高速公路对城镇体系的影响分析
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摘要
高速公路是二十世纪出现的新的交通方式,是现代综合交通运输网络的重要组成部分,是运输现代化的标志,它对现代社会经济发展和城市布局产生了深刻而广泛的影响。在我国高速公路高速发展时期,和城镇化过程不断加速的情况下,我们有必要深入探讨分析高速公路对城镇体系发展的影响。
本文基于城市空间组织理论、新兴古典城市理论、中心地理论、点轴理论、交通经济带和空间计量经济学等相关知识和理论,采用文献分析、系统分析、定性和定量分析相结合的方法,对高速公路与城镇体系发展之间的影响机制和模型进行了全面详细的分析。首先,基于交易成本的角度来考虑空间成本,把运输成本纳入了广义的交易成本之中,利用交易成本的度量化模型来定量分析空间成本;其次,在已有理论基础上,建立了高速公路对城镇体系影响的数学模型;第三,利用空间计量经济学的方法,结合湖南省的面板数据,对高速公路的空间效应进行了实证分析。
本文在研究过程中主要从三个方面来分析和阐释高速公路对城镇体系的影响。首先,高速公路主要是改善了城市的区位条件和交通条件,而大量历史经验证明城市的形成和发展,城镇体系的布局都离不开得天独厚的区位条件和交通条件。城市区位条件和交通条件的变化影响着城市的发展、城市的分布和城市的形态;其次,高速公路的开通,降低了运输成本,缩短了时空距离,密切了城市间的联系,为交易效率的提高,分工水平的提高,提供了必要的技术支持。新兴古典城市理论说明了分工水平的提高,交易效率的提高必然导致城市的形成,同时对城市规模和城市发展速度的变化产生深刻的影响;第三,高速公路运营将促使沿线形成产业带,特别是高速公路的出入口凭借独特的区位优势和交通条件吸引着产业的集聚,同时影响着沿线产业结构的变化,进而影响着城镇体系中城市的地位和功能的变化。区域经济一体化,城市群、都市圈等将成为城镇体系发展的必然趋势。
Expressway is a new mode of transportation emerged in 20th century, an important part of modern comprehensive transportation network, a sign of the modernization of transportation, and it has a profound and extensive impact on the modern socio-economic development and urban layout. In the period of the rapid development of expressway in China and in the situation of the accelerating process of the urbanization, it is necessary for us to explore in the analysis of the impact of expressway on the development of urban system in depth.
The paper is based on urban spatial organization theory, new classical urban theory, central place theory, point-axis theory, traffic economic belt theory, spatial econometrics theory and other relevant knowledge and theory, and methods of document analysis, systems analysis and the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis was used, then the impact mechanism and model between the expressway and the development of urban system had been analysed comprehensively and deeply in this paper. In this paper, first, the space costs is considered based on transaction cost, and the transportation cost is classified into the transaction costs, and degree model of transaction cost is used into quantitative analysis of the cost of space. Second, the mathematical model of the impact of expressway on urban systern is established based on the existing theory. Third, combined with the panel data in Hunan Province, the spatial effect of expressway is analysed empirically using the spatial econometric methods.
In this paper, the impact of expressway on the urban system was analysed and explained mainly from three areas in the process of research. First, the expressway is mainly to improve the geographic conditions and traffic conditions of a city, and a large number of historical experience shows that formation and development of the city and the layout of cities and towns have an essential relationship with unique geographical conditions and traffic conditions. The changes of urban regional conditions and traffic conditions impact the development of the city, the distribution and form of the city. Second, the using of expressway lower transportation costs, reduce time and space distance, closer links between cities, provide the necessary technical support to raise the trade efficiency and the level of division of labor. New Classical theory explains that the raising of the level of division of labor and transaction efficiency will inevitably lead to the formation of the city, at the same time this will have a profound impact on the size of city and the speed of changes in urban development. Third, the operation of expressway will lead to the formation of industrial belt along expressway, especially with unique geographical advantages and traffic conditions the expressway entrance attract the industry concentration, at the same time have impact on the change of industrial structure, thereby affecting the city status and functional changes in urban system. Regional economic integration, agglomeration, metropolitan will be the inevitable trend of the development of urban system.
