三维地震地形数据的可视化方法研究
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摘要
在地质开采、石油勘探、地形模拟等领域，可视化技术有着十分重要的意义。应用三维地震数据体可视化技术，可以对原始地震测井数据做出正确解释，从而得到矿藏是否存在、位置和储量等重要信息。借助于三维地形网格可视化技术，可以更准确地描述地形的起伏变化。
体绘制的传统算法是光线投射法，由于地震数据量大而绘制速度太慢，本文在借鉴一些改进算法的基础上，结合地震数据的特点，提出了一种基于图像空间的逆视变换的加速光线投射算法，实验结果表明该算法在保证相同图像效果的同时，具有明显的速度优势。三维网格显示中的网格消隐与断线处理一直是网格可视化技术中的难点，本文结合三维地形网格的特点，提出了一种新的网格可视化算法——切片多边形区域填充法，在实验结果对比中，无论是算法复杂度还是显示效果上都明显优于浮动水平面法。
本文以研究三维地震数据体和三维地形网格的可视化算法为主要目的，讨论了三维地震地形数据体的交互可视化系统。本系统主要实现了三维地震数据体的直接交互显示、三组正交切片的交互显示、任意角度的切面交互显示和三维地形网格数据的交互显示。
Scientific Visualization is an important technology in the fields of exploitation of geoloy and petroleum, reconstruction of 3-D topography. Application the Scientific Visualization technology of 3-D seismic data, researchers can interpret original seismic data exactly, so can get the important information of position and reserves of mineral resources. Also application the Scientific Visualization technology of 3-D grid data of topography, researchers can get the wave of topography.
The traditional algorithm of Volume Rendering is Ray-Casting, not a proper algorithm for the large 3-D seismic data, referring some improved method and considering the characteristic of seismic data, a new fast Ray-Casting algorithm of oriented image space and negative-view transform was brought forward. As a result, this algorithm excels the traditional obviously by speed with image quality in experiment. Grid hiding and break line cut are difficult point in displaying of 3-D grid data, the thesis also presented a new visualizing algorithm applicable for 3-D grid data of topography-Sliced Polygon Filling. The experiment result shown, contrasting to Floating Level, this algorithm excels in both time complication and effect of grid hiding and break line cut.
Aiming at studying algorithm of 3-D seismic data and 3-D grid data of topography, a interactive visualization system of 3-D seismic and topography data was discussed. The system main realized interactive rendering of 3-D seismic data, interactive rendering of three crossed slices, interactive rendering of rand-cutting face and interactive rendering of 3-D topography grid data.
体绘制的传统算法是光线投射法，由于地震数据量大而绘制速度太慢，本文在借鉴一些改进算法的基础上，结合地震数据的特点，提出了一种基于图像空间的逆视变换的加速光线投射算法，实验结果表明该算法在保证相同图像效果的同时，具有明显的速度优势。三维网格显示中的网格消隐与断线处理一直是网格可视化技术中的难点，本文结合三维地形网格的特点，提出了一种新的网格可视化算法——切片多边形区域填充法，在实验结果对比中，无论是算法复杂度还是显示效果上都明显优于浮动水平面法。
本文以研究三维地震数据体和三维地形网格的可视化算法为主要目的，讨论了三维地震地形数据体的交互可视化系统。本系统主要实现了三维地震数据体的直接交互显示、三组正交切片的交互显示、任意角度的切面交互显示和三维地形网格数据的交互显示。
Scientific Visualization is an important technology in the fields of exploitation of geoloy and petroleum, reconstruction of 3-D topography. Application the Scientific Visualization technology of 3-D seismic data, researchers can interpret original seismic data exactly, so can get the important information of position and reserves of mineral resources. Also application the Scientific Visualization technology of 3-D grid data of topography, researchers can get the wave of topography.
