基于时空视角的轨道交通与城市空间耦合发展研究
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摘要
城市交通网络与城市空间结构之间的关系是运输经济与区域经济研究中的一个经久不衰的问题。交通网络的多层次性和城市空间结构的多样性说明交通和空间之间的发展和演化可以有多种不同的发展路径和演化模式,但在这一过程中城市地理空间的拓展和交通网络的发展并不总是协调的,城市交通问题已经成为城市发展中的普遍现象,并且降低了城市的资源配置效率。19世纪以来,城市轨道交通的出现和蓬勃发展让人们看到了在特大城市背景下实现城市空间与交通网络协调发展的契机与方向。如何利用好轨道交通,通过轨道网络的发展调整和优化城市空间结构已经成为大城市空间规划中的一个重要课题。
时间和空间是物质运动的两个基本维度,从时空视角对城市交通和城市空间问题进行分析和把握有助于发现城市交通问题的本质原因。在经济学学科发展的过程中,许多经济学家都试图通过将空间维度和时间资源引入经济学分析框架,使之更接近于真实世界的经济活动。由于交通运输的特殊性,运输经济学的发展提供了在同一框架下分析时空经济问题的平台,在此基础上,可以对城市交通与城市空间的相关问题进行更深入的研究。
论文从时空视角研究城市交通网络与城市空间结构的演化机制问题,以城市轨道交通为主要研究对象,运用运输经济理论、交通区位论、城市经济理论建立了基于交通需求与交通供给时空特征分析的解释框架,分析轨道交通网络对城市时空资源配置方式和配置效率的影响机制。总体而言,论文的主要内容与结论包括以下几个方面。
第一,通过回顾前人研究、梳理相关文献,论文发现原有的城市区位分析框架由于缺乏对城市交通网络复杂性的关注和研究,在解释现代城市空间体系的新特征上存在不足。而对于轨道交通与城市空间结构的关系,尤其在形态层面上,尚缺乏系统性的研究。论文进一步发现在原有空间分析框架下,引入交通需求与供给的时空特征分析将有助于进一步深入分析城市交通网络与空间结构的演化。
第二,论文运用运输经济、交通区位、城市经济等相关理论,构建了一个基于时空关系和时空结构的交通网络与城市空间结构分析框架。在对交通需求的时空特征分析中引入了可靠性与时间的因素,进一步研究了时空视角的区位选择与出行行为逻辑。而在交通网络的分析中引入了交通区位的概念,分析了城市交通与空间结构演化的基本机制与过程。论文进一步指出,城市交通问题的本质原因在于由城市社会经济的时空关系不协调所引致的城市交通供需的时空特征不匹配。
第三,论文在轨道交通技术经济特征和产业经济特征的基础上,分析了轨道交通网络的时空经济特征和时空结构特征。论文发现,轨道交通的空间垄断性、时空规模经济、时空隧道效应形成了可靠、低成本和压缩的时空结构,这些时空经济特征促使了城市时空资源向轨道线网区位的聚集,提高了时空转换效率,降低了时空转换成本,促进了城市资源在更大的空间范围内的流动和配置,进而优化了城市时空资源的配置方式和配置效率。
第四,论文在分析轨道交通时空特征与城市空间结构关系的基础上,构建了轨道交通网络与城市形态的空间耦合发展框架,从物理空间、组织服务和体制政策三个角度分析了区位空间耦合发展的不同层面,同时也通过流量、连通性、接口设计三个指标分析了耦合发展的强度。
第五,论文梳理了纽约城市交通网络与空间结构的演化过程,验证了理论部分所建立的解释框架的适用性,指出交通网络之间存在时空结构特征方面的竞争和替代；论文通过分析东京轨道交通网络与城市形态的发展经验,验证了空间耦合发展的框架、机制与过程,并进一步通过香港的经验指出空间耦合发展与联合开发之间的内在联系。
最后,论文对中国快速城市化时期的城市交通网络与空间结构关系进行了应用研究。基于北京交通网络与空间结构发展现状的分析,论文指出北京轨道交通网络的突发式增长是调整和优化北京城市空间结构的重要契机,并针对构建北京未来城市空间布局与轨道交通网络的耦合发展,提出了相应的发展方向和政策建议。
The relationship between urban transport network and urban spatial structure is an unfailing problem in transport economics and regional economic research. The multi-level structure of urban transport structure and the diversity of urban pattern indicate that there are a variety of different paths and mode for transport development and urban space evolution. But in this process, the expansion of urban space and the development of transport networks are not always coordinated, and the urban traffic problem has become a common phenomenon in urban growth which reduced the efficiency of resource allocation. Since the19th century, the emergence and boom of urban rail transport to let people see the opportunity and direction of the coordinated development of urban space and the transportation network in the context of mega-cities. How to make good use of rail transit to adjust and optimize the structure of urban space has become an important topic in metropolitan spatial planning.
