人工电磁材料及其在亚波长集成光学中的应用
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摘要
电磁装置正从传统的大于或等于波长的尺度向亚波长尺度发展,一些现象甚至能在几十纳米的装置中实现。人们期望能够集成表面等离子体的,电子的和传统的光学装置于同一个芯片中,使他们各自的优点得到充分的发挥。进一步地,全光控制的集成光路也成为人们的梦想。这使古老的电磁理论再次引起人们的极大关注,相关研究层出不穷。当然,电磁现象研究的这些新进展得益于过去二十多年里理论与实验的突破性进展。
理论上,光子晶体的提出让人们看到了人工电磁材料在调控电磁波方面的巨大潜力。光子晶体展现了众多独特的现象,这包括抑制自发辐射,以及利用其特性制作的全方位的反射镜,光子晶体光纤以及单向波导等。此后,奇异电磁材料(Meta-material)可以构造出等效的负磁导率,从而实现双负折射,也可以通过介电常数和磁导率的复杂空间分布实现电磁隐身。光子晶体中晶格周期通常在半波长的尺度范围内,相比较,奇异电磁材料主要取决于单个散射体的共振,而与周期性关系不大。这些单个散射体的尺寸远小于入射波长,以便于均匀化能够在奇异电磁材料中利用。为了在亚波长集成光学中取得应用,需要在亚波长尺度内操控电磁波,特别是光通讯波段和可见光波段的电磁波。表面等离子体因在这方面的优势而被广泛探讨,这一领域已被称为表面等离子体光子学。表面等离子体可以将光局域在金属表面非常小的范围内,而在两边的媒质中指数衰减。这使得表面等离子体可以在亚波长结构中局域和指导光,由此制成的亚波长元件可能在微型化的光电回路得到应用。
实验上,微纳米加工技术的日益成熟为人工电磁材料走向应用提供了可能,同时也刺激更多的研究组探讨微纳米结构与电磁波的相互作用。
表面等离子体被局域在金属表面,但局域程度越强电磁能量被金属吸收的越多。自然界存在的金属中,几种贵重金属如金和银的吸收最小,但表面等离子体的能量在其表面仍损耗很大,这大大限制了表面等离子体光学器件的应用。我们以金属粒子等离子体波导为例,波导模式能够在这种波导中存在的原因是金属粒子能够支持局域的表面等离子体共振,这是一种亚波长共振。高折射率介质粒子也能够支持亚波长共振,因此我们期盼这些介质粒子排列而成的链也支持类似的波导模式。但一些高率介质材料能够有可忽略的吸收,损耗远低于贵重金属材料。本文中我们将探讨由高折射率介质粒子链形成的波导的光学性质,由于其微型化和低耗的特性,这种波导很有吸引力。
开口环及各种变形结构,是奇异电磁理论中主要的结构单元。开口环能够在其磁共振附近对某些极化的电磁波实现负的磁导率。但直到现在,仍没有严格的解析途径来求解其磁共振。本文中我们基于Mie散射理论严格计算了开口圆柱共振器的电磁散射问题,给出了磁共振的严格解,同时我们也从LC共振出发给出一个很好的经验公式。
本文结构如下:在第一和第二章,我们将分别简单介绍相关的背景知识和本文中用到的研究方法,第三章我们研究光在高折射率介质粒子制成的波导中的亚波长传输特性,第四章研究开口圆柱共振器的磁共振,第五章我们对整个论文作了简短的总结。
Electromagnetic(EM) devices are experiencing physical size shrinkage and some effects can be realized using devices of tens of nanometers,which are much smaller compared to wavelength.It is expected that plasmonic,electric,and conventional photonic devices can be integrated on the same chip to take advantage of the strengths of each technology,or even that all-optical control of light can be realized on a chip by using the structured materials unavailable naturally.EM theory attracts a great deal of attention again,and the number of publications in this area is increasing exponentially. These achievement should be owed to the breakthrough development of the structured materials theoretically and experimentally in the past 20 years.
In theory,photonic crystal first shows the potential ability of artificially structured EM materials to tune the EM wave.Photonic crystal displays distinct optical phenomena such as inhibition of spontaneous emission,high-reflecting omni-directional mirrors,photonic crystal fiber and one-way waveguide,amongst others.Matematerials have an ability to realize the double negative refraction by achieving simultaneously negativeεand negativeμat the same frequency domain.EM cloaking also has been observed using metamaterial with complex distribution ofεandμspatially.Unlike photonic crystal,for which the typical period is on the order of half of a wavelength, in matematerials all the properties mainly depend on the resonance of the single scatterer which is several time smaller than the wavelength so that homogenization can be carried out.In order to attain the application in the subwavelength integrated optics by manipulating the EM wave on the subwavelength scale,especially for EM wave in the optical communication wavelength range or the visible light region,surface plasmons are being explored for their potential and the candidate technology has been termed 'plasmonics'.Surface plasmons provide the opportunity to confine light to very small dimensions with exponentially decaying fields in both neighboring medium.The feature of surface plamons provides the possibility of localization and the guiding of light in subwavetength metallic structures,and it can be used to construct miniaturized optoelectronic circuits with subwavelength components.
