交变磁场测量成像技术的研究
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摘要
交变磁场测量(ACFM)是近几年来兴起的一种新型电磁无损检测技术,它能实现金属表面裂纹的尺寸的测量。本文在此基础上研究了交变磁场扫描成像检测技术,阐述了交变磁场技术和成像技术的国内外研究现状和发展趋势,利用有限元数值仿真方法对激励线圈沿不同扫描方向的情况下,对受缺陷扰动的磁场分布进行分析研究,得出磁场分量Bz的曲线和磁场分量Bx的曲线分别和缺陷的长度和深度存在对应关系。本文从硬件和软件上设计了交变磁场扫描成像检测系统,搭建了实验平台。研究了小波变换对检测信号噪声的去除,从定性的角度对裂纹型缺陷的识别方法进行了研究,分析了从检测信号得到缺陷长度和深度的方法。最后研究了扫描成像技术,分别用Bx和Bz检测信号的幅值信息实现C扫描图像,提出了通过两个图像联合的方式共同判断缺陷的长度信息和深度信息的新方法。在设计的实验平台上,通过对试件表面裂纹进行实验,获得实测数据,实现了扫描成像结果,与理论和仿真结果基本相符。
The Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) technique is a electromagnetic non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to detect and size surface cracks in electrically conducting, metallic components. In this paper, The ACFM scan imaging measurement technique is accomplished. The status and the development home and abroad of the ACFM technique and the scan imaging technique are illustrated. Considering the motion of exciting coil in different scan orientation, the finite element numerical simulation analysis of the distribution of the perturbed magnetic is accomplished. The simulation results show that the length of crack is estimated by amplitude peculiarity of Bz, the component of magnetic field perpendicular to metal surface. the relation between the depth of crack and Bx. The ACFM scan imaging measurement system is designed from electrocircuit hardware and soft. The system scheme for testing are presented. Meanwhile, in order to improve the result the wavelet transform is used to remove the noise. This paper discusses the crack identification by qualitative analysis and the length and width of the crack from the measured signal is analysed. At last scan imaging technique is accomplished and the C scan image is finished from the amplitude of Bx and Bz and by the new way of two image combination, the length and width are shown directly. Based on the system, testing has been performed by experimentation on the sample, the result of C scan image is finished.And the experiment data, the theoretic data and the simulation data have the same trend approximately .
The Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) technique is a electromagnetic non-destructive testing (NDT) technique used to detect and size surface cracks in electrically conducting, metallic components. In this paper, The ACFM scan imaging measurement technique is accomplished. The status and the development home and abroad of the ACFM technique and the scan imaging technique are illustrated. Considering the motion of exciting coil in different scan orientation, the finite element numerical simulation analysis of the distribution of the perturbed magnetic is accomplished. The simulation results show that the length of crack is estimated by amplitude peculiarity of Bz, the component of magnetic field perpendicular to metal surface. the relation between the depth of crack and Bx. The ACFM scan imaging measurement system is designed from electrocircuit hardware and soft. The system scheme for testing are presented. Meanwhile, in order to improve the result the wavelet transform is used to remove the noise. This paper discusses the crack identification by qualitative analysis and the length and width of the crack from the measured signal is analysed. At last scan imaging technique is accomplished and the C scan image is finished from the amplitude of Bx and Bz and by the new way of two image combination, the length and width are shown directly. Based on the system, testing has been performed by experimentation on the sample, the result of C scan image is finished.And the experiment data, the theoretic data and the simulation data have the same trend approximately .
引文
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[2]孙金立.无损检测及在航空维修中的应用[M].国防工业出版社.2004.
[3] Intergrated quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) and reliability assessment of aging aircraft structutes[J]. Lowa State University. 2001(4).
[4] S.Giguere, B.A.Lepine, J.M.S.Dubois. Pulsed eddy current technology: charac terizing material loss with gap and lift off variations.Res Nondestr Eval[J], 2001,(13):119~129.
[5] R.A.Smith, G.R.Hugo. Deep corrosion and crack detection in aging aircraft using transient eddy current NDE[J]. Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, 1999:1401~1408.
[6] G.Panaitov, H.J.Krause, Y.Zhang. Pulsed eddy current technique with HTS SQUID magnetometer for non-destructive evaluation[J]. Physica C, 2002:278~281.
