生物柴油/柴油混合燃料及生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料性能研究
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摘要
本文在国家西部交通建设科技项目的资助和支持下，系统地开展了生物柴油、柴油及不同比例生物柴油．柴油混合燃料的理化、喷雾、燃烧特性和排放控制的对比试验研究。得到了柴油机燃用生物柴油、柴油及不同比例生物柴油-柴油混合燃料时发动机燃烧和排放的规律。针对生物柴油引起的NO_X排放高的问题，提出掺水微乳化的解决方案。论述了微乳化燃料与乳化燃料相比具有的优点，从而以形成微乳化燃料为前提，系统地进行了生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料的配制试验研究以及微乳化燃料的形成机理分析。发现了生物柴油微乳化燃料最大掺水量随极性助溶剂乙醇和不同乳化剂添加量的定量关系。选择两种配方生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料，在发动机台架上系统地开展了微乳化燃料与生物柴油燃烧和排放特性的试验研究。得到了柴油机燃用微乳化燃料和生物柴油时发动机燃烧和排放的规律。有效地解决了生物柴油引起的NO_X排放高的问题。本文的研究工作为开发节能、环保的新型燃料提供了理论基础和试验依据。
本文的主要内容(创新点用*标出)反映在：
(1)对比研究了生物柴油和柴油的理化特性和雾化质量。结果表明：生物柴油粘度大，流动性差。在启喷压力为24．8MPa时，生物柴油的喷雾锥角小于柴油；直径小于42微米时，同一直径下生物柴油粒子所占比例远低于柴油；在相同的累积体积比例下，生物柴油的液滴直径比柴油高；生物柴油的各个特征直径均高于柴油。生物柴油粘度大直接导致了雾化质量不佳。
(2)在不同转速和负荷下对生物柴油、柴油及不同比例生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的发动机性能和排放特性进行了对比试验研究。研究结果表明：与柴油相比，燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料时，发动机的功率比柴油的略有降低。燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性和1500r／min负荷特性下比油耗增加，且随着掺混比的增加而增加，随着负荷的增大，各种燃料比油耗的差距逐渐减小。燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下的比能耗呈现出一定的规律性：低转速时，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的比能耗要比柴油的高，随着转速的增加，比能耗之间的差别越来越小，转速继续升高，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的比能耗要比柴油的低。燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在1500r／min负荷特性下比能耗高于柴油，且随着掺混比的增加而增加，随着负荷的增大，各种燃料比能耗的差距逐渐减小。与柴油相比，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下HC排放降低，但是和掺混比没有线形变化规律，在1500r／min负荷特性下生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料HC排放降低且随掺混比的增加而减少；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下CO排放降低且与掺混比没有明显关系，1500r／min负荷特性下各掺混比混合燃料CO排放在小负荷时差别不大，大负荷时明显降低，且与掺混比没有关系；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的NO_X排放要比柴油的高，并随掺混比的增加而增加；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下碳烟排放降低且随掺混比的增加而减少，1500r／min负荷特性下，在小负荷时，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的碳烟排放基本不变，随着负荷的增加，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的碳烟排放降低，且随掺混比的增加而降低。
(3)在ZH1105W型单缸柴油机上对生物柴油、柴油及不同比例生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的燃烧特性进行了较为全面的对比试验研究。研究结果表明：生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的滞燃期比柴油的略有缩短；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的峰值燃烧压力在不同的工况下表现出不同的规律性；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的峰值压力升高率在中小负荷时比柴油的高，在大负荷时要比柴油的低；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的峰值瞬时燃烧放热率在中小负荷时比柴油的高；在大负荷时，生物柴油的最大瞬时燃烧放热率要比柴油的低；生物柴油掺混比例的增加有助于循环等容度的提高。
*(4)首次对生物柴油掺水微乳化的配制和机理进行了研究，定量地研究了乙醇体积比例、乳化剂及其添加量与生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料最大掺水量的关系。随着乙醇比例的增加，微乳化燃料最大掺水量增加；使用表面活性剂可以进一步增加最大掺水量；随着表面活性剂添加量的增加，最大掺水量增加；S、G和L三种油溶性表面活性剂中G的掺水量最高；S、G和L三种油溶性表面活性剂和水溶性表面活性剂T复配效果没有单一油溶性表面活性剂效果好。定义了微乳化燃料最大掺水量以及乳化剂微乳化效率两个概念。系统地研究了生物柴油-乙醇-水微乳化燃料的形成机理，认为形成生物柴油-乙醇-水微乳化燃料的必要条件是生物柴油和乳化剂所有亲水基和乙醇的羟基通过氢键作用于水(液滴)的力不小于相应的拉普拉斯压力梯度。
*(5)首次对柴油机燃用生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料的性能和燃烧特性进行了研究。发动机燃用微乳化燃料发出的功率和扭矩低于生物柴油。微乳化燃料有效燃油消耗率增加，有效能量消耗率降低，提高了燃料经济性。微乳化燃料能够同时降低生物柴油的烟度和NO_X排放，两种微乳化燃料之间仍然符合trade-off关系。微乳化燃料滞燃期延长且燃烧提前结束，提高了中、高负荷循环等容度。微乳化燃料在小负荷时峰值压力和峰值放热率低，随着负荷的增加而迅速增加且明显高于生物柴油。
*(6)首次对降低生物柴油氮氧化合物排放进行了研究，并提出了降低生物柴油氮氧化合物排放的一种微乳化燃料优化配方。R20W0．5在动力性下降不多的前提下，可以降低有效能量消耗率并有效降低NO_X和烟度排放，是R20基础燃料的最佳掺水配方。
