公路三级自然区划研究
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摘要
公路是布设并暴露在自然环境中的带状建筑物,其规划、设计、施工和运营等都与自然环境因素密切相关。公路的路线布设、构造物类型、施工方案以及建设投资规模等都受环境条件制约。自然地理环境及其组成成分在空间分布上既有相似性也有差异性,对公路建设的影响程度也不同。如果能在自然地理环境综合特征基础上,依据自然环境主要组成成分的特征、变化和分布规律,把一定范围的区域划分为一定的等级系统,将对合理利用自然资源、因地制宜进行公路规划、正确处理自然环境与公路建设的矛盾等具有重要指导意义。这也是广大公路科技工作者长期关注的,涉及公路建设全局性、基础性的难题之一。本文以西部科技项目“中国公路自然区划体系框架研究”课题为依托,以广东省为例,探讨公路三级自然区划体系构建的关键问题,以期能揭示自然环境因素特征对公路建设的影响和控制作用,并且为公路建设提供科学依据。
     论文广泛收集了国内外相关研究资料,系统分析了有关自然区划和专题区划研究的成果及存在的问题。借鉴国内外典型研究的成功经验,依据研究区域内自然地理特点和公路建设实际,以先进、实用为目标,提出了论文主要研究的内容和技术路线,即依托ArcGIS技术平台,采用宏观分析、工程分析、经验类比等定性方法,并结合层次分析(AHP法)、聚类分析等数学方法开展论文相关研究。
     论文分析了自然条件与公路工程的相互作用关系,从自然条件可能引发的公路病害及保证公路建设质量的分析入手,分别论述了气候、水文、岩土、地貌等自然环境要素对公路工程各组成部分的影响特征,为筛选公路三级自然区划体系指标奠定了基础。
     深入分析了各气象因素对公路建设的影响,结合已有气候区划的分类成果,考虑研究区域自然特点,选择对区域内公路建设有显著影响的气象指标,包括温度条件、湿度条件及降雨、大风和雾等气候因子作为主要的气象因素,从区域内公路建设实际出发,选择对公路建设有显著影响作用的七月平均地温、降雨不利系数等作为各级分区主导参数,采用专家调查和打分的方法,确定各因素的权重,在此基础上构建公路气候区划体系。在ArcGIS技术和地统计学理论支持下,对基础气象数据进行处理,研究气象数据的分布特征,选择合适的空间分析方法,创建预测表面气象数据的分布,采用系统聚类法进行公路气候分区研究。
     论文深入分析了水文因素对公路建设的影响,在分析研究区水文条件的基础上即广东省水系流域性质以及河流水系的汇流情况,选取地理位置和地貌特征和年径流深度作为水文区划的主要因素,提出了公路水文区划的研究框架以及公路水文区划的指标体系。以ArcGIS基础数据平台,并与环境参数的研究和计算紧密结合,并根据已有的研究成果,提取并计算水文区划的参数,提高了参数计算的定量化程度。
     论文针对公路建设和岩土相互影响的关系,参考岩土成果资料,结合相关工程部门岩土分类标准、规定与技术要求,在一般地学岩土分类和其他岩土分类系统的基础上,充分考虑公路工程的需要和对公路工程建设的影响,结合研究区岩土资源特点,建立公路岩土区划的指标体系。采用图层叠加法和数量分析法相结合的方法进行公路岩土分区,为省公路建设的经济性、安全性提供了理论支撑。
     论文借鉴地图学理论,提出了公路自然区划成果图编制原则。研究了公路自然区划成果图的底图设计方法,为成果图的编制提供了统一的模式。根据色彩设计原理和视觉特征,对分区图的色彩选择进行优化设计。采用GIS制图方法,编制了公路气候分区图、公路水文分区图、公路岩土影响分区图和公路地貌分区图,提高了公路自然区划图编制的速度和质量。
As highway exposed in the natural environment, the highway planning, design,construction and operations are closely related to the natural environment. The route layout,structure type, construction program and construction investment scale of highway areconstrained by environmental conditions. Natural geographical environment and itscomponents have both similarity and differences in the spatial distribution, and have differentimpaction on highway construction. Based on the basis of comprehensive feature of naturalenvironment, according to the main features, changes, and distribution regularities of naturalenvironment components, dividing the certain range of area into a certain system haveimportant significance on utilizing the natural resources rationally, planning highwayreasonably, dealing with problems between natural environment and road constructioncorrectly. This is fundamental problems, which draw the technological workers the majoritylong-term concern involved in highway construction. This dissertation will depend onWestern scientific and technological projects—“Natural zoning for highway frame systemresearch”, taking Guangdong Province as an example, to discuss the key issues of the thirdnatural zoning for highway system, in order to discover the influence and control of naturaland environmental factors on highway construction, also provide a scientific basis.