Time and space are the two basic dimensions of the physical movement of matter. It will be helpful to analysis the nature of urban traffic problem from the perspective of time-space relationship. In the development history of Economics, many economists have tried to introduce the space dimension and time resource into the basic framework of economics to bring it closer to real-world activity. Due to the specific characteristics of transportation, the development of transport economics has provide a platform for analysis the temporal and spatial economics issues in one framework. On this basis, the study of issues related to urban transport and urban space could be continued in depth.
This dissertation studied the evolution mechanism of urban transport network and urban spatial structure from the time-space perspective. It took the urban rail transit as a main research object, and established a theoretical framework to analyze the time-space characteristics of transport demand and supply based on transporteconomic theory, transportation location theory and urban economics theory. And it further studied the impact of rail transit network on the allocation mechanism and efficiency of urban time-space resources. In summary, the main contents and conclusions of the dissertation were consisted of the following aspects.
First, through the reviewing of previous studies and resorting related literatures, it was found that due to the lack the complex urban transport network, there are some deficits of the classical location theory when using it to explain the new features of mode urban spatial system. As for the relationship between rail transit and urban spatial structure, especially in the form level, there is still little systematic research. The dissertation further found that it will be helpful to analysis the evolution of transport network and spatial structure by introducing the time-space characteristics of transport demand and supply into the original spatial analysis framework.The research further pointed out that the primiary cause of the urban traffic problem was the dismatch of time-space characteristics of transport demand and supply caused by the disharmony time-space relationship of urban society and economics.
Second, using transport economics, transportation location theory and urban economics, the dissertation established an analytical framework of transport network and urban spatial structure based on time-space relationship and time-space structure. Through introducing reliability and time resource in the analysis of time-space characteristics of transport demand, it further studied the location choice and travel behavior logic. And by introducing the transportation location into the analysis of transport network, it further studied the basic mechanism and process of the evolution of urban transport and spatial structure.
Third, based on the technical economic characteristics and industrial economic characteristics, the dissertation further studied the time-space economic feature and time-space structure of urban rail transit. It was found that the space monopoly, time-space scale economy and time tunnel effect of rail transit formed reliable, low-cost and compact time-space structure. These time-space characteristics promote the aggregation of urban space and time resources to the rail network locations, improve the space-time conversion efficiency and reduce the time and space conversion cost, encourage the flow and allocation of urban resources in a large space, and there by optimize the configuration of urban space-time resources and allocation efficiency.
Fourth, the dissertation established a spatial coupling development framework of rail transit and urban form based on the analysis of the space-time characteristics of rail transit and urban time-space relationship. It analyzed the three level of spatial coupling development from the perspective of physical space, organization and service, and institutional factor. And it also evaluated the intensity of coupling development from flow, connectivity and interface design.
Fifth, the dissertation reviewed the evolution process of urban transport network and spatial structure of New York, to verify applicability of the theoretical framework, and further point out that there exists competition and alternation of transport networks as the change of time-space relationship. It also analyze the development experience of Tokyo rail transit network and urban form, to verify the mechanism and process of coupling development theory, and further discussed the internal link between the space coupling d and joint development.
