茶尺蠖性信息素的提取、鉴定及相关生物学研究
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摘要
茶尺蠖属鳞翅目、尺蛾科、枝尺蛾亚科，是我国东南茶区重要的茶树害虫。以幼虫食叶为主要危害方式，暴发时可将茶树叶片及嫩芽全部吃光。目前防治茶尺蠖的主要方法仍采用有机农药进行防治，但多年来大量使用的有机农药带来了天敌数量减少、害虫抗药性增强、环境污染及茶叶产品农药残留超标等后果。对于中国茶叶产业而言，就迫切需要采取生物防治技术以减少农药的使用。其中，利用昆虫性信息素防治茶尺蠖则是一个可替代有机农药使用的切实可行的生防技术。
本论文基于昆虫化学生态学的理论和方法，利用环境扫描电镜、触角电位、气相色谱与触角电位联用、毛细管色谱-质谱联用、有机合成和田间试验等技术、方法，在茶尺蠖性信息素的提取、鉴定、合成及茶尺蠖生物学等方面展开了一系列的研究，旨在探明茶尺蠖性信息素通讯系统及其动态变化特点，并探索利用性信息素防治茶尺蠖的新途径。
主要研究内容及结果如下：
1．茶尺蠖生物学研究：在室内对茶尺蠖的生物学特性及性行为进行了连续观察，结果表明：成虫雌雄性比为1：1.22，羽化时间主要集中在18：00~2：00，而交尾时间则集中在21：00~24：00，其中23：00左右是交尾高峰。雌蛾有多次产卵现象。根据观察，采集性信息素在雌蛾羽化后第二日龄的夜晚22：30进行为最佳。
2．通过环境扫描电镜观察了茶尺蠖产卵器及触角的结构：结果表明茶尺蠖产卵器的节间膜表面分布着乳头状突起，是性信息素分泌部位。在触角表面共观察到4种感器，分别是毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、和鳞形感器，其中毛形感器数量最多，是感受性信息素分子的主要化学感受器。雌、雄成虫在触角感器的数量、种类都有明显的差异。
3．茶尺蠖交尾策略及对雄蛾EAG反应的影响。通过对茶尺蠖交尾习性的观察和雌、雄交尾前后EAG变化的测定发现，雄蛾具有多次交尾习性，交尾次数对雄蛾寿命有显著影响；雌蛾大多数只交配一次，交尾次数对雌蛾寿命没有显著影响；雄蛾交尾后1、2、3、4日对性腺提取物的EAG反应没有变化，和未交尾雄蛾表现的反应保持一致；而雄蛾对交尾后1、2、3、4日雌蛾的性腺提取物EAG反应很小，明显低于对未交尾雌蛾的性腺提取物的反应值。
4．茶尺蠖性腺提取物活性组分的确定及其结构鉴定。采用气相色谱与触角电位联用(GC-EAD)和毛细管色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）等分析技术，发现从茶尺蠖雌蛾性腺提取物中有两个组分具有明显的EAG反应，鉴定后认为这两个组分结构分别为Z3Z6Z9-十八碳三烯和Z3Z9-6,7-环氧-十八碳二烯，其含量分别为1.25±0.41ng和0.79±0.48ng，两个组分的比例大约是1.89。
5．茶尺蠖性信息素的化学合成。以亚麻酸甲酯为原料，经过醇化、脱羧等反应得到Z3Z6Z9-十八碳三烯，再经环氧化得到Z3Z9-6,7-环氧-十八碳二烯，纯度分别达到98.45%和98.2%。
6．茶尺蠖性信息素室内生测。采用EAG技术测定了茶尺蠖成虫触角对雌蛾性腺提取物及合成标准化合物的电生理反应，结果表明茶尺蠖雄蛾触角对Z3Z6Z9-18Hy和Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy均有触角电位反应，当Z3Z6Z9-18Hy: Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy为2：8、5：5时引起的触角电位较高，分别为7.816±0.254mV和7.650±0.201mV。茶尺蠖雄蛾触角对性信息素各组分的剂量反应大致呈―S‖形曲线。
7．田间诱蛾试验。将茶尺蠖性信息素标准化合物配成诱芯进行田间诱捕试验，结果发现田间诱捕试验的效果与雄蛾对性信息素EAG反应结果一致。性信息素单一组分在田间可以诱到少量雄蛾；不同比例的二元组分诱蛾后发现Z3Z6Z9-18Hy:Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy为2：8的诱芯平均诱捕量最大可达35头；同时，田间试验表明剂量为10μg的诱芯诱蛾量达到最高。
本论文首次提取出了茶尺蠖性信息素的全组分，对其结构进行了鉴定，同时获得了性信息素组分的含量和比例，并在田间诱蛾试验中获得了最佳诱芯的配方，不仅丰富了昆虫性信息素研究的内容，而且为利用合成性信息素进行高效、无毒、无污染、无公害的防治茶尺蠖提供了新方法、新途径。
Tea looper, Ectropis oblique Prout (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) is aserious defoliator of tea bushes Camellia sinensis in southeast of China. Outbreakpopulations could defoliate all the bushes completely and rapidly. In China, excessiveusing of organosynthetic pesticides to control this pest had lead to environmental pollution,development of resistance and undesirable pesticide residues in made tea. Efforts are beingdirected towards developing compatible management strategies and methods for anintegrated approach to pest control. The applying of sex pheromones to control tea looperis a practical approach.
