基于集成模拟的项目型组织设计研究
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摘要
项目型组织(Project-based Organization, PBO)是指以项目形式组织工作和业务活动、通过项目创造价值并达成自身战略目标的组织模式。长期以来,相关理论及实践主要关注PBO的生产功能,然而从社会和组织两个视角关注PBO的组织设计同样是提高项目绩效的有效途径,但是这个隐藏的事实却常常被忽略。本文在现有研究成果的基础上,以工程建设领域的项目型组织为例,抽象出PBO的共同特征,并对PBO的组织设计问题进行深入研究。本文的主要工作包括以下几个方面：
首先,基于委托-代理理论、社会交换理论,从系统动态发展和人的有限理性的视角,对委托人和代理人为主要利益相关者形成的宏观PBO的组织间关系的设计进行研究。设计委托-代理理论和社会心理学理论与多Agent模型集成的模拟方法对上述问题进行模拟研究。研究结果表明代理人普遍存在着对净损失的厌恶倾向,公平、互惠对宏观PBO的参与者都有显著的影响。宏观PBO在设计组织间契约时应对上述现象有充分认识,以确保各参与者的目标协调一致,组织才能在整体上取得最优绩效。
其次,基于组织间关系的资源依赖理论、组织设计的情境化理论,面向动态环境,对PBO的组织规模、正规化、组织决策权利模式和激励机制四个元素的情境化设计进行了研究。设计NK模型与互补框架集成的多Agent模拟方法,对动态环境、资源获取能力、及上述元素间的情境化关系三者之间的相互作用进行定量建模。研究结果表明,随着中国经济技术的快速发展,已经被实践和理论接受和认可的组织内部元素间的情境化设计,对PBO的组织设计仍然具有指导意义,但是在现阶段国情下中国的PBO应该采取权变原则,灵活将这些普遍实践与国情结合进行组织设计。
然后,基于组织理论,从任务的复杂性和环境因素的动态性视角,对PBO的职能层级、横向联系、权利分配机制、激励机制、组织成员的信息处理能力、组织的交流绩效六个元素的情境化设计进行深入研究。建立了复杂任务的数学模型,建立了组织设计的计算模型。设计NK模型与多Agent模型相结合的集成模拟方法将任务与组织整合与一个模拟模型中,对上述PBO的组织设计进行模拟,根据研究结果总结出PBO应对复杂任务的分析框架。
最后,基于组织理论和组织学习相关理论,面向组织学习,对PBO的组织文化和兼具组织非正式沟通系统特征的组织结构两个内部设计元素进行了研究。采用实证方法对组织文化与知识转移的关系进行了研究；采用虚拟的网络表示PBO组织结构；并设计了实证与网络分析集成的模拟模型,对组织文化、结构、知识转移三者之间的相互作用进行模拟。研究结果表明分权、均匀的组织结构有利于知识转移和组织学习；组织结构与组织文化之间相互依存,成员对组织文化形成高度共识是组织内部非正式团队建设的基础。
本文在基于组织和PBO的发展历程和研究现状、及其上述领域问题有关的理论和方法的研究的基础上,对PBO设计的原理和方法进行了分析和说明,采用集成模拟方法对PBO的设计问题进行定量化研究,并取得了一些研究成果,为现有项目型组织设计的理论和实践做有益的补充。
Project-based organization (PBO) is a management pattern that all the activities are organised with the project and the value is created by the project so that the organization achieves the stragetic goals. However, for improving the performance of project, people have been paying more attention to the production function of project while neglecting the organizational design for a long time. Taking the case of construction project-based organization, this paper abstracts the attributes of PBO and studies how to design PBO based on various perspectives. The main works are summarized as the following aspects:
Firstly, the stakeholders taking part in the project form a virtual organization together called macro-PBO. Based on the principal-agent theory and social exchange theory, how to design the contract or inter-organization relationship of macro-PBO is studied from the perspectives of dynamic system and bounded rationality of people. In this paper, an integrated simulation model is developed, in which principal-agent theory and social psychology theory are integrated into the agent-based model and develop a simulation system. The study results indicate nearly all the agents of macro-PBO would not like to risk making the net loss, and fairness has an important influence on both agent and principal. Therefore the contract should be designed according to the above conclusions ensuring all the actors of the macro-PBO share the common objectives.