The traditional algorithm of Volume Rendering is Ray-Casting, not a proper algorithm for the large 3-D seismic data, referring some improved method and considering the characteristic of seismic data, a new fast Ray-Casting algorithm of oriented image space and negative-view transform was brought forward. As a result, this algorithm excels the traditional obviously by speed with image quality in experiment. Grid hiding and break line cut are difficult point in displaying of 3-D grid data, the thesis also presented a new visualizing algorithm applicable for 3-D grid data of topography-Sliced Polygon Filling. The experiment result shown, contrasting to Floating Level, this algorithm excels in both time complication and effect of grid hiding and break line cut.
Aiming at studying algorithm of 3-D seismic data and 3-D grid data of topography, a interactive visualization system of 3-D seismic and topography data was discussed. The system main realized interactive rendering of 3-D seismic data, interactive rendering of three crossed slices, interactive rendering of rand-cutting face and interactive rendering of 3-D topography grid data.
引文
[1] Robert A. Derbies, Loran Carpenter, and Pat Hannah. Volume Rendering. In John Dill, editor, Computer Graphics. August 1998 (22) pp:65-74.
[2] Levoy M. Display of Surfaces from Volume Data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Application. 1988, 8(3),pp:29-37.
[3] Zesheng Tang, Jun Yuan, Jiaguang Sun. Display of Multi Iso surface by the Volume Rendering Technique from Data Sets in 3D Space. Thalm ann N.M. Thalm ann D., Communicating with Virtual Worlds Proceedings of CGI'93 Aug, 1993, Swiss, pp: 104-114.
[4] Marc Levoy. Efficient Ray Tracing of Volume Data. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 1990, 9(3) pp: 245-261.
[5] Lee Westover. Footprint Evaluation for Volume Rendering, Computer Graphics. 24(4), 1990, pp: 367-376.
[6] Cline H. E., Lorensen, W. E. Two Algorithms for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Tomograms. Medical Physics, 15(3), May, 1988, pp: 320-327.
[7] W. E. Lorensen and H.E. Cline,Marching Cubes: A High Resolution 3D Surface Construction Algorithm. Computer Graphics, 21(4), 1987, pp: 163-169.
[8] R.S. Gallagher and J.C. Nagtergaal. An Efficient 3D Visualization technique for finite element models and other coarse volumes computer Graphics, 23(3), 1989, pp:185-194.
[9] A. Doi and A. Koide. An Efficient Method of Triangulating Equi-valued Surface by Using Tetrahedral Cells. IEICE Transactions, E74, 1991, pp: 214-224.
[10] Nielson G. M., Hamann B. The Asymptotic Decider: Resolving the Ambiguity in Marching Cubes. IEEE Proceedings of Visualization'91, 1991, pp: 83-91.
[11] J. Wilhelms, A.V. Gelder. A Coherent Projection Approach for Direct Volume Rendering, Computer Graphics, 1991, 25(4), pp :275-284.
[12] P. Lacroute and M. Levoy. Fasting Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation. Computer Graphics Proceedings, 1994, pp: 451-458.
[13] Malzbender T. Fourier Volume Rendering. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 12(3), pp: 233-250.
[14] 唐泽圣．三维数据场可视化．清华大学出版社，1999，pp：76-88．
[15] 李冠峰，黄毓瑜，杨光．体可视化的快速光线投射算法．工程图学学报，2000，
3．pp:97-102．
[16] 黄文静，唐龙，唐泽圣．体绘制及三维交互技术在地质数据可视化中的应用．工程图学学报，1998，3，pp：60-66．
[17] Totsuka T, Levoy M. Frequency Domain Volume Rendering. Computer Graphics Proceedings,1993 August, pp: 271-278.
[18] 邓俊辉，周嘉玉，唐泽圣．基于物质分类的频域体绘制算法．计算机学报，1996．19(8)，pp：576-586．
[19] 邓俊辉，唐泽圣．频域体绘制中的颜色合成．软件学报，1996 7(9)，pp：571-576．
[20] 彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚．计算机真实感图形的算法基础．科学出版社，1999，pp：31-34．
[21] J. H. Clark. Hierarchical Geometric Models for Visible Surface Algorithms. Comm. ACM, Vol. 19,No. 10,1976.