In experiment,recent advances allow material to be structured and characterized on the nanometer scale,this in turn has enabled us to explore the interaction between EM wave and artificially structured nanoscale material.
Surface plasmons is confined to the surface of the metal.But the stronger the confinement is,the bigger the loss is because of the the metallic intrinsic absorption. Though the absorption of some noble metals like Au and Ag is the lowest for light wave,the loss in plasmonic devices made of them still significantly limits the application. Here we take metallic particle plasmon waveguides(MPPW) as an example. In MPPW,the reason that the guiding mode can exist is that metal particle can support the localized surface plasmon,which is a kind of subwavelength resonance.In fact,high index dielectric particle also can exhibit the subwavelength resonance and it is expected that the similar guided mode can occur in dielectric particle arrays due to near-field coupling between adjacent particles.But the absorption of some high index dielectric material is lower than that of the noble metals.Here we will explore the properties of dielectric particle arrays serving as waveguides which are highly desirable for the purpose of miniaturization and for their low-loss properties.
The split-ring resonator(SRR) structures,together with many variants,have served in most cases as an essential constituent of electromagnetic metamaterials.SRR provides a negative magnetic permeabilityμnear magnetic resonance for some particular polarization of the incident wave.But until now,there is no rigorously analytic approach to determine the magnetic resonance frequency.Here a systematic study is presented on the magnetic resonance frequency of slotted circular cylinder resonator (SCCR) based on Mie expansion.An approximate empirical expression is also presented for magnetic resonance frequency of SCCRs from the viewpoint of an L-C circuit system.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In chapterⅠ,we will give a general introduction to the related background knowledge.In ChapterⅡ,we will briefly introduce the multiple scattering theory implemented to solve the scattering problem.In chapterⅢ,we will study the high index dielectric particle waveguide based on multiple scattering theory.In chapterⅣ,we will investigate the magnetic resonance behavior of individual two-dimensional SCCR with finite thickness based on a rigorous full-wave approach.A summary is finally given in chapterⅤ.
理论上,光子晶体的提出让人们看到了人工电磁材料在调控电磁波方面的巨大潜力。光子晶体展现了众多独特的现象,这包括抑制自发辐射,以及利用其特性制作的全方位的反射镜,光子晶体光纤以及单向波导等。此后,奇异电磁材料(Meta-material)可以构造出等效的负磁导率,从而实现双负折射,也可以通过介电常数和磁导率的复杂空间分布实现电磁隐身。光子晶体中晶格周期通常在半波长的尺度范围内,相比较,奇异电磁材料主要取决于单个散射体的共振,而与周期性关系不大。这些单个散射体的尺寸远小于入射波长,以便于均匀化能够在奇异电磁材料中利用。为了在亚波长集成光学中取得应用,需要在亚波长尺度内操控电磁波,特别是光通讯波段和可见光波段的电磁波。表面等离子体因在这方面的优势而被广泛探讨,这一领域已被称为表面等离子体光子学。表面等离子体可以将光局域在金属表面非常小的范围内,而在两边的媒质中指数衰减。这使得表面等离子体可以在亚波长结构中局域和指导光,由此制成的亚波长元件可能在微型化的光电回路得到应用。
实验上,微纳米加工技术的日益成熟为人工电磁材料走向应用提供了可能,同时也刺激更多的研究组探讨微纳米结构与电磁波的相互作用。
表面等离子体被局域在金属表面,但局域程度越强电磁能量被金属吸收的越多。自然界存在的金属中,几种贵重金属如金和银的吸收最小,但表面等离子体的能量在其表面仍损耗很大,这大大限制了表面等离子体光学器件的应用。我们以金属粒子等离子体波导为例,波导模式能够在这种波导中存在的原因是金属粒子能够支持局域的表面等离子体共振,这是一种亚波长共振。高折射率介质粒子也能够支持亚波长共振,因此我们期盼这些介质粒子排列而成的链也支持类似的波导模式。但一些高率介质材料能够有可忽略的吸收,损耗远低于贵重金属材料。本文中我们将探讨由高折射率介质粒子链形成的波导的光学性质,由于其微型化和低耗的特性,这种波导很有吸引力。
开口环及各种变形结构,是奇异电磁理论中主要的结构单元。开口环能够在其磁共振附近对某些极化的电磁波实现负的磁导率。但直到现在,仍没有严格的解析途径来求解其磁共振。本文中我们基于Mie散射理论严格计算了开口圆柱共振器的电磁散射问题,给出了磁共振的严格解,同时我们也从LC共振出发给出一个很好的经验公式。
本文结构如下:在第一和第二章,我们将分别简单介绍相关的背景知识和本文中用到的研究方法,第三章我们研究光在高折射率介质粒子制成的波导中的亚波长传输特性,第四章研究开口圆柱共振器的磁共振,第五章我们对整个论文作了简短的总结。
Electromagnetic(EM) devices are experiencing physical size shrinkage and some effects can be realized using devices of tens of nanometers,which are much smaller compared to wavelength.It is expected that plasmonic,electric,and conventional photonic devices can be integrated on the same chip to take advantage of the strengths of each technology,or even that all-optical control of light can be realized on a chip by using the structured materials unavailable naturally.EM theory attracts a great deal of attention again,and the number of publications in this area is increasing exponentially. These achievement should be owed to the breakthrough development of the structured materials theoretically and experimentally in the past 20 years.