Finally, the dissertation conducted an applied research on Beijing's transport network and spatial structure in the context of rapid urbanization. Based on the history of Beijing's urban traffic and spatial features, it was found that the rapid growth of rail transit network in such a short period is an important opportunity to adjust and optimize the Beijing urban spatial structure. Further develop direction and policy suggestions are presented to promote the coupling development of the urban form and rail transit of Beijing.
时间和空间是物质运动的两个基本维度,从时空视角对城市交通和城市空间问题进行分析和把握有助于发现城市交通问题的本质原因。在经济学学科发展的过程中,许多经济学家都试图通过将空间维度和时间资源引入经济学分析框架,使之更接近于真实世界的经济活动。由于交通运输的特殊性,运输经济学的发展提供了在同一框架下分析时空经济问题的平台,在此基础上,可以对城市交通与城市空间的相关问题进行更深入的研究。
论文从时空视角研究城市交通网络与城市空间结构的演化机制问题,以城市轨道交通为主要研究对象,运用运输经济理论、交通区位论、城市经济理论建立了基于交通需求与交通供给时空特征分析的解释框架,分析轨道交通网络对城市时空资源配置方式和配置效率的影响机制。总体而言,论文的主要内容与结论包括以下几个方面。
第一,通过回顾前人研究、梳理相关文献,论文发现原有的城市区位分析框架由于缺乏对城市交通网络复杂性的关注和研究,在解释现代城市空间体系的新特征上存在不足。而对于轨道交通与城市空间结构的关系,尤其在形态层面上,尚缺乏系统性的研究。论文进一步发现在原有空间分析框架下,引入交通需求与供给的时空特征分析将有助于进一步深入分析城市交通网络与空间结构的演化。
第二,论文运用运输经济、交通区位、城市经济等相关理论,构建了一个基于时空关系和时空结构的交通网络与城市空间结构分析框架。在对交通需求的时空特征分析中引入了可靠性与时间的因素,进一步研究了时空视角的区位选择与出行行为逻辑。而在交通网络的分析中引入了交通区位的概念,分析了城市交通与空间结构演化的基本机制与过程。论文进一步指出,城市交通问题的本质原因在于由城市社会经济的时空关系不协调所引致的城市交通供需的时空特征不匹配。
第三,论文在轨道交通技术经济特征和产业经济特征的基础上,分析了轨道交通网络的时空经济特征和时空结构特征。论文发现,轨道交通的空间垄断性、时空规模经济、时空隧道效应形成了可靠、低成本和压缩的时空结构,这些时空经济特征促使了城市时空资源向轨道线网区位的聚集,提高了时空转换效率,降低了时空转换成本,促进了城市资源在更大的空间范围内的流动和配置,进而优化了城市时空资源的配置方式和配置效率。
第四,论文在分析轨道交通时空特征与城市空间结构关系的基础上,构建了轨道交通网络与城市形态的空间耦合发展框架,从物理空间、组织服务和体制政策三个角度分析了区位空间耦合发展的不同层面,同时也通过流量、连通性、接口设计三个指标分析了耦合发展的强度。
第五,论文梳理了纽约城市交通网络与空间结构的演化过程,验证了理论部分所建立的解释框架的适用性,指出交通网络之间存在时空结构特征方面的竞争和替代；论文通过分析东京轨道交通网络与城市形态的发展经验,验证了空间耦合发展的框架、机制与过程,并进一步通过香港的经验指出空间耦合发展与联合开发之间的内在联系。
最后,论文对中国快速城市化时期的城市交通网络与空间结构关系进行了应用研究。基于北京交通网络与空间结构发展现状的分析,论文指出北京轨道交通网络的突发式增长是调整和优化北京城市空间结构的重要契机,并针对构建北京未来城市空间布局与轨道交通网络的耦合发展,提出了相应的发展方向和政策建议。
The relationship between urban transport network and urban spatial structure is an unfailing problem in transport economics and regional economic research. The multi-level structure of urban transport structure and the diversity of urban pattern indicate that there are a variety of different paths and mode for transport development and urban space evolution. But in this process, the expansion of urban space and the development of transport networks are not always coordinated, and the urban traffic problem has become a common phenomenon in urban growth which reduced the efficiency of resource allocation. Since the19th century, the emergence and boom of urban rail transport to let people see the opportunity and direction of the coordinated development of urban space and the transportation network in the context of mega-cities. How to make good use of rail transit to adjust and optimize the structure of urban space has become an important topic in metropolitan spatial planning.
