热处理及合金元素对高铬铸铁微观组织和性能的影响
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摘要
本文探讨了不同的热处理工艺及深冷处理相配合对高铬铸铁性能的影响。通过洛氏硬度试验、摆锤式冲击试验、滑动式磨损试验、滚筒式磨损试验等手段对材料的性能进行测试,结果表明:高铬铸铁空淬后,经深冷处理的硬度比未经深冷处理的提高8～10HRC,但冲击韧度有所下降。高铬铸铁经深冷处理后经250℃回火4h,可以获得较好的硬度和冲击韧度配合。经深冷处理的高铬铸铁回火时的硬度峰值出现在450℃左右,比未经深冷处理的提前了约100℃。高铬铸铁经过二次高温保温后无论有无经过深冷处理其硬度都在450℃回火时达到峰值,且具有较好的耐磨性。通过光学显微镜(OM)、环境扫描电镜(ESEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等分析材料的微观组织,研究结果表明,深冷处理能使残余奥氏体进一步发生马氏体转变,因此硬度得到提高。但深冷处理对基体中的碳化物影响不大,所以经深冷处理和未经深冷处理的高铬铸铁,在滑动磨损和滚筒式磨损工况条件下表现出的抗磨性很接近。高铬铸铁经二次保温后奥氏体获得较为彻底的转变,残余奥氏体量极少,因此再进行深冷处理的作用不大。
本文还探讨了锰、钛、氮等合金元素与深冷处理相结合对高铬铸铁性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着锰含量的增加,高铬铸铁中的残余奥氏体量增加,硬度降低,韧性提高,因此在微切削为主的磨料磨损条件下耐磨性变差,但在以疲劳破坏为主的磨料磨损条件下耐磨性提高,深冷处理能使残余奥氏体发生马氏体转变,提高高铬铸铁的耐磨性。钛的碳化物在高铬铸铁中起异质晶核的作用,细化了晶粒,能提高冲击韧度,但钛量过多会使基体中出现珠光体,使硬度下降,从而使材料的抗磨损能力和抗腐蚀能力下降。钛含量为0.2%的高铬铸铁表现出较好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。深冷处理能进一步提高其耐磨性,但对耐腐蚀性的影响不大。氮的加入可以对高铬铸铁基体进行固溶强化,对硬度的提高有明显的作用,能提高材料的耐磨性; 氮还能提高基体的电极电位,减小金属基体与碳化物间的电极电位差,提高高铬铸铁的耐腐蚀性。
In this paper, the effects of the different heat treatment technology coordinating with the cryogenic treatment on the properties of high chromium cast iron (short for HCCI) were studied. By the means of the Rockwell hardness test, pendulum impact test, sliding abrasion test, rolling abrasion test, the properties of the materials have been tested. The results showed that the hardness of HCCI with cryo-treating enhanced 8~10 HRC, but the impact toughness dropped. HCCI with cryo-treating may obtain the well coordination of hardness and impact toughness when tempered in 250 ℃ for 4 hours. The hardness peak of the HCCI with cryo-treating appeared as the tempering temperature was about 450℃. Compared to HCCI without cryo-treating, the temperature of hardness peak is ahead about 100 ℃. The hardness peak of the HCCI after secondary preservation appeared in 450℃ tempered whether cryo-treated or not, and the materials also had good wear resistance. The Optical Microscope (OM), Environment Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) are applied to analyze the microstructure of HCCI. The results indicated that cryogenic treatment can cause the remaining austenite to transform further into the martensite, therefore the hardness is improving after treatment. But cryogenic treatment do little influence on the carbides of the matrix, so HCCI have similar wear resistance whether cryo-treated or not. The remaining austenites of the HCCI after secondary preservation were extremely few, so the effects of cryogenic treatment were insignificant.
