Currently domestic drill-blasting method for construction mainly are pneumatic rock drill with homemade mainly bench excavation. Using this method, the construction costs are lower, but labor intensity and work conditions are poorer with less efficient constructions; drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled jumbo bores faster and has a higher degree of automation with safety and higher quality construction. Tunnel excavation works in a better working environment .But computer-controlled drill jumbo is high cost.
Basing on Dushan tunnel of Qiangui track research item of computer-controlled jumbo, we found that by optimizing drill-blasting method of computer-controlled drill jumbo, the construction process of each cycle had reduced the working hours, improved the speed, and thus achieved lower construction cost. This paper reviews the research status of computer-controlled drill jumbo rapid construction and computer-controlled drill jumbo development at home and abroad. Then it analyzes the operating process of computer-controlled drill jumbo and the key factor to choose the computer-controlled drill jumbo models.
The paper bases on the principle of tunneling design, and then analyzes the key tunneling lines and key processes by using the double-coded network. It optimizes the key processes of tunnel excavation, focusing on several major steps of the tunnel excavation: the drilling and blasting ,mucking transport ,bolt-spray support and other complementary support measures to ensure rapid construction. It optimizes three construction technologies which against the computer-controlled drill jumbo: the full face rapid construction techniques, the technology of micro-bench method to control blasting and the construction technology of boring method by computer-controlled drill jumbo combining with the TBM. From the construction period and excavation costs, the paper compare speed and costs of drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled drill jumbo, drill-blasting method by the Pneumatic rock drill and TBM.
This article holds that the drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled drill jumbo is an advanced tunneling method, the method can adapt to various geological conditions, particularly in the mid-long or long tunnel construction. Because the drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled drill jumbo have faster driving and lower Construction costs, it have bright prospects for development in the tunnel construction
目前国内把气动凿岩机配合自制开挖台架作为主要的钻爆施工方法。这种方法施工成本较低，但是工人劳动强度大、劳动环境恶劣、施工效率较低；而电脑凿岩台车钻眼法具有速度快、自动化程度高、施工安全、施工质量高、隧道开挖作业工作环境好等优点，但是电脑凿岩台车自身造价较高。
本文结合黔贵线独山隧道电脑凿岩台车科研项目，表明通过优化电脑凿岩台车钻眼爆破法的施工工艺，可以缩短每一循环的工作时间，提高施工速度，从而达到降低施工成本的目的。文章首先回顾了电脑凿岩台车快速施工技术的国内外研究现状以及目前国际上电脑凿岩台车发展情况，然后分析了电脑凿岩台车钻眼法的操作流程和选择电脑凿岩台车型号的关键因素。
文章以隧道施工组织设计原理为理论基础，利用双代号网络图研究分析了隧道施工的关键线路和关键工序；并优化了隧道开挖的各个关键工序，重点研究了隧道开挖中的几个主要工序：钻眼爆破、出碴运输、锚喷支护及其他保证快速施工的辅助措施；优化设计了针对电脑凿岩台车的3种施工工艺：全断面法快速施工技术、微台阶法控制爆破施工技术和电脑凿岩台车钻眼法与TBM相结合的施工技术；从施工工期和开挖成本两方面比较了电脑凿岩台车钻眼爆破法、气动凿岩机钻眼爆破法及TBM法的掘进速度及开挖成本。
本文认为，电脑凿岩台车钻眼爆破法是先进的隧道开挖方法，能适应各种地质条件下的隧道开挖，特别在中长或特长隧道的施工中，具有掘进快速、施工成本较低等优点，在未来的隧道施工中有着光明的发展前景。
Rock tunnel construction methods are drill-blasting method and TBM, our country mainly uses the method of drill-blasting method. Drilling blasting is one of the core processes in Drill-blasting method, now we commonly use pneumatic rock drill with homemade bench excavation and computer-controlled jumbo as drilling machines.
Currently domestic drill-blasting method for construction mainly are pneumatic rock drill with homemade mainly bench excavation. Using this method, the construction costs are lower, but labor intensity and work conditions are poorer with less efficient constructions; drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled jumbo bores faster and has a higher degree of automation with safety and higher quality construction. Tunnel excavation works in a better working environment .But computer-controlled drill jumbo is high cost.