本文基于城市空间组织理论、新兴古典城市理论、中心地理论、点轴理论、交通经济带和空间计量经济学等相关知识和理论,采用文献分析、系统分析、定性和定量分析相结合的方法,对高速公路与城镇体系发展之间的影响机制和模型进行了全面详细的分析。首先,基于交易成本的角度来考虑空间成本,把运输成本纳入了广义的交易成本之中,利用交易成本的度量化模型来定量分析空间成本;其次,在已有理论基础上,建立了高速公路对城镇体系影响的数学模型;第三,利用空间计量经济学的方法,结合湖南省的面板数据,对高速公路的空间效应进行了实证分析。
本文在研究过程中主要从三个方面来分析和阐释高速公路对城镇体系的影响。首先,高速公路主要是改善了城市的区位条件和交通条件,而大量历史经验证明城市的形成和发展,城镇体系的布局都离不开得天独厚的区位条件和交通条件。城市区位条件和交通条件的变化影响着城市的发展、城市的分布和城市的形态;其次,高速公路的开通,降低了运输成本,缩短了时空距离,密切了城市间的联系,为交易效率的提高,分工水平的提高,提供了必要的技术支持。新兴古典城市理论说明了分工水平的提高,交易效率的提高必然导致城市的形成,同时对城市规模和城市发展速度的变化产生深刻的影响;第三,高速公路运营将促使沿线形成产业带,特别是高速公路的出入口凭借独特的区位优势和交通条件吸引着产业的集聚,同时影响着沿线产业结构的变化,进而影响着城镇体系中城市的地位和功能的变化。区域经济一体化,城市群、都市圈等将成为城镇体系发展的必然趋势。
Expressway is a new mode of transportation emerged in 20th century, an important part of modern comprehensive transportation network, a sign of the modernization of transportation, and it has a profound and extensive impact on the modern socio-economic development and urban layout. In the period of the rapid development of expressway in China and in the situation of the accelerating process of the urbanization, it is necessary for us to explore in the analysis of the impact of expressway on the development of urban system in depth.
The paper is based on urban spatial organization theory, new classical urban theory, central place theory, point-axis theory, traffic economic belt theory, spatial econometrics theory and other relevant knowledge and theory, and methods of document analysis, systems analysis and the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis was used, then the impact mechanism and model between the expressway and the development of urban system had been analysed comprehensively and deeply in this paper. In this paper, first, the space costs is considered based on transaction cost, and the transportation cost is classified into the transaction costs, and degree model of transaction cost is used into quantitative analysis of the cost of space. Second, the mathematical model of the impact of expressway on urban systern is established based on the existing theory. Third, combined with the panel data in Hunan Province, the spatial effect of expressway is analysed empirically using the spatial econometric methods.
In this paper, the impact of expressway on the urban system was analysed and explained mainly from three areas in the process of research. First, the expressway is mainly to improve the geographic conditions and traffic conditions of a city, and a large number of historical experience shows that formation and development of the city and the layout of cities and towns have an essential relationship with unique geographical conditions and traffic conditions. The changes of urban regional conditions and traffic conditions impact the development of the city, the distribution and form of the city. Second, the using of expressway lower transportation costs, reduce time and space distance, closer links between cities, provide the necessary technical support to raise the trade efficiency and the level of division of labor. New Classical theory explains that the raising of the level of division of labor and transaction efficiency will inevitably lead to the formation of the city, at the same time this will have a profound impact on the size of city and the speed of changes in urban development. Third, the operation of expressway will lead to the formation of industrial belt along expressway, especially with unique geographical advantages and traffic conditions the expressway entrance attract the industry concentration, at the same time have impact on the change of industrial structure, thereby affecting the city status and functional changes in urban system. Regional economic integration, agglomeration, metropolitan will be the inevitable trend of the development of urban system.
引文
[1]中国住房与城乡建设部http://www.china.com.cn/economic/txt/2010-03/30/content_19710695.html.