Secondly, based on the resource-dependence theory and contextuality within the organizational design dimensions system, contextual design between size, formality, authority pattern of desion-making and incentive is vestigated for micro-PBO, according to the inter-organization relationships and the changing environment. The integrated simulation model is developed, in which the NK model is combined with complementarity framework. With the simulation model, we study how the capability of resource gaining of micro-PBO and changing environment impact on the contextuality of the organizational design dimensions of micro-PBO. The research shows that the common wisdoms about the contextuality are not suitable for the micro-PBO living the present Chinese environment. However these common wisdoms are still valuable for future development of Chinese micro-PBO.
Thirdly, based on the organization theory, we study how to conduct contextual design about organizational design demensions, namely functional hierarchy, horizontal communication structure, authority distribution pattern, incentive, capability of information process and communication efficiency between staffs. We model the task or product formally, and develop an agent-based model to combine the micro-PBO with the task. Through simulation experiments, how the organization and task interact on each other is researched.Then we generalize the framework about how to design inner formal dimensions of micro-PBO according to various tasks.
Lastly, based on theory of organization and organization learning, we research on the design of organization cultures and structure has the features of non-formal communication system. Using the empirical research, we study the relation between cultures and the individual desire about knowledge transfer. And we use various virtual networks to indicate various organization structure of PBO. We integrate the empirical research and social network analysis to simulate the interactions between the cultures of PBO and the organization structure. The results show the distributed authority and symmetrical structure are the facilitators to organization learning, and the cultures and structure of PBO depend upon each other indicating that the informal team building is meaningful only the staffs of PBO share the common culture fully.
In this study, we firstly review the organizational design and PBO research status. Then we introduce the principles and approaches of PBO in my study. Next we apply the integrated simulation approaches proposed by this study in organizational design of PBO from various perspectives. We draw some conclusions making good complement to existing theory and practice.
首先,基于委托-代理理论、社会交换理论,从系统动态发展和人的有限理性的视角,对委托人和代理人为主要利益相关者形成的宏观PBO的组织间关系的设计进行研究。设计委托-代理理论和社会心理学理论与多Agent模型集成的模拟方法对上述问题进行模拟研究。研究结果表明代理人普遍存在着对净损失的厌恶倾向,公平、互惠对宏观PBO的参与者都有显著的影响。宏观PBO在设计组织间契约时应对上述现象有充分认识,以确保各参与者的目标协调一致,组织才能在整体上取得最优绩效。
其次,基于组织间关系的资源依赖理论、组织设计的情境化理论,面向动态环境,对PBO的组织规模、正规化、组织决策权利模式和激励机制四个元素的情境化设计进行了研究。设计NK模型与互补框架集成的多Agent模拟方法,对动态环境、资源获取能力、及上述元素间的情境化关系三者之间的相互作用进行定量建模。研究结果表明,随着中国经济技术的快速发展,已经被实践和理论接受和认可的组织内部元素间的情境化设计,对PBO的组织设计仍然具有指导意义,但是在现阶段国情下中国的PBO应该采取权变原则,灵活将这些普遍实践与国情结合进行组织设计。
然后,基于组织理论,从任务的复杂性和环境因素的动态性视角,对PBO的职能层级、横向联系、权利分配机制、激励机制、组织成员的信息处理能力、组织的交流绩效六个元素的情境化设计进行深入研究。建立了复杂任务的数学模型,建立了组织设计的计算模型。设计NK模型与多Agent模型相结合的集成模拟方法将任务与组织整合与一个模拟模型中,对上述PBO的组织设计进行模拟,根据研究结果总结出PBO应对复杂任务的分析框架。
最后,基于组织理论和组织学习相关理论,面向组织学习,对PBO的组织文化和兼具组织非正式沟通系统特征的组织结构两个内部设计元素进行了研究。采用实证方法对组织文化与知识转移的关系进行了研究；采用虚拟的网络表示PBO组织结构；并设计了实证与网络分析集成的模拟模型,对组织文化、结构、知识转移三者之间的相互作用进行模拟。研究结果表明分权、均匀的组织结构有利于知识转移和组织学习；组织结构与组织文化之间相互依存,成员对组织文化形成高度共识是组织内部非正式团队建设的基础。
本文在基于组织和PBO的发展历程和研究现状、及其上述领域问题有关的理论和方法的研究的基础上,对PBO设计的原理和方法进行了分析和说明,采用集成模拟方法对PBO的设计问题进行定量化研究,并取得了一些研究成果,为现有项目型组织设计的理论和实践做有益的补充。