Time and space are the two basic dimensions of the physical movement of matter. It will be helpful to analysis the nature of urban traffic problem from the perspective of time-space relationship. In the development history of Economics, many economists have tried to introduce the space dimension and time resource into the basic framework of economics to bring it closer to real-world activity. Due to the specific characteristics of transportation, the development of transport economics has provide a platform for analysis the temporal and spatial economics issues in one framework. On this basis, the study of issues related to urban transport and urban space could be continued in depth.
This dissertation studied the evolution mechanism of urban transport network and urban spatial structure from the time-space perspective. It took the urban rail transit as a main research object, and established a theoretical framework to analyze the time-space characteristics of transport demand and supply based on transporteconomic theory, transportation location theory and urban economics theory. And it further studied the impact of rail transit network on the allocation mechanism and efficiency of urban time-space resources. In summary, the main contents and conclusions of the dissertation were consisted of the following aspects.
First, through the reviewing of previous studies and resorting related literatures, it was found that due to the lack the complex urban transport network, there are some deficits of the classical location theory when using it to explain the new features of mode urban spatial system. As for the relationship between rail transit and urban spatial structure, especially in the form level, there is still little systematic research. The dissertation further found that it will be helpful to analysis the evolution of transport network and spatial structure by introducing the time-space characteristics of transport demand and supply into the original spatial analysis framework.The research further pointed out that the primiary cause of the urban traffic problem was the dismatch of time-space characteristics of transport demand and supply caused by the disharmony time-space relationship of urban society and economics.
Second, using transport economics, transportation location theory and urban economics, the dissertation established an analytical framework of transport network and urban spatial structure based on time-space relationship and time-space structure. Through introducing reliability and time resource in the analysis of time-space characteristics of transport demand, it further studied the location choice and travel behavior logic. And by introducing the transportation location into the analysis of transport network, it further studied the basic mechanism and process of the evolution of urban transport and spatial structure.
Third, based on the technical economic characteristics and industrial economic characteristics, the dissertation further studied the time-space economic feature and time-space structure of urban rail transit. It was found that the space monopoly, time-space scale economy and time tunnel effect of rail transit formed reliable, low-cost and compact time-space structure. These time-space characteristics promote the aggregation of urban space and time resources to the rail network locations, improve the space-time conversion efficiency and reduce the time and space conversion cost, encourage the flow and allocation of urban resources in a large space, and there by optimize the configuration of urban space-time resources and allocation efficiency.
Fourth, the dissertation established a spatial coupling development framework of rail transit and urban form based on the analysis of the space-time characteristics of rail transit and urban time-space relationship. It analyzed the three level of spatial coupling development from the perspective of physical space, organization and service, and institutional factor. And it also evaluated the intensity of coupling development from flow, connectivity and interface design.
Fifth, the dissertation reviewed the evolution process of urban transport network and spatial structure of New York, to verify applicability of the theoretical framework, and further point out that there exists competition and alternation of transport networks as the change of time-space relationship. It also analyze the development experience of Tokyo rail transit network and urban form, to verify the mechanism and process of coupling development theory, and further discussed the internal link between the space coupling d and joint development.
Finally, the dissertation conducted an applied research on Beijing's transport network and spatial structure in the context of rapid urbanization. Based on the history of Beijing's urban traffic and spatial features, it was found that the rapid growth of rail transit network in such a short period is an important opportunity to adjust and optimize the Beijing urban spatial structure. Further develop direction and policy suggestions are presented to promote the coupling development of the urban form and rail transit of Beijing.
引文
1 “德意志意识形态”,《马克思恩格斯全集》第3卷,第56页,人民出版社,1960年第一版
2 http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/zgzx/2009-09/18/content_8705902.htm
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