[22] 涂超，颜辉武，竺新生．基于光线投射算法实现与三维场景的交互功能．昆明理工大学学报 2001，26(3)，pp：1-4．
[23] 唐泽圣．三维数据场可视化．清华大学出版社，1999，pp：34-35．
[24] S. M. Rubin, T.Whitted. A Three-Dimensional Representation for Fast rendering of Complex Scenes. Computer Graphics, Vol. 14, No.3, 1980.
[25] 孙家广．计算机图形学．清华大学出版社，1999．
[26] 龙熙华，王忠义，张群会．数值分析．陕西科学技术出版社，2000．
[27] 向世明．Visual C++数字图像处理与图像处理．电子工业出版社，2002，
[28] Marc Levoy. Display of Surface from Volume Data. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Dept. Computer Science ,May, 1989.
[29] M. E. Newell, R.G. Newell, T.L. Sancha. A new approach to the shaded picture program. Proc. ACM Nation Conference, 1972, pp: 443-450.
[30] D. Hearn, M. P. Baker. Computer Graphics. Second Edition 1997.
[31] 潘云鹤．计算机图形学——原理、方法及应用．高等教育出版社．2002．
[32] 王俐，屠世杰，魏雪云，华伟．地震勘探全三维解释技术的探索和应用．国际华人石油与石油化工科技研讨会，pp：26-30．1998．
[33] 张剑秋，张福炎．用地震解释结果重构地质界面或地质体．石油勘探，Vol．38 No．1，1999．
[34] 李云飞，姜晓峰．计算机图形图像技术与应用教程．北京希望电子出版社2002．
[35] A．R．布朗．三维地震资料解释．石油工业出版社．1996．
[36] 同志工作室．Visual C++6.0开发技巧与实例教程．人民邮电出版社．2000．
[37] 侯俊杰．深入浅出MFC华中科技大学出版社．2001．
[38] 刘春阳．石油地质三维数据场可视化．中国科学院计算技术研究所，硕士论文．
[39] 邓俊辉．频域体绘制算法的研究及其并行实现．清华大学博士论文，1997．
[40] 陈维兴，林小茶．C++面向对象程序设计教程．清华大学出版社，2000．
[41] 白建军，朱亚平，梁辉，姚东．Open GL三维图形设计与制作．人民邮电出版社，1999．
[42] 南京工学院数学教研室．积分变换．高等教育出版社，1997．
[43] Robert D.Thompson.MFC开发人员参考手册．机械工业出版社，1998．
[2] Levoy M. Display of Surfaces from Volume Data. IEEE Computer Graphics and Application. 1988, 8(3),pp:29-37.
[3] Zesheng Tang, Jun Yuan, Jiaguang Sun. Display of Multi Iso surface by the Volume Rendering Technique from Data Sets in 3D Space. Thalm ann N.M. Thalm ann D., Communicating with Virtual Worlds Proceedings of CGI'93 Aug, 1993, Swiss, pp: 104-114.
[4] Marc Levoy. Efficient Ray Tracing of Volume Data. ACM Transactions on Graphics. 1990, 9(3) pp: 245-261.
[5] Lee Westover. Footprint Evaluation for Volume Rendering, Computer Graphics. 24(4), 1990, pp: 367-376.
[6] Cline H. E., Lorensen, W. E. Two Algorithms for Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Tomograms. Medical Physics, 15(3), May, 1988, pp: 320-327.
[7] W. E. Lorensen and H.E. Cline,Marching Cubes: A High Resolution 3D Surface Construction Algorithm. Computer Graphics, 21(4), 1987, pp: 163-169.
[8] R.S. Gallagher and J.C. Nagtergaal. An Efficient 3D Visualization technique for finite element models and other coarse volumes computer Graphics, 23(3), 1989, pp:185-194.
[9] A. Doi and A. Koide. An Efficient Method of Triangulating Equi-valued Surface by Using Tetrahedral Cells. IEICE Transactions, E74, 1991, pp: 214-224.
[10] Nielson G. M., Hamann B. The Asymptotic Decider: Resolving the Ambiguity in Marching Cubes. IEEE Proceedings of Visualization'91, 1991, pp: 83-91.