Project-based organization (PBO) is a management pattern that all the activities are organised with the project and the value is created by the project so that the organization achieves the stragetic goals. However, for improving the performance of project, people have been paying more attention to the production function of project while neglecting the organizational design for a long time. Taking the case of construction project-based organization, this paper abstracts the attributes of PBO and studies how to design PBO based on various perspectives. The main works are summarized as the following aspects:
Firstly, the stakeholders taking part in the project form a virtual organization together called macro-PBO. Based on the principal-agent theory and social exchange theory, how to design the contract or inter-organization relationship of macro-PBO is studied from the perspectives of dynamic system and bounded rationality of people. In this paper, an integrated simulation model is developed, in which principal-agent theory and social psychology theory are integrated into the agent-based model and develop a simulation system. The study results indicate nearly all the agents of macro-PBO would not like to risk making the net loss, and fairness has an important influence on both agent and principal. Therefore the contract should be designed according to the above conclusions ensuring all the actors of the macro-PBO share the common objectives.
Secondly, based on the resource-dependence theory and contextuality within the organizational design dimensions system, contextual design between size, formality, authority pattern of desion-making and incentive is vestigated for micro-PBO, according to the inter-organization relationships and the changing environment. The integrated simulation model is developed, in which the NK model is combined with complementarity framework. With the simulation model, we study how the capability of resource gaining of micro-PBO and changing environment impact on the contextuality of the organizational design dimensions of micro-PBO. The research shows that the common wisdoms about the contextuality are not suitable for the micro-PBO living the present Chinese environment. However these common wisdoms are still valuable for future development of Chinese micro-PBO.
Thirdly, based on the organization theory, we study how to conduct contextual design about organizational design demensions, namely functional hierarchy, horizontal communication structure, authority distribution pattern, incentive, capability of information process and communication efficiency between staffs. We model the task or product formally, and develop an agent-based model to combine the micro-PBO with the task. Through simulation experiments, how the organization and task interact on each other is researched.Then we generalize the framework about how to design inner formal dimensions of micro-PBO according to various tasks.
Lastly, based on theory of organization and organization learning, we research on the design of organization cultures and structure has the features of non-formal communication system. Using the empirical research, we study the relation between cultures and the individual desire about knowledge transfer. And we use various virtual networks to indicate various organization structure of PBO. We integrate the empirical research and social network analysis to simulate the interactions between the cultures of PBO and the organization structure. The results show the distributed authority and symmetrical structure are the facilitators to organization learning, and the cultures and structure of PBO depend upon each other indicating that the informal team building is meaningful only the staffs of PBO share the common culture fully.
In this study, we firstly review the organizational design and PBO research status. Then we introduce the principles and approaches of PBO in my study. Next we apply the integrated simulation approaches proposed by this study in organizational design of PBO from various perspectives. We draw some conclusions making good complement to existing theory and practice.
引文
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