This article has also discussed the effects of alloying elements, such as Manganese (Mn)、Titanium (Ti) and Nitrogen (N), coordinating with the cryogenic treatment on the properties of HCCI. The results showed that when Mn content increasing, the amount of the remained austenite in HCCI augmented, so that hardness reduced and toughness enhanced, and the sliding abrasion resistance became worse, but rolling abrasion resistance became better. It may caused by the increment of marstensite by cryogenic treatment. Titanium carbide can form heterogeneity crystal nucleus in melting HCCI, which can refine crystal grain and enhance the impact
toughness. But too many Ti content resulted in the worse of hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The HCCI of 0.2%Ti had better wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The cryogenic treatment can enhance its wear resistance, but do not influence on the corrosion resistance. N can strengthen the matrix and enhance the hardness, so can improve the wear resistance. N can also boost the electrode potential of the matrix, and reduce the difference of electrode potentials between the metal matrix and the carbide, improve the corrosion resistance of HCCI.
本文还探讨了锰、钛、氮等合金元素与深冷处理相结合对高铬铸铁性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着锰含量的增加,高铬铸铁中的残余奥氏体量增加,硬度降低,韧性提高,因此在微切削为主的磨料磨损条件下耐磨性变差,但在以疲劳破坏为主的磨料磨损条件下耐磨性提高,深冷处理能使残余奥氏体发生马氏体转变,提高高铬铸铁的耐磨性。钛的碳化物在高铬铸铁中起异质晶核的作用,细化了晶粒,能提高冲击韧度,但钛量过多会使基体中出现珠光体,使硬度下降,从而使材料的抗磨损能力和抗腐蚀能力下降。钛含量为0.2%的高铬铸铁表现出较好的耐磨性和耐腐蚀性。深冷处理能进一步提高其耐磨性,但对耐腐蚀性的影响不大。氮的加入可以对高铬铸铁基体进行固溶强化,对硬度的提高有明显的作用,能提高材料的耐磨性; 氮还能提高基体的电极电位,减小金属基体与碳化物间的电极电位差,提高高铬铸铁的耐腐蚀性。
In this paper, the effects of the different heat treatment technology coordinating with the cryogenic treatment on the properties of high chromium cast iron (short for HCCI) were studied. By the means of the Rockwell hardness test, pendulum impact test, sliding abrasion test, rolling abrasion test, the properties of the materials have been tested. The results showed that the hardness of HCCI with cryo-treating enhanced 8~10 HRC, but the impact toughness dropped. HCCI with cryo-treating may obtain the well coordination of hardness and impact toughness when tempered in 250 ℃ for 4 hours. The hardness peak of the HCCI with cryo-treating appeared as the tempering temperature was about 450℃. Compared to HCCI without cryo-treating, the temperature of hardness peak is ahead about 100 ℃. The hardness peak of the HCCI after secondary preservation appeared in 450℃ tempered whether cryo-treated or not, and the materials also had good wear resistance. The Optical Microscope (OM), Environment Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) are applied to analyze the microstructure of HCCI. The results indicated that cryogenic treatment can cause the remaining austenite to transform further into the martensite, therefore the hardness is improving after treatment. But cryogenic treatment do little influence on the carbides of the matrix, so HCCI have similar wear resistance whether cryo-treated or not. The remaining austenites of the HCCI after secondary preservation were extremely few, so the effects of cryogenic treatment were insignificant.
This article has also discussed the effects of alloying elements, such as Manganese (Mn)、Titanium (Ti) and Nitrogen (N), coordinating with the cryogenic treatment on the properties of HCCI. The results showed that when Mn content increasing, the amount of the remained austenite in HCCI augmented, so that hardness reduced and toughness enhanced, and the sliding abrasion resistance became worse, but rolling abrasion resistance became better. It may caused by the increment of marstensite by cryogenic treatment. Titanium carbide can form heterogeneity crystal nucleus in melting HCCI, which can refine crystal grain and enhance the impact
toughness. But too many Ti content resulted in the worse of hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The HCCI of 0.2%Ti had better wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The cryogenic treatment can enhance its wear resistance, but do not influence on the corrosion resistance. N can strengthen the matrix and enhance the hardness, so can improve the wear resistance. N can also boost the electrode potential of the matrix, and reduce the difference of electrode potentials between the metal matrix and the carbide, improve the corrosion resistance of HCCI.
引文
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