[2]中国城乡信息网. http://www.hrm.cn/jinji/company-35700.html
[3]中国高速公路网http://www.chinaacc.com/new/184_186/2008_12_29_lu8173046141922180027400.html
[4]中国高速公路公路“十一五”规划.2005,10
[5] JAVIER GUTIERREZ. The impact of orbital motorways on intra-metropolitan accessibility: the case of Madrid's M-40.Journal of Transport Geography,1999, 4(2):11-23
[6] Joe Weber. Everyday Places on the American Freeway System. Journal of Culture Geography, 2004,21(2):16-30
[7] Thomas W. Sanchez. Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases. Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2004,6(5):42-56
[8] Cook, Robert L, Royce, Rachel A, Thomas, James C, Hanusa, Barbara H. What's Driving an Epidemic-The Spread of Syphilis Along an Interstate Highway in Rural North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health,1999,89(3):23-45
[9] Walcott, Susan M. Overlapping Ethnicities and Negotiated Space-Atlanta's Buford Highway. Journal of Cultural Geography. 2002,20(1):42-56
[10]陆大道.区域发展及其空间结构.北京:科学出版社,1995,34-68
[11] Hall P The World cities.Morison & Gibb ltd,U.K,1997,67-89
[12]韩增林,杨荫凯,张文尝,尤飞.交通经济带的基本理论及其生命周期模式研究.地理科学,2000,8(10):23-34
[13] Berry B J L,Garrison W L.The functional bases of the cengtral place hierarchy.Economic Geography,1958,(34):145-154
[14] J.Micheael Thomson城市布局与交通规划.北京:中国建工出版社,1982,122-143
[15] Kenji Hashimoto. Impact of a new freeway network upon commercial behaviorand locations in Nagano Prefecture. Revue de Geography .Alpine, 19998(24): 35-45
[16] Pavlos S Kanaroglou, William Pander son. Economic Impacts of HighwayInfrastructure Improvements.Journal of Transport Geography,1998,6(3):33- 36
[17]毛蒋兴,阎小培.城市土地利用模式与城市交通模式关系研究.规划师,2002,7(8):45-56
[18]张文尝,金风君,樊杰.交通经济带.北京:科学出版社,2002,200-214.
[19]周一星.城市地理学.北京:商务印书馆,1995,67-78
[20]管楚度.交通区位理论及其应用.北京:人民交通出版社,2002,89-100
[21]顾朝林,张京祥.集聚与扩散-城市空间结构新论.东南大学出版社,2000,107-118
[22]汤燕.交通引导下的城市群体空间组织研究.[浙江大学硕士学位论文],2005,2,33-39
[23]张京祥,崔功豪.城镇群体空间组合.南京:东南大学出版社,2000,68-76.
[24]蓝万炼,陈贇,黄志刚.高速公路对城镇发展的影响分析.衡阳师范学院学报,2004,25(6):94-98
[25]纪立虎.交通轴线的城镇发展与形态演变.[同济大学硕士学位论文] ,2001,6,58-70
[26]潘海啸,粟亚娟.都市区高速公路对近域城镇发展的影响研究.城市规划汇刊,2000,5(1):35-40
[27]刘舒燕.高速公路产业带层次结构模型研究.武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2001,3(13):13-20
[28]王炜,过秀成.交通工程学.上海:东南大学出版社,2000,10,20-25
[29]王炜.公路网规划建设与管理方法.北京:科学出版社,2001,11-17
[31]董千里.高速公路点轴型区域经济发展理论研究.西安公路交通大学学报,1998,1(26):6-13
[32]李嘉.高速公路网对上海市域城镇体系的影响.[上海师范大学硕士学位论文],2007,4,32-35
[33]姚士谋,管驰明.高速公路建设与城镇发展的相互关系研究初探-以苏南地区高速路段为例.经济地理,2001,21(3):9-12
[34]沈德熙,张鉴.高速公路与城市布局的研究.城市规划汇刊,1998,4(8):35-38
[35]杨忠臣,陆玉麟.高速公路建设与区域城镇分布的相互影响初探-以山东省为例.中国人口,资源与环境,2003,3(9):45-49
[36]顾朝林.中国城镇体系-历史、现状、展望.商务印书馆,1992,134-154
[37] Joe Weber. Everyday Places on the American Freeway System. Journal of Culture Geography, 2004,21(2):22-25
[38] Thomas W. Sanchez. Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases. Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2004,6(4):50-56
[39] Cook, Robert L, Royce, Rachel A, Thomas, James C, Hanusa, Barbara H.What's Driving an Epidemic-The Spread of Syphilis Along an Interstate Highway in Rural North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health,1958,89(3):45-49