Basing on Dushan tunnel of Qiangui track research item of computer-controlled jumbo, we found that by optimizing drill-blasting method of computer-controlled drill jumbo, the construction process of each cycle had reduced the working hours, improved the speed, and thus achieved lower construction cost. This paper reviews the research status of computer-controlled drill jumbo rapid construction and computer-controlled drill jumbo development at home and abroad. Then it analyzes the operating process of computer-controlled drill jumbo and the key factor to choose the computer-controlled drill jumbo models.
The paper bases on the principle of tunneling design, and then analyzes the key tunneling lines and key processes by using the double-coded network. It optimizes the key processes of tunnel excavation, focusing on several major steps of the tunnel excavation: the drilling and blasting ,mucking transport ,bolt-spray support and other complementary support measures to ensure rapid construction. It optimizes three construction technologies which against the computer-controlled drill jumbo: the full face rapid construction techniques, the technology of micro-bench method to control blasting and the construction technology of boring method by computer-controlled drill jumbo combining with the TBM. From the construction period and excavation costs, the paper compare speed and costs of drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled drill jumbo, drill-blasting method by the Pneumatic rock drill and TBM.
This article holds that the drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled drill jumbo is an advanced tunneling method, the method can adapt to various geological conditions, particularly in the mid-long or long tunnel construction. Because the drill-blasting method by the computer-controlled drill jumbo have faster driving and lower Construction costs, it have bright prospects for development in the tunnel construction
引文
[1]铁道部．铁路隧道施工技术规范(TB10204-2002)．中国铁道出版社，2002
[2]交通部．公路隧道施工技术规范(JTJ042-94)．人民交通出版社，1994
[3]国家技术监督局、建设部．工程岩体分级标准(GB50128—94)．中国计划出版社，1995
[4]铁道部．铁路隧道设计规范(TB10003-2005)．中国铁道出版社，2005年
[5]交通部．公路隧道设计规范(JTGD70-2004)．人民交通出版社，2004年
[6]铁道部第二工程局．隧道(上、下册)．中国铁道出版社，2004
[7]周爱国．隧道工程现场施工技术．人民交通出版社，2004
[8]关宝树．隧道工程施工要点集．人民交通出版社，2004
[9]关宝树、杨其新．地下工程概论．西南交通大学出版社，2001
[10]周爱国．隧道工程现场施工技术．人民交通出版社，2004
[11]轩辕啸雯等．中国铁路隧道史．中国铁道出版社，2004
[12]齐景岳、刘正雄、张儒林、卿光全．隧道爆破现代技术．中国铁道出版社，1995
[13]何清华．隧道凿岩机器人．中南大学出版社，2004
[14]唐经世、高国安．工程机械(上册)．中国铁道出版社，1996
[15]朱军、孙金水、张占峰、陈文杰．国外公路工程机械技术性能手册．人民交通出版社，1999
[16]周志鸿、马飞、张文明、毛纪陵．地下凿岩设备．冶金工业出版社，2004
[17]尹泽明、丁春利等．精通MATLAB 6．清华大学出版社，2002
[18]张志毅、王中黔．交通土建爆破工程师手册．人民交通出版社，2002
[19]张继春．工程控制爆破．西南交通大学出版社，2001
[20]吴焕通、崔永军．隧道施工及组织管理指南．人民交通出版社，2004
[21]高澜庆等．液压凿岩机理论、设计与应用．机械工业出版社，1997
[22]TAMROCK AXERA T11 DATA全液压电脑凿岩台车资料
[23]刘志刚、赵勇．隧道隧洞施工地质技术．中国铁道出版社，2001