[7]任吉林,林俊明,高春发.电磁检测[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[8] Yoseph Bar-Cohen . Emerging NDE Technologies and Challenges at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium -- Part I. http://www.ndt.net/.
[9] Yoseph Bar-Cohen . Emerging NDE Technologies and Challenges at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium -- Part II. http://www.ndt.net/.
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[18] H.L.Libby. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
[19] Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal, Reza F.Mostafavi. 1-D probe array for ACFM inspection of large metal plates[J]. IEEE Transactions On Instrumentation And Measurement, 2002,2(51).
[20] G.A.Raine, N.Smith. NDT of and Offshore Oil and Gas Installations Using the Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)Technique[J]. Materials Evaluation, 1996(4) :461-465.
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[28] Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal, Reza F. Mostafavi. 1–D Probe Array for ACFM Inspection of Large Metal Plates[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2002,2(51): 374-382.
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[35] Y. Fujita, I. Sasada. Detection of flaws inferromagnetic samples based on lowfrequency eddy current imaging[J]. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2003, 93(10): 8277-8279.
[36] Hisashi Endo,Toshiyuki Takagi. Vectorized Flaw Imaging by Arrayed Transmit-Receive Type ECT Probe[J]. SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference 2006, Busan, Korea: 2538-2541.
[37] Ray T. Ko, Shamachary Sathish, Jeremy S. Knopp , Mark P. Blodgett. HIDDEN CRACK DETECTION WITH GMR SENSING OF MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM EDDY CURRENTS[J]. CP894, Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Vol.26:273-280.
[38] R.P.R.Hasanzadeh, A.R.Moghaddamjoo, S.H.H.Sadeghi, et al. Optimal signal adaptive maximum likelihood filter for enhancement of defects in eddy current C-scan images[J], NDT&E International 41. 2008 (41): 371-381.
[39] B. P. C. Rao, Baldev Raj, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram, W. Arnold. A New Approach for Restoration of Eddy Current Images[J]. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 2001, 20 (2):61-72.
[40] Mohammad Bodruzzaman, Saleh Zein-Sabatto. Estimation of Micro-Crack Lengths Using Eddy Current C-Scan Images and Neural-Wavelet Transform[J]. IEEE, 2008:551-556.
[41] B.A.Lepine, B.P.Wallace, D.S.Forsyth, A.Wyglinski. Pulsed eddy current method developments for hidden corrosion detection in aircraft structures[J]. PACNDT’98.
[42] S.Giguere, B.A.Lepine, J.M.S.Dubois. Pulsed eddy current technology: characterizing material loss with gap and lift off variations[J]. Res Nondestr Eval, 2001,(13):119-129.
[43]楼敏珠,郭韵.基于涡流阵列传感器的高强度螺栓扫描检测成像系统设计[J].无损检测. 2009,6(31):485-487,496.
[44]杨宾峰,罗飞路,曹雄恒等.脉冲涡流腐蚀成像阵列传感器应用研究[J].传感技术学报,2005,18(1):112 -115.
[45] David Topp, Martin Lugg. ADVANCES IN THREAD INSPECTION USING ACFM[J]. The 3rd MENDT - Middle East Nondestructive Testing Conference & Exhibition.2005.
[46] D. Topp. M. Smith. APPLICATION OF THE ACFM INSPECTION METHOD TO RAIL AND RAIL VEHICLES[J]. TSC Inspection Systems, Milton Keynes, England.
[47]张榴晨,徐松.有限元法在电磁计算中的应用[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1996.
[48]冯慈璋,马西奎.工程电磁场导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[49]谢德馨,姚缨英等.三维涡流场的有限元分析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[50]邓凡平. ANSYS10.0有限元分析自学手册[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.
[51]张玉华.金属平板表面缺陷扰动的磁场量分布研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2002.
[52]王建和,段传华等.采用DDS技术实现的频率合成信号发生器[J].电子技术. 1997(1):30-32,38.
[53]白奉天.矩形线圈检测薄板缺陷的应用研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2003.
[54]张德丰. MATLAB小波分析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.
[55]赵红怡,张常年.数字信号处理及其MATLAB实现[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[56]赵海涛.基于交变磁场测量技术的金属表面缺陷检测系统的研究与实现[D].硕士学位论文.长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2004.