In theory,photonic crystal first shows the potential ability of artificially structured EM materials to tune the EM wave.Photonic crystal displays distinct optical phenomena such as inhibition of spontaneous emission,high-reflecting omni-directional mirrors,photonic crystal fiber and one-way waveguide,amongst others.Matematerials have an ability to realize the double negative refraction by achieving simultaneously negativeεand negativeμat the same frequency domain.EM cloaking also has been observed using metamaterial with complex distribution ofεandμspatially.Unlike photonic crystal,for which the typical period is on the order of half of a wavelength, in matematerials all the properties mainly depend on the resonance of the single scatterer which is several time smaller than the wavelength so that homogenization can be carried out.In order to attain the application in the subwavelength integrated optics by manipulating the EM wave on the subwavelength scale,especially for EM wave in the optical communication wavelength range or the visible light region,surface plasmons are being explored for their potential and the candidate technology has been termed 'plasmonics'.Surface plasmons provide the opportunity to confine light to very small dimensions with exponentially decaying fields in both neighboring medium.The feature of surface plamons provides the possibility of localization and the guiding of light in subwavetength metallic structures,and it can be used to construct miniaturized optoelectronic circuits with subwavelength components.
In experiment,recent advances allow material to be structured and characterized on the nanometer scale,this in turn has enabled us to explore the interaction between EM wave and artificially structured nanoscale material.
Surface plasmons is confined to the surface of the metal.But the stronger the confinement is,the bigger the loss is because of the the metallic intrinsic absorption. Though the absorption of some noble metals like Au and Ag is the lowest for light wave,the loss in plasmonic devices made of them still significantly limits the application. Here we take metallic particle plasmon waveguides(MPPW) as an example. In MPPW,the reason that the guiding mode can exist is that metal particle can support the localized surface plasmon,which is a kind of subwavelength resonance.In fact,high index dielectric particle also can exhibit the subwavelength resonance and it is expected that the similar guided mode can occur in dielectric particle arrays due to near-field coupling between adjacent particles.But the absorption of some high index dielectric material is lower than that of the noble metals.Here we will explore the properties of dielectric particle arrays serving as waveguides which are highly desirable for the purpose of miniaturization and for their low-loss properties.
The split-ring resonator(SRR) structures,together with many variants,have served in most cases as an essential constituent of electromagnetic metamaterials.SRR provides a negative magnetic permeabilityμnear magnetic resonance for some particular polarization of the incident wave.But until now,there is no rigorously analytic approach to determine the magnetic resonance frequency.Here a systematic study is presented on the magnetic resonance frequency of slotted circular cylinder resonator (SCCR) based on Mie expansion.An approximate empirical expression is also presented for magnetic resonance frequency of SCCRs from the viewpoint of an L-C circuit system.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.In chapterⅠ,we will give a general introduction to the related background knowledge.In ChapterⅡ,we will briefly introduce the multiple scattering theory implemented to solve the scattering problem.In chapterⅢ,we will study the high index dielectric particle waveguide based on multiple scattering theory.In chapterⅣ,we will investigate the magnetic resonance behavior of individual two-dimensional SCCR with finite thickness based on a rigorous full-wave approach.A summary is finally given in chapterⅤ.
引文
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