[24]钱东升．公路隧道施工技术．人民交通出版社，2003
[25]刘旭全、张松柏．浅谈长大隧道有轨运输中牵引机具的选型．世界隧道 1998(0)：57-60
[26]刘旭全．乌鞘岭隧道右线出口正洞工区施工机械配套技术．铁道建筑2005(3)：45-48
[27]洛阳隧道局科研所．五指山隧道平行导坑快速掘进技术．西部探矿技术，1997．9(2)：46-48
[28]徐冬青，吴卫东．121SGBC)CR型电脑台车的使用效果及改进隧道工程现场施工技术．铁道建筑技术，2000(6)：56-57
[29]夏纪顺．我国液压凿岩设备研制进展及推广应用．凿岩机械气动工具，1990(40)：23—33
[30]程红彬．电脑台车在隧道大断面深孔爆破施工中的应用．铁道建筑技术，1998(4)：17—19
[31]郭勇．我国首台计算机控制凿岩台车．工程机械与维修，2001(5)
[32]陈忠毅．硬岩凿岩设备的自动化．世界采矿技术快报，1995(9)
[33]东兆星、王树仁．掏槽方式及掏槽参数的优化研究．爆炸与冲击，1998(4)
[34]刘优平、陈寿如．直眼掏槽爆破参数设计探讨．采矿技术，2005(3)
[35]蔡书生、闫宇振．隧洞开挖爆破计算机辅助设计．爆破，2005(2)
[36]Geoff Pearse．Hydraulic Rock Drills．Mining Magazine，April 1982：220-231
[37]Percussive Rock Drills．World Mining Epuipment．April 1995：18-21
[38](日)铁道施设协会．设计施工指针(案)．昭和52年
[39]施工指针(案)—东京—土木学会，2000
[40]铁路构造物等设计标准：同解说—都市部山岳工法．东京：丸善株式会社，2002
[41]C D Warren, PM Varley. The Channel Tunnel. Geotechnical monitoring to breakthrough. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 1992.25(1)
[42]Tarkoy Peter J. Comparing TBMs with drill plus blast excavation. Tunnels and Tunnelling 1995:p41-44
[43]Palmstrom Arild. Under the sea in Norway. World Tunnelling and Subsurrace Excavation
[44]David Marting. At last a Computer-controlled Jumbo That Really Works. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1993(5)
[45]David Marting. At last a Computer-controlled Jumbo That Really Works. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1993(5)
[46] RolfElsrud. Measure While Drilling. Mining and Construction, 2000(3)
[47] Mratin. Computer-controlled.Rock-drilling Jumpos. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1998(5)
[48] David Marting. At last a Computer-controlled Jumbo That Really Works. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1993(5)
[49] Tunnellers' notebook. Computer-controlled Jumpo Doling Well. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1990(5)
[50] Eng. George Rozoreal ,Dr. Eng. Virgil Fierbinteanu. Underground Work in Bucharest Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Factors. An International Conference on Geotechnical and Gelogical Engineering, November 2000 Melbourne
[51] J. Herbschleb, J. C. W. M. de Wit. Design of Deep Underground Stations in Soft Soil Conditions. An International Conference on Geotechnical and Gelogical Engineering, November 2000 Melbourne
[52] Tao Lianjin, Roof behavior Analysis of Inclined Coal Seam. An International Conference on Geotechnical and Gelogical Engineering, November 2000 Melbourne
[2]交通部．公路隧道施工技术规范(JTJ042-94)．人民交通出版社，1994
[3]国家技术监督局、建设部．工程岩体分级标准(GB50128—94)．中国计划出版社，1995
[4]铁道部．铁路隧道设计规范(TB10003-2005)．中国铁道出版社，2005年
[5]交通部．公路隧道设计规范(JTGD70-2004)．人民交通出版社，2004年
[6]铁道部第二工程局．隧道(上、下册)．中国铁道出版社，2004
[7]周爱国．隧道工程现场施工技术．人民交通出版社，2004
[8]关宝树．隧道工程施工要点集．人民交通出版社，2004
[9]关宝树、杨其新．地下工程概论．西南交通大学出版社，2001
[10]周爱国．隧道工程现场施工技术．人民交通出版社，2004
[11]轩辕啸雯等．中国铁路隧道史．中国铁道出版社，2004