The paper is granted and supported by China westem transportation construction projects.Physical and chemical characteristics, spraying、combustion and emission performance ofbiodiesel、diesel and biodiesel-diesel mixture are compared. Combustion and emissiondisciplines of fuels are determined. According to high NO_X emission caused by biodiesel,water is joined in biodiesel to form micro-emulsion fuel for the NO_X condition. Advantages ofmicro-emulsion are discussed compared with emulsion, and then precondition ofmicro-emulsion is confirmed. Biodiesel-water micro-emulsion fuel preparation and itsformation mechanism are studied and analyzed. Quantitative relationship between maximalwater capacity and polar flux ethanol and different emulsifiers for biodiesel micro-emulsionfuel is found. Two formula biodiesel micro-emulsion fuels are chosed, combustion andemission performances of the fuels are compared with biodiesel and relative rules areascertained. Results solute the NO_X emission problem effectively. Accordingly, the paperprovides academic and experimental base for new environmental and economical altemativefuels.
Major contents and innovation points(marked with ~*) are reflected and listed in thefollowing:
(1) Physical and chemical characteristics and spraying quality are compared. Results indicate:viscosity of biodiesel is high and liquidity is poor. At the injection pressure of 24.8MPa, thespraying angle of biodiesel is lower than that of diesel; when the diameter is smaller than 42micron, amount proportion of biodiesel is lower than that of diesel; at the same accumulativevolume proportion, diameter of biodiesel is larger than that of diesel; all character diametersof biodiesel are larger than those of diesel correspondingly. High viscosity results in the poorspraying condition of biodiesel.
(2) At different speeds and loads, engine performances and emissions using biodiesel、dieseland their mixture are compared. Results indicate: power output of biodiesel and itsdifferent-ratio mixtures with diesel are lower than that of diesel. Specific fuel consumption ofbiodiesel and its different-ratio mixtures with diesel is higher than that of diesel both at fullload condition and at 1500r/min condition, it increases with the addment of biodiesel ratio and the differences between the fuels and diesel decrease with the increasement of load. Specificenergy consumption of biodiesel and its different-ratio mixtures with diesel has no relationwith biodiesel ratio at full load: when the speed is low, the energy consumption of the fuels ishigher than that of diesel. With the increasement of speed, the differences of energyconsumption between the fuels and diesel decrease. When the speed reaches 2000r/min,energy consumption of the fuels is lower than that of diesel. At 1500r/min, energyconsumption of the fuels is higher than that of diesel, it increases with the addment ofbiodiesel ratio, and the differences between the fuels and diesel decrease with theincreasement of load. Compared with diesel, HC emission of biodiesel and its different-ratiomixtures with diesel decreases at full load having no relation with biodiesel ratio and at1500r/min it decreases with the increasement of biodiesel ratio; CO emission of biodiesel andits different-ratio mixtures with diesel decreases at full load having no relation with biodieselratio, at small load of 1500r/min it varies little and at big load of 1500r/min it decreasesobviously having no relation with biodiesel ratio; NO_X emission of biodiesel and itsdifferent-ratio mixtures with diesel is higher than that of diesel, and it increases with theincreasement of biodiesel ratio; smoke emission of biodiesel and its different-ratio mixtureswith diesel is lower than that of diesel at full load and it decreases with the increasement ofbiodiesel ratio, at small load of 1500r/min smoke emission of biodiesel and its different-ratiomixtures with diesel maintains invariable, at big load of 1500r/min smoke emission decreasesand it decreases with the increasement of biodiesel ratio.