Based on the theory of insect chemical ecology, we systematically studied the mainmorphology and biology of tea looper, we also carried out work including identification,synthesis of sex pheromone of tea looper by means of environmental scanning electronmicroscope (ESEM),electroantennogram (EAG), gas chromatography-electroantennogram(GC-EAD), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), organic synthesis and fieldtrapping tests. We aimed to prove up the tea looper’s sex pheromone communicationsystem and its variety, and quest for a new method to control it with sex pheromone.
The main study results as the follows:
1. Studies on the biology of the tea looper. Biological characteristics and sexualbehavior of the tea looper were observed continuously. Results showed that the ratio offemale to male adults was1:1.22. The emergence mainly occurred from18:00to2:00and copulation mainly occurred from21:00to24:00with the peak at23:00. Female mothcan spawn several times. So the best time to gather sex pheromone is the second day’snight (22:30) after emergence.
2. Observation of the ovipositor and antenna of tea looper with ESEM. The resultsshowed that the surface of Intersegmental membrane on the ovipositor distributed papillae,which is the sex pheromone secretion site. There are four types of sensilla on the tealooper’s antenna, incuding Sensilla trichodea, S styloconica, S cheatica and Ssquamiformium. The Sensilla trichodea was most numerous, which are the main sexpheromone-recepting senesilla. There are differences in amount and type of antennalsensilla between female and male.
3. Mating strategy and its effect on EAG response to sex pheromone. The effect ofreproduction behavior of tea looper was studied. Results suggested that male was capable of mating several times with females, while vast majority of females mate only once.Mated males can live longer than virgin male. But mating did not influence on the lifeexpectancy of female. Mating did not affect EAG response of male to sex pheromone.Males mated past0,1,2,3,4days remained the same response to sex pheromone as virginmale. While EAG response of male to mated female’s sex gland extract decreasedsignificantly.
4. The extracting and identification of active components from sex pheromone gland’sextract. Two active components were obtained from the female sexual gland extracts withhigh EAG value. And this two components were identified as z,z,z-3,6,9-Octadecatriene(Z3Z6Z9-18Hy) and z,z-3,9-6,7-Epoxy-octadecadiene (Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy) by means ofGC-MS. The content of each component is1.25±0.41ng/female、0.79±0.48ng/female.The percentages of Z3Z6Z9-18Hy/Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy in sexual gland extracts fromindividual females were about1.89.
5. Chemical synthesis of sex pheromones. The target product, Z3Z6Z9-18Hy wasobtained successfully from methyl linolenate through Carboxylation and decarboxylation.Purity was98.45%。Then, Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy was yield through epoxidation with thepurity of98.2%.
6. The EAG test to sex pheromone and standard chemicals. EAG values wereobtained to the standard components. A blend of Z3Z6Z9-18Hy and Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy ata ratio of2:8,5:5elicited the higher EAG response at7.816±0.254mV and7.650±0.201mV, respectively. The dosage response curve of each component roughly took an―S‖shape.
7. Field trapping test. The results of trapping were consistent to the EAG results.Single component captured only a few male moths. Traps baited test with blend ofZ3Z6Z9-18Hy and Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy at different ratio show that at a ratio of2:8produced the highest trap captures and the average captures was35. In the dosage test, thehighest capture numbers was at10μg.