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[2]孙金立.无损检测及在航空维修中的应用[M].国防工业出版社.2004.
[3] Intergrated quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) and reliability assessment of aging aircraft structutes[J]. Lowa State University. 2001(4).
[4] S.Giguere, B.A.Lepine, J.M.S.Dubois. Pulsed eddy current technology: charac terizing material loss with gap and lift off variations.Res Nondestr Eval[J], 2001,(13):119~129.
[5] R.A.Smith, G.R.Hugo. Deep corrosion and crack detection in aging aircraft using transient eddy current NDE[J]. Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE, 1999:1401~1408.
[6] G.Panaitov, H.J.Krause, Y.Zhang. Pulsed eddy current technique with HTS SQUID magnetometer for non-destructive evaluation[J]. Physica C, 2002:278~281.
[7]任吉林,林俊明,高春发.电磁检测[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.
[8] Yoseph Bar-Cohen . Emerging NDE Technologies and Challenges at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium -- Part I. http://www.ndt.net/.
[9] Yoseph Bar-Cohen . Emerging NDE Technologies and Challenges at the Beginning of the 3rd Millennium -- Part II. http://www.ndt.net/.
[10]徐可北,周俊华.涡流检测[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.
[11] Paul McIntire , Michael Mester.美国无损检测手册(电磁卷)[M].世界图书出版公司.1999.
[12] L.Blair Carroll, Craig C.Monahan et al. Detection and Classification of Crack Colonies Using ACFM Technology– PhaseⅠ[J]. PVP-Vol.352/NDE-Vol.16, NDE Performance Demonstration, Planning and Research ASME 1997.
[13]许亮斌,陈国明.近海水下结构无损检测新技术[J].无损检测,2003,25(7):360-364.
[14]任吉林.电磁无损检测的新进展[J].无损探伤,2001,(5):1-4.
[15]雷银照,马信山.涡流法缺陷识别的研究现状[J].无损检测, 2000,18(3):81-83.
[16]亓和平.交流电磁场检测技术装备及应用[J].石油机械,2005, 33(6):77-80.
[17] Martines M.V.M, MarquesF.C.R.Technique ACFM—Rasultados Promissora p reliminares NA Petrobras[J].17th Conaend Congress, 1999.
[18] H.L.Libby. Introduction to Electromagnetic Nondestructive Test Methods, John Wiley & Sons,Inc.
[19] Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal, Reza F.Mostafavi. 1-D probe array for ACFM inspection of large metal plates[J]. IEEE Transactions On Instrumentation And Measurement, 2002,2(51).
[20] G.A.Raine, N.Smith. NDT of and Offshore Oil and Gas Installations Using the Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM)Technique[J]. Materials Evaluation, 1996(4) :461-465.
[21]陈建忠,史耀武.表面裂纹的无损评价一交流磁场测量法[J].新技术新工艺,1998(3):20-22.
[22]齐玉良,陈国明,张彦廷. ACFM的数值模拟及信号敏感性仿真分析[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004, 28(3),65-68.
[23]李伟,陈国明,郑贤斌.交流电磁场检测中裂纹形状反演研究[J].无损检测,2006, 28(11): 573-576.
[24] K.Chen, F.P.Breanan, W.D.Dove. Thin-skin AC field in anisotropic tectangular bar and ACPD stress measurement[J]. NDT&E International, 2000 (33):317-323.
[25] A.M.Lewis, D.H.Michael, M.C.Lugg, et a1. Thin-skin etelectromagnetic fields around surface breaking cracks in metals[J]. J.Appl.Phys, 1998(64):3777-3784.
[26]孙瑜.圆柱体表面缺陷检测的ANSYS仿真[J].兵工自动化, 2004,25(2):38-39.
[27] A Raine. The application of the Alternating Current Field Measurement (ACFM) technique for public safety applications[J]. http://www.ndt.net/.
[28] Dariush Mirshekar-Syahkal, Reza F. Mostafavi. 1–D Probe Array for ACFM Inspection of Large Metal Plates[J]. IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, 2002,2(51): 374-382.
[29] S.H.H.Sadeghi, B.Toosi, R.Moini. On suitability of induction coils for crack detection and sizing in metals by the surface magnetic field measurement technique[J]. NDT&E international , 2001(3).
