烟气中性面的理论模型及实验研究
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摘要
开口是建筑与外界环境进行能量与质量交换的主要渠道,而中性面则是开口内外的烟气流动主要影响因素。中性面作用下的开口流动一方面决定着火房间内的火灾发展,另一方面又是烟气流出着火房间,在建筑内大面积蔓延的主要原因。因此,研究中性面对于建筑火灾烟气防控具有重要意义。
本文通过理论分析、实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,围绕烟气中性面的基础问题开展了以下几个方面的研究：火灾实验模拟火源的燃烧特性和稳定性;烟气层分界面计算方法;考虑温度和开口宽度分布的竖井中性面计算模型；有排烟仓室的开口中性面计算理论模型和溢流抑止条件等。论文的具体工作包括：
研究了池火火源燃烧特性以及水浴保护下的稳定性。通过实验发现,汽油池火的辐射热反馈量占总反馈量的84.6,甲醇为31.9%。因此,汽油的燃烧速率对火焰扰动更敏感。有水浴时池火燃烧速率更稳定,但均值有不超过10%的降低。因而,为了得到更稳定的火源功率时,在火灾实验时宜对池火火源进行水浴保护。
发展了一种新的烟气层分界面计算方法。该方法基于客观温度数据,通过比较不同温度阈值下的类内方差和类内积分比,在有效摒除阈值选定过程人为主观性和经验性的同时,保证了分界阈值的最优化。试验表明,该方法基本消除了温度振荡对烟气层计算的不利影响。在烟气层温度较低、温度梯度较小的状况下,该方法仍可合理有效的计算整个火灾过程的烟气层高度变化,为区域模型分区提供了比其他方法更为接近真实的分界面位置。
研究了竖井内温度衰减原因,建立了考虑温度以及开口宽度分布的中性面计算模型。根据管道内部流动下的传热计算方程对竖井的壁面热损进行了量级分析,认为在烟气运动时间较长的竖井内,壁面热损的影响应当考虑,并得到了指数规律分布的竖井内温度计算式。在此基础上,还发展了一种考虑竖井中性面下部低温空气卷入对竖井内温度衰减影响的迭代算法。建立了一个考虑开口宽度分布、竖井内温度分布以及顶部开口大小的竖井中性面计算通用连续模型,并通过1/8小尺寸实验检验发现,该模型的中性面高度计算结果和实验结果相比偏差较小,一般都在5%之内,优于已有的其他模型。
研究了排烟作用下仓室开口中性面计算模型及溢流抑止临界条件。建立了排烟仓室烟气中性面计算的区域模型和连续模型,得到了溢流抑止临界排烟流量以及开口处气体流量的计算式。通过数值模拟研究发现室内温度主要受火源功率的影响。排烟量、开口宽度,火源功率对开口处流动状态有着重要影响,是影响溢流抑止条件的重要参数。通过全尺寸实验研究发现：在排烟仓室火灾条件下,200s左右室内温度基本稳定,烟气沉降到地面。不同高度处的温升呈近似线性分布,同种火源功率条件下仓室内温度变化不大。研究还也发现临界排烟量分别随着开口宽度和火源功率的增加而增加。通过全尺寸实验和数值模拟对区域和连续模型进行了检验,发现这两种模型都可以较好的计算排烟仓室的中性面高度,溢流抑止临界排烟量,开口烟气流入质量流量。区域模型计算方便,但是相比连续模型计算精度要差一些,且其得到的临界排烟量偏低,开口烟气流入质量流量偏高。
Opening is the main channel for mass and energy exchange between building and outside environment, while the neutral plane is the main factor affecting the smoke flow through openings. The smoke flow through openings determines the fire development within the room; on the other hand, it is also the main reason for smoke spreading in buildings out of fire room. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the neutral plane in order to prevent smoke spread in a fire.
By theoretical analysis, experiments and numerical simulation, this paper focused on the following aspects about the neutral plane:the burning characteristics and stability of fire source in experiment; calculation method for interface height of smoke layer; the shaft neutral plane calculation model considering the temperature and opening width distribution; neutral plane calculation model and the critical condition to suppress overflow for vertical opening of carbin with exhaust. The specific work of the paper includes:
The burning character of pool fire and its stability under water-bath protection was studied. By the experiments, it is found that the radiation feedback of gasoline with a bright flame, accounts for84.6%to the total energy feedback, while31.9%for the methanol. Therefore, the burning rate of gasoline is more sensitive to flame disturbance; while the burning rate is more stable with water-bathing, the mean value decreased within10%. Thus, in order to get a more stable fire source, water-bathing protection was given to the pool fire in experiments of this paper.