We extracted the entire components of tea looper’s sex pheromone for the first timeand the chemical structures were identified successfully. We confirmed that the activecomponents of the sex pheromone and obtained the mixture of the best lure through EAGresponse and field trap test. This study not only enriched the research field of insect sexpheromone, but also offers an efficient, nontoxic, pollution-free, pollution-free methods tomonitor and control the population densities of tea looper.
本论文基于昆虫化学生态学的理论和方法，利用环境扫描电镜、触角电位、气相色谱与触角电位联用、毛细管色谱-质谱联用、有机合成和田间试验等技术、方法，在茶尺蠖性信息素的提取、鉴定、合成及茶尺蠖生物学等方面展开了一系列的研究，旨在探明茶尺蠖性信息素通讯系统及其动态变化特点，并探索利用性信息素防治茶尺蠖的新途径。
主要研究内容及结果如下：
1．茶尺蠖生物学研究：在室内对茶尺蠖的生物学特性及性行为进行了连续观察，结果表明：成虫雌雄性比为1：1.22，羽化时间主要集中在18：00~2：00，而交尾时间则集中在21：00~24：00，其中23：00左右是交尾高峰。雌蛾有多次产卵现象。根据观察，采集性信息素在雌蛾羽化后第二日龄的夜晚22：30进行为最佳。
2．通过环境扫描电镜观察了茶尺蠖产卵器及触角的结构：结果表明茶尺蠖产卵器的节间膜表面分布着乳头状突起，是性信息素分泌部位。在触角表面共观察到4种感器，分别是毛形感器、锥形感器、刺形感器、和鳞形感器，其中毛形感器数量最多，是感受性信息素分子的主要化学感受器。雌、雄成虫在触角感器的数量、种类都有明显的差异。
3．茶尺蠖交尾策略及对雄蛾EAG反应的影响。通过对茶尺蠖交尾习性的观察和雌、雄交尾前后EAG变化的测定发现，雄蛾具有多次交尾习性，交尾次数对雄蛾寿命有显著影响；雌蛾大多数只交配一次，交尾次数对雌蛾寿命没有显著影响；雄蛾交尾后1、2、3、4日对性腺提取物的EAG反应没有变化，和未交尾雄蛾表现的反应保持一致；而雄蛾对交尾后1、2、3、4日雌蛾的性腺提取物EAG反应很小，明显低于对未交尾雌蛾的性腺提取物的反应值。
4．茶尺蠖性腺提取物活性组分的确定及其结构鉴定。采用气相色谱与触角电位联用(GC-EAD)和毛细管色谱-质谱联用（GC-MS）等分析技术，发现从茶尺蠖雌蛾性腺提取物中有两个组分具有明显的EAG反应，鉴定后认为这两个组分结构分别为Z3Z6Z9-十八碳三烯和Z3Z9-6,7-环氧-十八碳二烯，其含量分别为1.25±0.41ng和0.79±0.48ng，两个组分的比例大约是1.89。
5．茶尺蠖性信息素的化学合成。以亚麻酸甲酯为原料，经过醇化、脱羧等反应得到Z3Z6Z9-十八碳三烯，再经环氧化得到Z3Z9-6,7-环氧-十八碳二烯，纯度分别达到98.45%和98.2%。
6．茶尺蠖性信息素室内生测。采用EAG技术测定了茶尺蠖成虫触角对雌蛾性腺提取物及合成标准化合物的电生理反应，结果表明茶尺蠖雄蛾触角对Z3Z6Z9-18Hy和Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy均有触角电位反应，当Z3Z6Z9-18Hy: Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy为2：8、5：5时引起的触角电位较高，分别为7.816±0.254mV和7.650±0.201mV。茶尺蠖雄蛾触角对性信息素各组分的剂量反应大致呈―S‖形曲线。
7．田间诱蛾试验。将茶尺蠖性信息素标准化合物配成诱芯进行田间诱捕试验，结果发现田间诱捕试验的效果与雄蛾对性信息素EAG反应结果一致。性信息素单一组分在田间可以诱到少量雄蛾；不同比例的二元组分诱蛾后发现Z3Z6Z9-18Hy:Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy为2：8的诱芯平均诱捕量最大可达35头；同时，田间试验表明剂量为10μg的诱芯诱蛾量达到最高。
本论文首次提取出了茶尺蠖性信息素的全组分，对其结构进行了鉴定，同时获得了性信息素组分的含量和比例，并在田间诱蛾试验中获得了最佳诱芯的配方，不仅丰富了昆虫性信息素研究的内容，而且为利用合成性信息素进行高效、无毒、无污染、无公害的防治茶尺蠖提供了新方法、新途径。
Tea looper, Ectropis oblique Prout (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) is aserious defoliator of tea bushes Camellia sinensis in southeast of China. Outbreakpopulations could defoliate all the bushes completely and rapidly. In China, excessiveusing of organosynthetic pesticides to control this pest had lead to environmental pollution,development of resistance and undesirable pesticide residues in made tea. Efforts are beingdirected towards developing compatible management strategies and methods for anintegrated approach to pest control. The applying of sex pheromones to control tea looperis a practical approach.