[12]齐景岳、刘正雄、张儒林、卿光全．隧道爆破现代技术．中国铁道出版社，1995
[13]何清华．隧道凿岩机器人．中南大学出版社，2004
[14]唐经世、高国安．工程机械(上册)．中国铁道出版社，1996
[15]朱军、孙金水、张占峰、陈文杰．国外公路工程机械技术性能手册．人民交通出版社，1999
[16]周志鸿、马飞、张文明、毛纪陵．地下凿岩设备．冶金工业出版社，2004
[17]尹泽明、丁春利等．精通MATLAB 6．清华大学出版社，2002
[18]张志毅、王中黔．交通土建爆破工程师手册．人民交通出版社，2002
[19]张继春．工程控制爆破．西南交通大学出版社，2001
[20]吴焕通、崔永军．隧道施工及组织管理指南．人民交通出版社，2004
[21]高澜庆等．液压凿岩机理论、设计与应用．机械工业出版社，1997
[22]TAMROCK AXERA T11 DATA全液压电脑凿岩台车资料
[23]刘志刚、赵勇．隧道隧洞施工地质技术．中国铁道出版社，2001
[24]钱东升．公路隧道施工技术．人民交通出版社，2003
[25]刘旭全、张松柏．浅谈长大隧道有轨运输中牵引机具的选型．世界隧道 1998(0)：57-60
[26]刘旭全．乌鞘岭隧道右线出口正洞工区施工机械配套技术．铁道建筑2005(3)：45-48
[27]洛阳隧道局科研所．五指山隧道平行导坑快速掘进技术．西部探矿技术，1997．9(2)：46-48
[28]徐冬青，吴卫东．121SGBC)CR型电脑台车的使用效果及改进隧道工程现场施工技术．铁道建筑技术，2000(6)：56-57
[29]夏纪顺．我国液压凿岩设备研制进展及推广应用．凿岩机械气动工具，1990(40)：23—33
[30]程红彬．电脑台车在隧道大断面深孔爆破施工中的应用．铁道建筑技术，1998(4)：17—19
[31]郭勇．我国首台计算机控制凿岩台车．工程机械与维修，2001(5)
[32]陈忠毅．硬岩凿岩设备的自动化．世界采矿技术快报，1995(9)
[33]东兆星、王树仁．掏槽方式及掏槽参数的优化研究．爆炸与冲击，1998(4)
[34]刘优平、陈寿如．直眼掏槽爆破参数设计探讨．采矿技术，2005(3)
[35]蔡书生、闫宇振．隧洞开挖爆破计算机辅助设计．爆破，2005(2)
[36]Geoff Pearse．Hydraulic Rock Drills．Mining Magazine，April 1982：220-231
[37]Percussive Rock Drills．World Mining Epuipment．April 1995：18-21
[38](日)铁道施设协会．设计施工指针(案)．昭和52年
[39]施工指针(案)—东京—土木学会，2000
[40]铁路构造物等设计标准：同解说—都市部山岳工法．东京：丸善株式会社，2002
[41]C D Warren, PM Varley. The Channel Tunnel. Geotechnical monitoring to breakthrough. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology, 1992.25(1)
[42]Tarkoy Peter J. Comparing TBMs with drill plus blast excavation. Tunnels and Tunnelling 1995:p41-44
[43]Palmstrom Arild. Under the sea in Norway. World Tunnelling and Subsurrace Excavation
[44]David Marting. At last a Computer-controlled Jumbo That Really Works. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1993(5)
[45]David Marting. At last a Computer-controlled Jumbo That Really Works. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1993(5)
[46] RolfElsrud. Measure While Drilling. Mining and Construction, 2000(3)
[47] Mratin. Computer-controlled.Rock-drilling Jumpos. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1998(5)
[48] David Marting. At last a Computer-controlled Jumbo That Really Works. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1993(5)
[49] Tunnellers' notebook. Computer-controlled Jumpo Doling Well. Tunnels and Tunneling, 1990(5)
[50] Eng. George Rozoreal ,Dr. Eng. Virgil Fierbinteanu. Underground Work in Bucharest Geotechnical and Hydrogeological Factors. An International Conference on Geotechnical and Gelogical Engineering, November 2000 Melbourne
[51] J. Herbschleb, J. C. W. M. de Wit. Design of Deep Underground Stations in Soft Soil Conditions. An International Conference on Geotechnical and Gelogical Engineering, November 2000 Melbourne
[52] Tao Lianjin, Roof behavior Analysis of Inclined Coal Seam. An International Conference on Geotechnical and Gelogical Engineering, November 2000 Melbourne