松嫩草甸草原结皮藻类的物种多样性及其微生境分布
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摘要
生物土壤结皮是退化生态系统植被演替与生态恢复的重要基础,但目前主要集中在荒漠生态系统,缺乏对草甸草原生物土壤结皮的研究。然而,不同类型的生态系统,其生物结皮的组成、分布、发育特征、过程及其机制均可能不同。本研究针对松嫩草甸草原生态系统的生物土壤结皮问题,重点研究在松嫩草原的典型环境与干扰因子—水、盐碱化及放牧干扰影响下,生物土壤结皮的物种组成、微生境分布及结皮分布与环境—干扰要素的相关性。旨在了解松嫩草甸草原生态系统生物土壤结皮的物种组成和分布特征,进而为揭示松嫩草甸草原生态系统生物土壤结皮在该地区典型环境与干扰因子—苏打盐碱化和放牧干扰影响下的发育过程及其胶结机制奠定基础,丰富对松嫩盐碱化草甸草原生态系统生物土壤结皮机理的认识,深化对松嫩盐碱化草原生态恢复机制的理解。本研究通过对松嫩草甸草原生物土壤结皮的野外调查、室内分析,培养、鉴定,获得如下结果:
1、松嫩草甸草原生物土壤结皮藻类的物种组成,共包括蓝藻植物7科,18属,88种。其中11属33种是通过实验室培养而鉴定出来的,野外所取的结皮中未发现其植物体。在这些藻类中,以丝状藻类占优势,主要有颤藻科、念珠藻科、胶须藻科、伪枝藻科,占总种数的78.41%,且其出现频率达到100%。优势种为拟短形颤藻、维萨嘎颤藻、马氏鞘丝藻、静水隐杆藻和原型微鞘藻,几乎分布于松嫩草地所有发育藻结皮的区域。
2、松嫩草甸草原的不同微生境中,生物结皮藻类的物种多样性和群落组成均表现出不同的规律,但都以丝状蓝藻占优势。藻类物种总数的变化趋势为,围栏封育草场>打草放牧场>草原道路>林下。在某些生境发现一些特有种类,而有些种类则对生境不具选择性。
3、松嫩平原地区生物土壤结皮中的藻类区系组成相对丰富,与中国其它地区相比具有较大差异,结合本区一些典型的环境-干扰条件,表现出某些独有的特征。
4、在松嫩草甸草原,影响藻类组成和分布的因素主要为环境植被条件、土壤理化性质及放牧、机械干扰。土壤理化性质中的水解氮量、土壤含水量和pH值与藻类的物种多样性具有较好的相关性;而放牧干扰和机械碾压也对藻类种类组成的数量特征具有一定的影响。
The biological soil crusts are a basis of vegetation succession and ecosystem restoration in degraded terrestrial ecosystems. However, previous investigations mainly converged upon that in the extreme environment—desert ecosystem, whereas lacking the issues in better circumstance, like of meadow steppes. But the biological composition, distribution, and relating crusting processes and mechanism of the development of biological soil crusts might be different in different ecosystems.
By field survey, lab incubation, identification and analysis, this study attempts to recognize the biological composition and microsite-based distributions of the biological soil crusts and then the relationships between crusts distribution and external ambient-grazing factors like water, salinity and grazing, in the Songnen Meadow Steppes. This may lay a foundation for revealing the development processes and crusting mechanism of biological soil crusts under the influences of typical environmental and disturbance factors—soda salinization and grazing. Also, it may help further understand the ecological restoration in the degraded Songnen Meadow Steppes.
By field investigation, lab culturing and identification, the following results were obtained.
1. 88 species of cyanophytes were identified in the biological soil crusts of Songnen meadow steppes, belonging to 18 genera of 7 families, of which 11 genera and 33 species were identified by culturing. Filamentous algae are dominant in Cyanophyta which accounts for 78.41%, and its frequency of occurrence is up to 100%, mainly Oscillatoriceae, Nostoceae, Rivulariaceae, Scytonemataceae. In this area, dominant species of algae are Oscillatoria subbreris, Oscillatoria vizagapatensis, Lyngbya martensiana, Aphanothece stagnina and Microcoleus chthonoplastes, which almost distribute in all the areas where there exist algae crusts.
2. The species diversity and community composition of algae from biological soil crusts are different in various microsites of the Songnen Meadow Steppes,but the dominant algae appear to be the filamentous cyanophyta. The numbers of algae species shown in descending order are in fenced pastures, in grazing pastures, in paths of grassland, and in the grassland near woods. There are some unique cyanophyta in different microsites, while some algae species are common and not selective to microsites.