Based on the theory of insect chemical ecology, we systematically studied the mainmorphology and biology of tea looper, we also carried out work including identification,synthesis of sex pheromone of tea looper by means of environmental scanning electronmicroscope (ESEM),electroantennogram (EAG), gas chromatography-electroantennogram(GC-EAD), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), organic synthesis and fieldtrapping tests. We aimed to prove up the tea looper’s sex pheromone communicationsystem and its variety, and quest for a new method to control it with sex pheromone.
The main study results as the follows:
1. Studies on the biology of the tea looper. Biological characteristics and sexualbehavior of the tea looper were observed continuously. Results showed that the ratio offemale to male adults was1:1.22. The emergence mainly occurred from18:00to2:00and copulation mainly occurred from21:00to24:00with the peak at23:00. Female mothcan spawn several times. So the best time to gather sex pheromone is the second day’snight (22:30) after emergence.
2. Observation of the ovipositor and antenna of tea looper with ESEM. The resultsshowed that the surface of Intersegmental membrane on the ovipositor distributed papillae,which is the sex pheromone secretion site. There are four types of sensilla on the tealooper’s antenna, incuding Sensilla trichodea, S styloconica, S cheatica and Ssquamiformium. The Sensilla trichodea was most numerous, which are the main sexpheromone-recepting senesilla. There are differences in amount and type of antennalsensilla between female and male.
3. Mating strategy and its effect on EAG response to sex pheromone. The effect ofreproduction behavior of tea looper was studied. Results suggested that male was capable of mating several times with females, while vast majority of females mate only once.Mated males can live longer than virgin male. But mating did not influence on the lifeexpectancy of female. Mating did not affect EAG response of male to sex pheromone.Males mated past0,1,2,3,4days remained the same response to sex pheromone as virginmale. While EAG response of male to mated female’s sex gland extract decreasedsignificantly.
4. The extracting and identification of active components from sex pheromone gland’sextract. Two active components were obtained from the female sexual gland extracts withhigh EAG value. And this two components were identified as z,z,z-3,6,9-Octadecatriene(Z3Z6Z9-18Hy) and z,z-3,9-6,7-Epoxy-octadecadiene (Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy) by means ofGC-MS. The content of each component is1.25±0.41ng/female、0.79±0.48ng/female.The percentages of Z3Z6Z9-18Hy/Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy in sexual gland extracts fromindividual females were about1.89.
5. Chemical synthesis of sex pheromones. The target product, Z3Z6Z9-18Hy wasobtained successfully from methyl linolenate through Carboxylation and decarboxylation.Purity was98.45%。Then, Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy was yield through epoxidation with thepurity of98.2%.
6. The EAG test to sex pheromone and standard chemicals. EAG values wereobtained to the standard components. A blend of Z3Z6Z9-18Hy and Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy ata ratio of2:8,5:5elicited the higher EAG response at7.816±0.254mV and7.650±0.201mV, respectively. The dosage response curve of each component roughly took an―S‖shape.
7. Field trapping test. The results of trapping were consistent to the EAG results.Single component captured only a few male moths. Traps baited test with blend ofZ3Z6Z9-18Hy and Z3Z9-6,7epo-18Hy at different ratio show that at a ratio of2:8produced the highest trap captures and the average captures was35. In the dosage test, thehighest capture numbers was at10μg.
We extracted the entire components of tea looper’s sex pheromone for the first timeand the chemical structures were identified successfully. We confirmed that the activecomponents of the sex pheromone and obtained the mixture of the best lure through EAGresponse and field trap test. This study not only enriched the research field of insect sexpheromone, but also offers an efficient, nontoxic, pollution-free, pollution-free methods tomonitor and control the population densities of tea looper.
引文
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