[11] J. Wilhelms, A.V. Gelder. A Coherent Projection Approach for Direct Volume Rendering, Computer Graphics, 1991, 25(4), pp :275-284.
[12] P. Lacroute and M. Levoy. Fasting Volume Rendering Using a Shear-Warp Factorization of the Viewing Transformation. Computer Graphics Proceedings, 1994, pp: 451-458.
[13] Malzbender T. Fourier Volume Rendering. ACM Transactions on Graphics, 12(3), pp: 233-250.
[14] 唐泽圣．三维数据场可视化．清华大学出版社，1999，pp：76-88．
[15] 李冠峰，黄毓瑜，杨光．体可视化的快速光线投射算法．工程图学学报，2000，
3．pp:97-102．
[16] 黄文静，唐龙，唐泽圣．体绘制及三维交互技术在地质数据可视化中的应用．工程图学学报，1998，3，pp：60-66．
[17] Totsuka T, Levoy M. Frequency Domain Volume Rendering. Computer Graphics Proceedings,1993 August, pp: 271-278.
[18] 邓俊辉，周嘉玉，唐泽圣．基于物质分类的频域体绘制算法．计算机学报，1996．19(8)，pp：576-586．
[19] 邓俊辉，唐泽圣．频域体绘制中的颜色合成．软件学报，1996 7(9)，pp：571-576．
[20] 彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚．计算机真实感图形的算法基础．科学出版社，1999，pp：31-34．
[21] J. H. Clark. Hierarchical Geometric Models for Visible Surface Algorithms. Comm. ACM, Vol. 19,No. 10,1976.
[22] 涂超，颜辉武，竺新生．基于光线投射算法实现与三维场景的交互功能．昆明理工大学学报 2001，26(3)，pp：1-4．
[23] 唐泽圣．三维数据场可视化．清华大学出版社，1999，pp：34-35．
[24] S. M. Rubin, T.Whitted. A Three-Dimensional Representation for Fast rendering of Complex Scenes. Computer Graphics, Vol. 14, No.3, 1980.
[25] 孙家广．计算机图形学．清华大学出版社，1999．
[26] 龙熙华，王忠义，张群会．数值分析．陕西科学技术出版社，2000．
[27] 向世明．Visual C++数字图像处理与图像处理．电子工业出版社，2002，
[28] Marc Levoy. Display of Surface from Volume Data. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Dept. Computer Science ,May, 1989.
[29] M. E. Newell, R.G. Newell, T.L. Sancha. A new approach to the shaded picture program. Proc. ACM Nation Conference, 1972, pp: 443-450.
[30] D. Hearn, M. P. Baker. Computer Graphics. Second Edition 1997.
[31] 潘云鹤．计算机图形学——原理、方法及应用．高等教育出版社．2002．
[32] 王俐，屠世杰，魏雪云，华伟．地震勘探全三维解释技术的探索和应用．国际华人石油与石油化工科技研讨会，pp：26-30．1998．
[33] 张剑秋，张福炎．用地震解释结果重构地质界面或地质体．石油勘探，Vol．38 No．1，1999．
[34] 李云飞，姜晓峰．计算机图形图像技术与应用教程．北京希望电子出版社2002．
[35] A．R．布朗．三维地震资料解释．石油工业出版社．1996．
[36] 同志工作室．Visual C++6.0开发技巧与实例教程．人民邮电出版社．2000．
[37] 侯俊杰．深入浅出MFC华中科技大学出版社．2001．
[38] 刘春阳．石油地质三维数据场可视化．中国科学院计算技术研究所，硕士论文．
[39] 邓俊辉．频域体绘制算法的研究及其并行实现．清华大学博士论文，1997．
[40] 陈维兴，林小茶．C++面向对象程序设计教程．清华大学出版社，2000．
[41] 白建军，朱亚平，梁辉，姚东．Open GL三维图形设计与制作．人民邮电出版社，1999．
[42] 南京工学院数学教研室．积分变换．高等教育出版社，1997．
[43] Robert D.Thompson.MFC开发人员参考手册．机械工业出版社，1998．