     The dissertation extensively collects the relevant research information, analyzes existingproblems relevant to the natural regionalization and thematic regionalization achievements.Base on the successful experiences of researches, according to the natural and geographicalcharacteristics and actual conditions in study areas, this dissertation proposes the main contentand technical route, which uses macro-analysis, engineering analysis, experience analogiescombined with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and cluster analysis.
     The dissertation analyzes the interaction between natural conditions and highwayprojects, starting from highway diseases caused by natural environment and protecting thequality of road construction, and discusses the influential characters of natural environmentalfactors-such as climate, hydrology, geotechnology, geomorphology-on various components of highway construction, in order to lay the foundation for the third natural zoning forhighway system.
     The dissertation analyzes the impacts of meteorological factors on road construction,according to existing climate zoning classification results and considering the naturalcharacters, and selects the weather indicators-the main meteorological factors, such astemperature conditions, humidity conditions, rainfall, winds and fog-which have significantimpact on the road construction; it also selects the classification parameters-such as warmindex by year and rainfall disadvantage index-which also have significant influence onhighway construction practically. It use expert decision and questionnaire to determine theweight of every factors, based on this, and develops the highway climatic zoning system.Under the support of ArcGIS and geostatistics theory, the dissertation processes themeteorological data, discusses the distribution characters of meteorological data, choosesappropriate spatial analysis, creates the distribution of predicting superficial meteorologicaldata, studies the Highway Climate Zone using systematical cluster method.
     The dissertation analyses the impact of hydrological factors on highway constructiondeeply, based on analysis of foundation of hydrological conditions-the river basin natures andcondition of confluence of river system in Guangdong Province, selecting appropriatelocation, landscape features and annual runoff depth as main factors of hydrologicalregionalization; and it proposes the research frame and index system of hydrologicalregionalization in Guangdong Province. Taking ArcGIS as basic data platform, combiningwith researching and calculating environmental parameters, according to existing researchresults, the dissertation extracts and calculates parameters of hydrological regionalizationwhich improves the degree of quantification of parameters calculation.
     Aiming at the interaction between highway construction and ground, referringgeotechnical materials, combining with geotechnical classification standards, regulations andtechnological demands set by relative engineering departments, based on general geologicalclassification and other classification system, considering the needs and impacts of highwayconstruction, combining geotechnical resources characters, the dissertation develops the indexsystem of geotechnical classification for Guangdong’s highway. It provides theoreticalsupport for the economy and safety of highway construction in Guangdong using layer superposition and quantitative analysis for highway geotechnical classification.
     The dissertation proposes road natural regionalization principles using cartographicaltheory. It researches images design method of highway natural zoning and provides a unifiedpattern for preparing maps. According to color principles and visual characteristics, itoptimizes the choosing of colors for zoning maps. Using mapping method of GIS, thedissertation compiles highway climatic regionalization, hydrological regionalization,geotechnical influence regionalization and landform regionalization, and improves thecompiling speed and quality of highway natural zoning.
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