A new method to calculate interface height of smoke layer was developed. Based on objective temperature data, the within-class variance of smoke and air under different temperature threshold was compared to obtain the optimal threshold, and the two methods also effectively exclude subjectivity and empiricism during the threshold selection process. The experiment results showed that the model can eliminate the adverse effects of temperature oscillation to the smoke layer. When gas temperature was relatively lower with little gradient, this method can be effective for the smoke layer height calculation of the entire fire process, and provide a better partition interface location prediction for zone model than other methods.
Reasons for shaft temperature's decline were investigated, and a new neutral plane calculation model considering the temperature and opening width distribution was proposed. According to the heat transfer calculation equations for internal pipe flow, heat loss to the wall was carried out by scale analysis. And the results showed that in shafts with long-time smoke travelling, wall heat loss to the wall should be taken into consideration and a temperature calculation formula by exponential distribution was obtained for shaft. Based on this formula, iterative algorithm is proposed to calculate the influence of the cold air entrainment from the lower part of the shaft neutral plane. A universal neutral plane calculation model for shaft was developed, which considered the opening width, temperature distribution and the opening size in the shaft top. Through1/8size small-scale experiments, it was showed that the neutral plane height calculated by the model was in little variance when compared with experiment results, generally within5%, better than the other existing models.
Neutral plane calculation model and the critical condition to suppress overflow for vertical opening of carbin with exhaust were studied. Zone model and continuous model were developed to calculate the neutral plane in vertical opening of carbin with exhaust and a formula was derived to estimate critical exhaust rate to suppress overflow and mass flow rate flowing into the burning room though openings. It is found by numerical simulation that the indoor temperature is mainly affected by the fire power, while the opening flows was dominated by the density difference due to temperature difference. The smoke exhaustion amount, opening width and fire power are important factors affecting the overflowing-inhibition condition, which have a great impact on the opening flow state. Full-size experimental study found that:under the fire condition of exhaust cabins, the indoor temperature approached stability at about200s, and smoke sank to floor. The temperature rise at different heights approximates linearly distribution in the cabin, and temperature changed little under the same fire power. The study also found that the critical exhaust rate increased respectively with the opening width and fire power. Zone model and continuous model were examined by both full-size experiments and numerical simulation. It is found that both of these two models can calculate the neutral plane height, critical exhaust rate, mass inflow through the opening with good accuracy. Zone model is easy-handling, but compared with the continuous model, its calculation result is relatively worse, the calculated critical exhaust rate is relatively lower, as the mass inflow through the opening is higher.
本文通过理论分析、实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,围绕烟气中性面的基础问题开展了以下几个方面的研究：火灾实验模拟火源的燃烧特性和稳定性;烟气层分界面计算方法;考虑温度和开口宽度分布的竖井中性面计算模型；有排烟仓室的开口中性面计算理论模型和溢流抑止条件等。论文的具体工作包括：
研究了池火火源燃烧特性以及水浴保护下的稳定性。通过实验发现,汽油池火的辐射热反馈量占总反馈量的84.6,甲醇为31.9%。因此,汽油的燃烧速率对火焰扰动更敏感。有水浴时池火燃烧速率更稳定,但均值有不超过10%的降低。因而,为了得到更稳定的火源功率时,在火灾实验时宜对池火火源进行水浴保护。
发展了一种新的烟气层分界面计算方法。该方法基于客观温度数据,通过比较不同温度阈值下的类内方差和类内积分比,在有效摒除阈值选定过程人为主观性和经验性的同时,保证了分界阈值的最优化。试验表明,该方法基本消除了温度振荡对烟气层计算的不利影响。在烟气层温度较低、温度梯度较小的状况下,该方法仍可合理有效的计算整个火灾过程的烟气层高度变化,为区域模型分区提供了比其他方法更为接近真实的分界面位置。
研究了竖井内温度衰减原因,建立了考虑温度以及开口宽度分布的中性面计算模型。根据管道内部流动下的传热计算方程对竖井的壁面热损进行了量级分析,认为在烟气运动时间较长的竖井内,壁面热损的影响应当考虑,并得到了指数规律分布的竖井内温度计算式。在此基础上,还发展了一种考虑竖井中性面下部低温空气卷入对竖井内温度衰减影响的迭代算法。建立了一个考虑开口宽度分布、竖井内温度分布以及顶部开口大小的竖井中性面计算通用连续模型,并通过1/8小尺寸实验检验发现,该模型的中性面高度计算结果和实验结果相比偏差较小,一般都在5%之内,优于已有的其他模型。
研究了排烟作用下仓室开口中性面计算模型及溢流抑止临界条件。建立了排烟仓室烟气中性面计算的区域模型和连续模型,得到了溢流抑止临界排烟流量以及开口处气体流量的计算式。通过数值模拟研究发现室内温度主要受火源功率的影响。排烟量、开口宽度,火源功率对开口处流动状态有着重要影响,是影响溢流抑止条件的重要参数。通过全尺寸实验研究发现：在排烟仓室火灾条件下,200s左右室内温度基本稳定,烟气沉降到地面。不同高度处的温升呈近似线性分布,同种火源功率条件下仓室内温度变化不大。研究还也发现临界排烟量分别随着开口宽度和火源功率的增加而增加。通过全尺寸实验和数值模拟对区域和连续模型进行了检验,发现这两种模型都可以较好的计算排烟仓室的中性面高度,溢流抑止临界排烟量,开口烟气流入质量流量。区域模型计算方便,但是相比连续模型计算精度要差一些,且其得到的临界排烟量偏低,开口烟气流入质量流量偏高。
Opening is the main channel for mass and energy exchange between building and outside environment, while the neutral plane is the main factor affecting the smoke flow through openings. The smoke flow through openings determines the fire development within the room; on the other hand, it is also the main reason for smoke spreading in buildings out of fire room. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the neutral plane in order to prevent smoke spread in a fire.
