磁异常及其梯度多参量联合反演及三维人机交互建模研究
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摘要
磁法勘探中，与总场测量相比，梯度测量在表征浅层异常变化趋势及提高叠加异常辨识度等方面具有优势，故针对总场及其梯度的联合反演逐渐成为研究的热点。但是，如何从理论层面上解释梯度测量为什么具有优势，如何最大限度地利用梯度优势进行多参量约束反演，却几乎没有人进行过深入研究。本文以磁异常多参量反演为研究对象，从理论上评价联合梯度反演的“优越性”，回答了前面的问题；同时借助于人机交互建模及三维可视化技术，开展磁多参量联合约束反演方法技术研究及实用化软件研发工作。
1.从磁场正演公式出发，分析梯度数据的特点及与总场相比具有“优越性”的根源所在。同时，针对不同埋深、不同类型的场源及不同比例尺的实际测网，指出总场与梯度之间存在着互补性：各参量从不同侧面表现位场特征。为减少多解性，反演中应合理利用多参量数据，以获取完整的位场变化信息。基于此确定了多参量反演的具体技术措施。
2.通过模型反演试验得出，梯度在反演中所能发挥的作用应一分为二地看待：对于大尺度研究对象而言，梯度能够辅助总场提高定量反演的精度；对于小尺度目标探测而言，梯度能够弥补总场信息的不足，提高探测分辨率。第二点作用往往对实际勘探帮助更大。
3.根据实际应用中不同探测精度的总场及梯度磁力仪，分析其对于总场测量和梯度测量的各自实际探测能力，认识到了梯度对于仪器噪声的敏感性要大于总场，误差的存在使得梯度在实际应用中具有局限性。
4.通过对实测梯度和换算梯度在测量与计算中所表现出来的差异性进行分析评价，认为换算梯度作为总场的另一种表达形式，不能取代实测梯度用作多参量联合约束反演，从而明确了梯度测量的必要性。
5.为应对多参量测量带来的数据表达方式及反演进程控制难题，利用软件开发相关技术，实现了磁梯度多参量正反演系统。模型构造方面，设计了可扩展拓扑多面体数据结构；模型编辑方面，推导了二维逻辑坐标与三维地理坐标的映射公式，基于此实现了真三维模型形态修改功能；交互反演方面，利用多线程并行技术，实现了实时可视化正、反演功能。
6.为充分发挥物性反演与形态反演各自的优点，同时弥补二者存在的不足，在两种反演方式相结合的综合反演方面作了一次探索研究：基于计算几何中等值面重建及格网简化相关原理，实现了物性模型与形态模型的转化技术。
In the magnetic exploration, gradient measurements’ advantages over total fieldmeasurements are as follows: they can reflect abnormal characteristics of shallowsubsurface zones and improve the identification of superimposed abnormal bodies.Therefore, a joint inversion method specific to total field and corresponding gradienttensor has gradually become a hotspot research. But little effort has been dedicated tostudying how to theoretically explain why gradient measurements can have anadvantage, and how to maximize the use of gradient advantages in the inversion withmulti-parameter constraints. In this paper, multi-parameter inversion using magnetictotal field and gradient is the research object, and the superiority of joint inversionwith gradient data has been evaluated in theory. So the above-mentioned questionshave been answered. Meanwhile, it have put the techniques of human-computerinteraction modeling and3D visualization as research tools, aiming at researching thejoint inversion method with constraints of magnetic anomalies and gradient anomaliesand developing practical software.
1. Based on theoretical formula of the forward of magnetic fields, the features ofmagnetic gradient data and root of the "superiority" of gradient measurements overmagnetic total field are analyzed. Meanwhile, for field sources with different depthand different size and measuring grid with different scale, this paper had pointed outthe complementary between magnetic total field and magnetic gradient: these dataperformed characteristics of the field from different aspects. To obtain total variationof field and thus reduce the multiplicities of geophysical interpretation, theinformation of multi-parameters should be cooperative considered in inversion. So thespecific technical measures of multi-parameters inversion were determined finally.
2. Modeling analysis proves that effects of gradient data in multi-parametersinversion should be evaluated by two sides: for large scaled study objects, gradientdata can assist total-field data to optimize quantitative inversion precision; for smallscaled detected objects, gradient data can supplement lack of information in total field and thus enhance the detecting resolution. The second effect is often more valuable inactual exploration
3. The limitations of using gradient data in multi-parameters inversion witherrors has been analyzed from simulation of different types of instrument noises.
4. Based on analysis of differences between measured gradient and convertedgradient in the measuring and calculating process, it has been confirmed that asanother expression form of total field, converted gradient can not take the place ofmeasured gradient and not be used in multi-parameters joint inversion. Thus thenecessity of the gradient measurement has been proved.
5. Aiming at solving the problems of big data management and inversion processcontrol from multi-parameters measurement, the system for forward and inversionwith multi-parameter magnetic fields by human-computer interaction have beendeveloped, in which program design technology were used. In terms of modelstructure, a topology polyhedron data structure have been designed. On model editing,this paper have deduced coordinate mapping formula between2D logical coordinateand3D geographic coordinates. Based on them, functionality on visualizationinteractive editing for models were realized. In inverting the shape of geologicalbodies, real-time forward and inversion were achieved by multi-threaded paralleltechnology.