[30]吴迪,张兆东,韩秀甫等.通用扫描成像检测软件的开发及应用[J].无损检测,2003,25(8):403-406.
[31]高印寒,吴定超,李春光,马羽宽.涡流实时成像技术的研究[J].仪表技术与传感器,2003,4:44-47.
[32]王雅萍,朱目成.磁光/涡流无损检测技术的研究[J].激光与红外. 2005,7(35):515-517.
[33]程玉华,周肇飞,尹伯彪.磁光/涡流实时成像检测系统的研究[J].光学精密工程.2006,5(14):797-801.
[34]李连宇.电磁层析成像系统仿真研究[D].硕士学位论文.北京:北京交通大学,2006.
[35] Y. Fujita, I. Sasada. Detection of flaws inferromagnetic samples based on lowfrequency eddy current imaging[J]. JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS 2003, 93(10): 8277-8279.
[36] Hisashi Endo,Toshiyuki Takagi. Vectorized Flaw Imaging by Arrayed Transmit-Receive Type ECT Probe[J]. SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference 2006, Busan, Korea: 2538-2541.
[37] Ray T. Ko, Shamachary Sathish, Jeremy S. Knopp , Mark P. Blodgett. HIDDEN CRACK DETECTION WITH GMR SENSING OF MAGNETIC FIELDS FROM EDDY CURRENTS[J]. CP894, Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation Vol.26:273-280.
[38] R.P.R.Hasanzadeh, A.R.Moghaddamjoo, S.H.H.Sadeghi, et al. Optimal signal adaptive maximum likelihood filter for enhancement of defects in eddy current C-scan images[J], NDT&E International 41. 2008 (41): 371-381.
[39] B. P. C. Rao, Baldev Raj, T. Jayakumar, P. Kalyanasundaram, W. Arnold. A New Approach for Restoration of Eddy Current Images[J]. Journal of Nondestructive Evaluation. 2001, 20 (2):61-72.
[40] Mohammad Bodruzzaman, Saleh Zein-Sabatto. Estimation of Micro-Crack Lengths Using Eddy Current C-Scan Images and Neural-Wavelet Transform[J]. IEEE, 2008:551-556.
[41] B.A.Lepine, B.P.Wallace, D.S.Forsyth, A.Wyglinski. Pulsed eddy current method developments for hidden corrosion detection in aircraft structures[J]. PACNDT’98.
[42] S.Giguere, B.A.Lepine, J.M.S.Dubois. Pulsed eddy current technology: characterizing material loss with gap and lift off variations[J]. Res Nondestr Eval, 2001,(13):119-129.
[43]楼敏珠,郭韵.基于涡流阵列传感器的高强度螺栓扫描检测成像系统设计[J].无损检测. 2009,6(31):485-487,496.
[44]杨宾峰,罗飞路,曹雄恒等.脉冲涡流腐蚀成像阵列传感器应用研究[J].传感技术学报,2005,18(1):112 -115.
[45] David Topp, Martin Lugg. ADVANCES IN THREAD INSPECTION USING ACFM[J]. The 3rd MENDT - Middle East Nondestructive Testing Conference & Exhibition.2005.
[46] D. Topp. M. Smith. APPLICATION OF THE ACFM INSPECTION METHOD TO RAIL AND RAIL VEHICLES[J]. TSC Inspection Systems, Milton Keynes, England.
[47]张榴晨,徐松.有限元法在电磁计算中的应用[M].北京:中国铁道出版社,1996.
[48]冯慈璋,马西奎.工程电磁场导论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000.
[49]谢德馨,姚缨英等.三维涡流场的有限元分析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2001.
[50]邓凡平. ANSYS10.0有限元分析自学手册[M].北京:人民邮电出版社,2007.
[51]张玉华.金属平板表面缺陷扰动的磁场量分布研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2002.
[52]王建和,段传华等.采用DDS技术实现的频率合成信号发生器[J].电子技术. 1997(1):30-32,38.
[53]白奉天.矩形线圈检测薄板缺陷的应用研究[D].硕士学位论文.长沙:国防科学技术大学, 2003.
[54]张德丰. MATLAB小波分析[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2009.
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