By theoretical analysis, experiments and numerical simulation, this paper focused on the following aspects about the neutral plane:the burning characteristics and stability of fire source in experiment; calculation method for interface height of smoke layer; the shaft neutral plane calculation model considering the temperature and opening width distribution; neutral plane calculation model and the critical condition to suppress overflow for vertical opening of carbin with exhaust. The specific work of the paper includes:
The burning character of pool fire and its stability under water-bath protection was studied. By the experiments, it is found that the radiation feedback of gasoline with a bright flame, accounts for84.6%to the total energy feedback, while31.9%for the methanol. Therefore, the burning rate of gasoline is more sensitive to flame disturbance; while the burning rate is more stable with water-bathing, the mean value decreased within10%. Thus, in order to get a more stable fire source, water-bathing protection was given to the pool fire in experiments of this paper.
A new method to calculate interface height of smoke layer was developed. Based on objective temperature data, the within-class variance of smoke and air under different temperature threshold was compared to obtain the optimal threshold, and the two methods also effectively exclude subjectivity and empiricism during the threshold selection process. The experiment results showed that the model can eliminate the adverse effects of temperature oscillation to the smoke layer. When gas temperature was relatively lower with little gradient, this method can be effective for the smoke layer height calculation of the entire fire process, and provide a better partition interface location prediction for zone model than other methods.
Reasons for shaft temperature's decline were investigated, and a new neutral plane calculation model considering the temperature and opening width distribution was proposed. According to the heat transfer calculation equations for internal pipe flow, heat loss to the wall was carried out by scale analysis. And the results showed that in shafts with long-time smoke travelling, wall heat loss to the wall should be taken into consideration and a temperature calculation formula by exponential distribution was obtained for shaft. Based on this formula, iterative algorithm is proposed to calculate the influence of the cold air entrainment from the lower part of the shaft neutral plane. A universal neutral plane calculation model for shaft was developed, which considered the opening width, temperature distribution and the opening size in the shaft top. Through1/8size small-scale experiments, it was showed that the neutral plane height calculated by the model was in little variance when compared with experiment results, generally within5%, better than the other existing models.
Neutral plane calculation model and the critical condition to suppress overflow for vertical opening of carbin with exhaust were studied. Zone model and continuous model were developed to calculate the neutral plane in vertical opening of carbin with exhaust and a formula was derived to estimate critical exhaust rate to suppress overflow and mass flow rate flowing into the burning room though openings. It is found by numerical simulation that the indoor temperature is mainly affected by the fire power, while the opening flows was dominated by the density difference due to temperature difference. The smoke exhaustion amount, opening width and fire power are important factors affecting the overflowing-inhibition condition, which have a great impact on the opening flow state. Full-size experimental study found that:under the fire condition of exhaust cabins, the indoor temperature approached stability at about200s, and smoke sank to floor. The temperature rise at different heights approximates linearly distribution in the cabin, and temperature changed little under the same fire power. The study also found that the critical exhaust rate increased respectively with the opening width and fire power. Zone model and continuous model were examined by both full-size experiments and numerical simulation. It is found that both of these two models can calculate the neutral plane height, critical exhaust rate, mass inflow through the opening with good accuracy. Zone model is easy-handling, but compared with the continuous model, its calculation result is relatively worse, the calculated critical exhaust rate is relatively lower, as the mass inflow through the opening is higher.
引文
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