6. This paper made an exploratory attempt on combining the inversion forphysical properties and for geological body shape, aiming at making use ofadvantages of properties inversion and shape inversion and covering insufficients ontwo of them simultaneously. Based on the basic principle of iso-surface reconstructionand mesh simplification in computational geometry, conversion technique betweenphysical property models and shape models can be realized. Therefore, both inversioncan learn from each other and restrict mutually is possible.
1.从磁场正演公式出发，分析梯度数据的特点及与总场相比具有“优越性”的根源所在。同时，针对不同埋深、不同类型的场源及不同比例尺的实际测网，指出总场与梯度之间存在着互补性：各参量从不同侧面表现位场特征。为减少多解性，反演中应合理利用多参量数据，以获取完整的位场变化信息。基于此确定了多参量反演的具体技术措施。
2.通过模型反演试验得出，梯度在反演中所能发挥的作用应一分为二地看待：对于大尺度研究对象而言，梯度能够辅助总场提高定量反演的精度；对于小尺度目标探测而言，梯度能够弥补总场信息的不足，提高探测分辨率。第二点作用往往对实际勘探帮助更大。
3.根据实际应用中不同探测精度的总场及梯度磁力仪，分析其对于总场测量和梯度测量的各自实际探测能力，认识到了梯度对于仪器噪声的敏感性要大于总场，误差的存在使得梯度在实际应用中具有局限性。
4.通过对实测梯度和换算梯度在测量与计算中所表现出来的差异性进行分析评价，认为换算梯度作为总场的另一种表达形式，不能取代实测梯度用作多参量联合约束反演，从而明确了梯度测量的必要性。
5.为应对多参量测量带来的数据表达方式及反演进程控制难题，利用软件开发相关技术，实现了磁梯度多参量正反演系统。模型构造方面，设计了可扩展拓扑多面体数据结构；模型编辑方面，推导了二维逻辑坐标与三维地理坐标的映射公式，基于此实现了真三维模型形态修改功能；交互反演方面，利用多线程并行技术，实现了实时可视化正、反演功能。
6.为充分发挥物性反演与形态反演各自的优点，同时弥补二者存在的不足，在两种反演方式相结合的综合反演方面作了一次探索研究：基于计算几何中等值面重建及格网简化相关原理，实现了物性模型与形态模型的转化技术。
In the magnetic exploration, gradient measurements’ advantages over total fieldmeasurements are as follows: they can reflect abnormal characteristics of shallowsubsurface zones and improve the identification of superimposed abnormal bodies.Therefore, a joint inversion method specific to total field and corresponding gradienttensor has gradually become a hotspot research. But little effort has been dedicated tostudying how to theoretically explain why gradient measurements can have anadvantage, and how to maximize the use of gradient advantages in the inversion withmulti-parameter constraints. In this paper, multi-parameter inversion using magnetictotal field and gradient is the research object, and the superiority of joint inversionwith gradient data has been evaluated in theory. So the above-mentioned questionshave been answered. Meanwhile, it have put the techniques of human-computerinteraction modeling and3D visualization as research tools, aiming at researching thejoint inversion method with constraints of magnetic anomalies and gradient anomaliesand developing practical software.
1. Based on theoretical formula of the forward of magnetic fields, the features ofmagnetic gradient data and root of the "superiority" of gradient measurements overmagnetic total field are analyzed. Meanwhile, for field sources with different depthand different size and measuring grid with different scale, this paper had pointed outthe complementary between magnetic total field and magnetic gradient: these dataperformed characteristics of the field from different aspects. To obtain total variationof field and thus reduce the multiplicities of geophysical interpretation, theinformation of multi-parameters should be cooperative considered in inversion. So thespecific technical measures of multi-parameters inversion were determined finally.
2. Modeling analysis proves that effects of gradient data in multi-parametersinversion should be evaluated by two sides: for large scaled study objects, gradientdata can assist total-field data to optimize quantitative inversion precision; for smallscaled detected objects, gradient data can supplement lack of information in total field and thus enhance the detecting resolution. The second effect is often more valuable inactual exploration
3. The limitations of using gradient data in multi-parameters inversion witherrors has been analyzed from simulation of different types of instrument noises.
4. Based on analysis of differences between measured gradient and convertedgradient in the measuring and calculating process, it has been confirmed that asanother expression form of total field, converted gradient can not take the place ofmeasured gradient and not be used in multi-parameters joint inversion. Thus thenecessity of the gradient measurement has been proved.
5. Aiming at solving the problems of big data management and inversion processcontrol from multi-parameters measurement, the system for forward and inversionwith multi-parameter magnetic fields by human-computer interaction have beendeveloped, in which program design technology were used. In terms of modelstructure, a topology polyhedron data structure have been designed. On model editing,this paper have deduced coordinate mapping formula between2D logical coordinateand3D geographic coordinates. Based on them, functionality on visualizationinteractive editing for models were realized. In inverting the shape of geologicalbodies, real-time forward and inversion were achieved by multi-threaded paralleltechnology.
6. This paper made an exploratory attempt on combining the inversion forphysical properties and for geological body shape, aiming at making use ofadvantages of properties inversion and shape inversion and covering insufficients ontwo of them simultaneously. Based on the basic principle of iso-surface reconstructionand mesh simplification in computational geometry, conversion technique betweenphysical property models and shape models can be realized. Therefore, both inversioncan learn from each other and restrict mutually is possible.
引文
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