[40]沈志云.交通运输工程学.北京:人民交通出版社,1998,112-119
[41]杨荫凯,金风君.交通技术创新与城市空间形态的相应演变.地理学与国土研究,1992,2(8):55-59
[42]杨小凯,黄有光.专业化与经济组织.北京:经济科学出版社,1999,77-82
[43]杨小凯,张永生.新兴古典经济学与超边际分析.北京:社会科学出版社,2003,110-119
[44]朱翔.洞庭湖城镇体系建设研究.长江流域资源与环境,1999,1(3):236-242
[45] R.H..Coase.Cyclical Unemployment:Sectoral Shifts or Aggregate Disturbances.Journal of political economy,94,3(12):507-522
[46] ZHANG WU QIANG.. Sectoral Shifts or Aggregate Disturbances.On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures,NewYork,67,3(24):33-38
[47] Weber. Everyday Places on the American Freeway System.Journal of Culture Geography, 2004,21(2):12-15
[48]赵红军.交易效率,城市化与经济发展.上海:上海人民出版社,2005,86-90.
[49] Marshall.American Journal of Public Health,1999,89(3):23-34
[50] Mills and Hamilton. Contesting urban freeway stories-racial politics and the o. J.Chase. Cultural Studies, 1989,13(1):46-65
[51] Mirshleifer.Overlapping Ethnicities and Negotiated Space-Atlanta's Buford Highway.Journal of Cultural Geography. 2002,20(1):34-65
[52] Samuelson. Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2004,6(6):55-58
[53]蓝万炼,盛玉奎.论现代交通对城镇体系空间结构的影响分析.长沙理工大学学报(自然科学版),2008,5(3):34-54
[54]张学良,孙海鸣.交通基础设施,空间溢出与经济增长.上海社会科学界第四届学术年会文集(经济,管理学科卷),2006,23-45
[55]吴玉鸣.中国区域研发,知识溢出与创新的空间计量经济学研究.北京:人民出版社,2007,74-90
[56]齐恒,蓝万炼.湖南澧水流域城镇可持续发展和优化布局.湖南社会科学(经济与管理卷),2001,4(5):35-65
[57]谢守红.湖南省城镇空间布局探讨.衡阳师范学报(自然科学版),2002,12(4):56-76
[58]湖南省统计年鉴
[2]中国城乡信息网. http://www.hrm.cn/jinji/company-35700.html
[3]中国高速公路网http://www.chinaacc.com/new/184_186/2008_12_29_lu8173046141922180027400.html
[4]中国高速公路公路“十一五”规划.2005,10
[5] JAVIER GUTIERREZ. The impact of orbital motorways on intra-metropolitan accessibility: the case of Madrid's M-40.Journal of Transport Geography,1999, 4(2):11-23
[6] Joe Weber. Everyday Places on the American Freeway System. Journal of Culture Geography, 2004,21(2):16-30
[7] Thomas W. Sanchez. Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases. Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2004,6(5):42-56
[8] Cook, Robert L, Royce, Rachel A, Thomas, James C, Hanusa, Barbara H. What's Driving an Epidemic-The Spread of Syphilis Along an Interstate Highway in Rural North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health,1999,89(3):23-45
[9] Walcott, Susan M. Overlapping Ethnicities and Negotiated Space-Atlanta's Buford Highway. Journal of Cultural Geography. 2002,20(1):42-56
[10]陆大道.区域发展及其空间结构.北京:科学出版社,1995,34-68
[11] Hall P The World cities.Morison & Gibb ltd,U.K,1997,67-89
[12]韩增林,杨荫凯,张文尝,尤飞.交通经济带的基本理论及其生命周期模式研究.地理科学,2000,8(10):23-34
[13] Berry B J L,Garrison W L.The functional bases of the cengtral place hierarchy.Economic Geography,1958,(34):145-154
[14] J.Micheael Thomson城市布局与交通规划.北京:中国建工出版社,1982,122-143
[15] Kenji Hashimoto. Impact of a new freeway network upon commercial behaviorand locations in Nagano Prefecture. Revue de Geography .Alpine, 19998(24): 35-45
[16] Pavlos S Kanaroglou, William Pander son. Economic Impacts of HighwayInfrastructure Improvements.Journal of Transport Geography,1998,6(3):33- 36
[17]毛蒋兴,阎小培.城市土地利用模式与城市交通模式关系研究.规划师,2002,7(8):45-56
[18]张文尝,金风君,樊杰.交通经济带.北京:科学出版社,2002,200-214.
