摘要
在深入实施西部大开发战略的背景下,围绕着南水北调及西电东送等重大工程建设,西部地区正在或即将兴建一大批高上石坝工程。随着在建和拟建土石坝的高度跨入300米级,坝体内部高应力区堆石料的颗粒破碎现象更加突出,颗粒破碎引起的应力调整及颗粒位置重排列成为高土石坝变形的重要影响因素之一。
土石坝在填筑及初次蓄水期间的变形主要是由于外荷载施加引起的堆石颗粒挤密以及破碎后的小颗粒填充孔隙。在坝体建成蓄水后,全部荷载已施加上,如果堆石料不存在流变性,坝体变形就不再随时间发展。而国内外多座已建成土石坝的监测资料显示,坝体在竣工蓄水后还将持续地产生后期变形。从时间上看,后期变形可持续几年、十几年甚至更长。从变形量上看,后期变形一般为坝高的0.1%,最大可达3.8%。土石坝后期变形恶化了面板的应力变形性状,导致面板发生挤碎或拉裂,危及大坝安全。但现有知识还不能合理解释后期变形机理及各种实际观测现象。近年来随着高土石坝建设的需要,堆石料的流变特性及机理已成为亟待解决的主要技术问题之一。本文结合国家自然科学基金面上项目(50879007)“基于颗粒破裂细观模拟的堆石料后期变形机理及本构模型研究”,根据亚临界裂缝扩展导致的堆石颗粒破碎具有时间效应的特点来研究堆石料的流变特性,并从细观角度对堆石料的颗粒破碎特性、流变机理等关键问题开展了探索性的研究工作,主要内容有:
(1)数值试样的制备方法研究与数值试验平台构建。针对堆石形状不规则、咬合作用强等特点,发展了多种不规则形状数值颗粒的模拟方法。提出了多种满足一定级配要求的数值试样的生成方法及数值颗粒投放技术。采用fish语言构建数值试验平台,为下一步的研究工作奠定基础。
(2)不考虑时间效应的堆石颗粒破碎研究。筑坝堆石料在填筑、初次蓄水或遭遇地震等极端地质灾害作用后会发生颗粒破碎,该种形式的破碎历时短,多为棱角断裂或劈裂。根据石块在土工试验后表现出的实际破坏形态,研究颗粒破碎的典型模式。总结应用颗粒流方法研究颗粒破碎的思路,将国外学者提出的基于最大拉应力准则的二维圆盘颗粒破碎模型推广至三维条件,建立了三维颗粒脆性破碎的理论模型。将该模型引入颗粒流程序,进行了堆石料三轴剪切数值试验研究,分别从颗粒破碎、颗粒间接触力、孔隙率、破碎颗粒位置分布规律、颗粒运动规律、能量耗散等细观角度初步地探讨了堆石体在三轴条件下受力变形规律及机理。
(3)亚临界裂缝扩展规律及其影响因素研究与堆石料数值流变试验的颗粒流程序设计。基于岩石的亚临界裂缝扩展理论,微裂缝的扩展导致了堆石颗粒的破碎,即堆石的颗粒破碎具有时间效应。通过研究颗粒裂缝面上应力、颗粒及颗粒所含裂缝的几何特征、相对湿度等因素对应力强度因子与裂缝扩展过程的影响,对亚临界裂缝扩展理论进行了提炼、归纳和总结,据此设计了模拟堆石料室内流变试验的颗粒流程序的思路并编写了相关程序。
(4)结合堆石料室内流变试验进行了单轴、三轴流变数值试验研究。确定了合理的数值颗粒破碎模式,直观给出了数值流变过程中颗粒体内部结构参量的变化过程与颗粒破碎情况。综合分析了颗粒破碎规律、颗粒体内部结构变化与流变之间关系,并在此基础上探析了堆石流变的细观机理。
Under the background of the implementation and deepening of the Western Development Strategy, quite a few high rock-fill dams are being or to be built in Western China as an important part of the major engineering items such as South-to-North Water Diversion and West-to-East Power Transmission Project. With the height of dams entering the level of300meters, the rockfill particle breakage in high stress areas of a dam body is more prominent. Therefore, stress adjustment and particle location rearrangement caused by particle breakage becomes one of the controlling factors in deformation of the high rockfill dams.
Deformation of the high rockfill dams during the period of filling and initial impoundment is mainly caused by particle compacting and tiny particles from breakage filling the pores. After completion and impoundment, the deformation won't develop along with time if the rockfills do not possess rheological characteristics. However, the monitoring data of numerous built dams around the world show that the long-term deformation of a high dam would be continued after completion and impoundment, which can last for years, more than a decade or even longer. The deformation rate maintains around0.1%of the height of dam, and the maximum deformation is up to3.8%. Then, the stress and deformation behaviors of the panel are deteriorated, which result in the cracks in the face, even the risk of dam break. Unfortunately, the mechanism and observed phenomena of the long-term deformation still could not be clarified unambiguously. Therefore, the rheology behavior of rockfill has become one of the most important technical issues restricting the construction of high rockfill dams. With the support from National Nature Science Foundation of China under Grant50879007, which titled "Study on Rheological Property and Constitutive Model of Rockfill by Meso-mechanics Simulation Based on Sub-critical Crack Expansion Theory", in-depth research was conducted regarding the critical issues including the characteristics of particle breakage and rock-fill rheology mechanism from the microscopic view. The study includes:
(1) Preparation of numerical samples and construction of numerical experiment platform.
The simulation method for a variety of numerical particles with irregular shape is developed which aims at the characteristics of rockfill, such as irregular shape and prominent interlock behavior. Various types of generation methods for numerical samples and forming techniques for numerical particles are suggested, which can meet certain grading requirements. The numerical experiment platform is built using FISH language to lay the foundation for the next step in this research.
(2) The study of particle breakage for rockfill without considering the time effect.
The rockfill particle breakage can occur after filling, initial impounding or extreme geological disasters like earthquake. Under the high contact stress conditions, the main crushing modes of particles are characterized by angular breakage of particles and cleavage under high contact stress due to the changes of the external loads. Typical crushing modes are studied according to the actual failure modes of rocks in a series of indoor soil tests. In consideration of rockfill particles breaking during filling, a theoretical model of particles' brittle crushing has been extended from two dimensions to three dimensions, and particle flow programs are introduced to conduct triaxial shear numerical study, then the microscopic mechanism of rock-fill deformation under triaxial shear is analyzed.
(3) The study of sub-critical expansion of cracks and the design of particle flow program for numerical rheological test.
According to the theory of sub-critical expansion of cracks, rockfill particles breakage with the time effect is caused by the extension of micro cracks. The influence on the stress intensity factor and extension of crack are studied by discussing the stress on the crack face of particles, geometrical characters of particles and cracks. In order to simulate the rheological lab test of the rockfill, the theory of sub-critical expansion of cracks has been refined, summed up and concluded, and the particle flow programs have been designed and written.
(4) The uniaxial and triaxial numerical rheological tests are carried out according to the rheological lab test. The reasonable particle breakage mode is determined, and the evolution of microscopic characteristics for rockfill samples and particles breakage are presented visually during the process of numerical rheology. The relations among the rule of particles breakage, structure change of particles and rheology are synthetically analyzed. Furthermore, the microscopic mechanism of rock-fill rheology is given qualitatively.
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