3. The algae flora composition of crusts in the Songnen area is relatively rich, which is significantly different from other parts of China. And it has its own unique characteristics under the ecologically typical conditions.
4. In the Songnen Meadow Steppes, the main factors affecting the composition and distribution of algae are ambient vegetations, soil chem-physical properties, and grazing and trampling disturbances. Hydrolyzable nitrogen contents, soil moistures and pH values of soils, which belong to the physical and chemical properties of soils, have significantly associated with diversity of algae. The grazing disturbance and trampling also influence over the number of algae species.
1、松嫩草甸草原生物土壤结皮藻类的物种组成,共包括蓝藻植物7科,18属,88种。其中11属33种是通过实验室培养而鉴定出来的,野外所取的结皮中未发现其植物体。在这些藻类中,以丝状藻类占优势,主要有颤藻科、念珠藻科、胶须藻科、伪枝藻科,占总种数的78.41%,且其出现频率达到100%。优势种为拟短形颤藻、维萨嘎颤藻、马氏鞘丝藻、静水隐杆藻和原型微鞘藻,几乎分布于松嫩草地所有发育藻结皮的区域。
2、松嫩草甸草原的不同微生境中,生物结皮藻类的物种多样性和群落组成均表现出不同的规律,但都以丝状蓝藻占优势。藻类物种总数的变化趋势为,围栏封育草场>打草放牧场>草原道路>林下。在某些生境发现一些特有种类,而有些种类则对生境不具选择性。
3、松嫩平原地区生物土壤结皮中的藻类区系组成相对丰富,与中国其它地区相比具有较大差异,结合本区一些典型的环境-干扰条件,表现出某些独有的特征。
4、在松嫩草甸草原,影响藻类组成和分布的因素主要为环境植被条件、土壤理化性质及放牧、机械干扰。土壤理化性质中的水解氮量、土壤含水量和pH值与藻类的物种多样性具有较好的相关性;而放牧干扰和机械碾压也对藻类种类组成的数量特征具有一定的影响。
The biological soil crusts are a basis of vegetation succession and ecosystem restoration in degraded terrestrial ecosystems. However, previous investigations mainly converged upon that in the extreme environment—desert ecosystem, whereas lacking the issues in better circumstance, like of meadow steppes. But the biological composition, distribution, and relating crusting processes and mechanism of the development of biological soil crusts might be different in different ecosystems.
By field survey, lab incubation, identification and analysis, this study attempts to recognize the biological composition and microsite-based distributions of the biological soil crusts and then the relationships between crusts distribution and external ambient-grazing factors like water, salinity and grazing, in the Songnen Meadow Steppes. This may lay a foundation for revealing the development processes and crusting mechanism of biological soil crusts under the influences of typical environmental and disturbance factors—soda salinization and grazing. Also, it may help further understand the ecological restoration in the degraded Songnen Meadow Steppes.
By field investigation, lab culturing and identification, the following results were obtained.
1. 88 species of cyanophytes were identified in the biological soil crusts of Songnen meadow steppes, belonging to 18 genera of 7 families, of which 11 genera and 33 species were identified by culturing. Filamentous algae are dominant in Cyanophyta which accounts for 78.41%, and its frequency of occurrence is up to 100%, mainly Oscillatoriceae, Nostoceae, Rivulariaceae, Scytonemataceae. In this area, dominant species of algae are Oscillatoria subbreris, Oscillatoria vizagapatensis, Lyngbya martensiana, Aphanothece stagnina and Microcoleus chthonoplastes, which almost distribute in all the areas where there exist algae crusts.
2. The species diversity and community composition of algae from biological soil crusts are different in various microsites of the Songnen Meadow Steppes,but the dominant algae appear to be the filamentous cyanophyta. The numbers of algae species shown in descending order are in fenced pastures, in grazing pastures, in paths of grassland, and in the grassland near woods. There are some unique cyanophyta in different microsites, while some algae species are common and not selective to microsites.
3. The algae flora composition of crusts in the Songnen area is relatively rich, which is significantly different from other parts of China. And it has its own unique characteristics under the ecologically typical conditions.
4. In the Songnen Meadow Steppes, the main factors affecting the composition and distribution of algae are ambient vegetations, soil chem-physical properties, and grazing and trampling disturbances. Hydrolyzable nitrogen contents, soil moistures and pH values of soils, which belong to the physical and chemical properties of soils, have significantly associated with diversity of algae. The grazing disturbance and trampling also influence over the number of algae species.
引文
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