[19]周一星.城市地理学.北京:商务印书馆,1995,67-78
[20]管楚度.交通区位理论及其应用.北京:人民交通出版社,2002,89-100
[21]顾朝林,张京祥.集聚与扩散-城市空间结构新论.东南大学出版社,2000,107-118
[22]汤燕.交通引导下的城市群体空间组织研究.[浙江大学硕士学位论文],2005,2,33-39
[23]张京祥,崔功豪.城镇群体空间组合.南京:东南大学出版社,2000,68-76.
[24]蓝万炼,陈贇,黄志刚.高速公路对城镇发展的影响分析.衡阳师范学院学报,2004,25(6):94-98
[25]纪立虎.交通轴线的城镇发展与形态演变.[同济大学硕士学位论文] ,2001,6,58-70
[26]潘海啸,粟亚娟.都市区高速公路对近域城镇发展的影响研究.城市规划汇刊,2000,5(1):35-40
[27]刘舒燕.高速公路产业带层次结构模型研究.武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2001,3(13):13-20
[28]王炜,过秀成.交通工程学.上海:东南大学出版社,2000,10,20-25
[29]王炜.公路网规划建设与管理方法.北京:科学出版社,2001,11-17
[31]董千里.高速公路点轴型区域经济发展理论研究.西安公路交通大学学报,1998,1(26):6-13
[32]李嘉.高速公路网对上海市域城镇体系的影响.[上海师范大学硕士学位论文],2007,4,32-35
[33]姚士谋,管驰明.高速公路建设与城镇发展的相互关系研究初探-以苏南地区高速路段为例.经济地理,2001,21(3):9-12
[34]沈德熙,张鉴.高速公路与城市布局的研究.城市规划汇刊,1998,4(8):35-38
[35]杨忠臣,陆玉麟.高速公路建设与区域城镇分布的相互影响初探-以山东省为例.中国人口,资源与环境,2003,3(9):45-49
[36]顾朝林.中国城镇体系-历史、现状、展望.商务印书馆,1992,134-154
[37] Joe Weber. Everyday Places on the American Freeway System. Journal of Culture Geography, 2004,21(2):22-25
[38] Thomas W. Sanchez. Land Use and Growth Impacts from Highway Capacity Increases. Journal of Urban Planning and Development,2004,6(4):50-56
[39] Cook, Robert L, Royce, Rachel A, Thomas, James C, Hanusa, Barbara H.What's Driving an Epidemic-The Spread of Syphilis Along an Interstate Highway in Rural North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health,1958,89(3):45-49
[40]沈志云.交通运输工程学.北京:人民交通出版社,1998,112-119
[41]杨荫凯,金风君.交通技术创新与城市空间形态的相应演变.地理学与国土研究,1992,2(8):55-59
[42]杨小凯,黄有光.专业化与经济组织.北京:经济科学出版社,1999,77-82
[43]杨小凯,张永生.新兴古典经济学与超边际分析.北京:社会科学出版社,2003,110-119
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