(3) At different speeds and loads, combustion performances of biodiesel、diesel and theirmixture are compared. Results indicate: ignition delay period of biodiesel and itsdifferent-ratio mixtures with diesel is shorter than that of diesel; peak pressure of biodieseland its different-ratio mixtures with diesel represents different rules; peak pressure increaseratio is higher than that of diesel at small and middle loads and is lower at big loads; peak heatrelease ratio of biodiesel and its different-ratio mixtures with diesel is higher than that ofdiesel at small and middle loads and is lower at big loads; increasement of biodiesel ratioconduces to the improvement of cycle constant volume degree.
*(4) Preparation and mechanism of biodiesel and water micro-emulsion fuel are firstlystudied, and relationship between ethanol ratio、different addments for different emulsifiers and maximal water volume for biodiesel-water micro-emulsion fuel is studied quantitatively.With the increasement of ethanol proportion, maximal water volume increases; usingemulsifier can also increases the maximal water volume; with the increasement of emulsifierquality, the maximal water volume increases; the maximal water volume of G is the largestamong S、G and L; effection of complex emulsifier is worse than single emulsifier. Twoconcepts are determined: maximal water volume for micro-emulsion fuel and micro-emulsionefficiency. Formation mechanism of micro-emulsion fuels is studied systematically. It isconsidered that necessary condition for biodiesel-ethanol-water micro-emulsion is thathydrogen bond effection of hydrophilic groups in biodiesel and emulsifier and hydroxyl ofethanol on water is no less than corresponding Laplace pressure gradient.
*(5) Performances and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and water micro-emulsionfuels are studied firstly on diesel engine. Power and torque of micro-emulsion fuels are lowerthan those of biodiesel. Specific fuel consumption of micro-emulsion fuel increases andspecific energy consumption decreases, accordingly fuel economy improves. Micro-emulsionfuel can decrease both the smoke and NO_X emission, the two micro-emulsion fuels accordwith the trade-off relationship. Ignition delay period prolongs and the end time advances,accordingly cycle constant volume degree of micro-emulsion fuel increases at middle and bigloads. At small loads, peak pressure and peak heat release ratio of micro-emulsion fuels arelower than those of biodiesel, with the increasement of loads, they increase fastly and they arehigher than those of biodiesel.
*(6) NO_X emission control of biodiesel is firstly studied and a formula of micro-emulsionfuel is given for NO_X control. At the precondition that power reduces not that much, R20W0.5can decrease effective energy consumption and decrease NO_X and smoke emission,accordingly it is considered as the best formula for R20 base fuel.
本文的主要内容(创新点用*标出)反映在：
(1)对比研究了生物柴油和柴油的理化特性和雾化质量。结果表明：生物柴油粘度大，流动性差。在启喷压力为24．8MPa时，生物柴油的喷雾锥角小于柴油；直径小于42微米时，同一直径下生物柴油粒子所占比例远低于柴油；在相同的累积体积比例下，生物柴油的液滴直径比柴油高；生物柴油的各个特征直径均高于柴油。生物柴油粘度大直接导致了雾化质量不佳。
(2)在不同转速和负荷下对生物柴油、柴油及不同比例生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的发动机性能和排放特性进行了对比试验研究。研究结果表明：与柴油相比，燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料时，发动机的功率比柴油的略有降低。燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性和1500r／min负荷特性下比油耗增加，且随着掺混比的增加而增加，随着负荷的增大，各种燃料比油耗的差距逐渐减小。燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下的比能耗呈现出一定的规律性：低转速时，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的比能耗要比柴油的高，随着转速的增加，比能耗之间的差别越来越小，转速继续升高，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的比能耗要比柴油的低。燃用生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在1500r／min负荷特性下比能耗高于柴油，且随着掺混比的增加而增加，随着负荷的增大，各种燃料比能耗的差距逐渐减小。与柴油相比，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下HC排放降低，但是和掺混比没有线形变化规律，在1500r／min负荷特性下生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料HC排放降低且随掺混比的增加而减少；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下CO排放降低且与掺混比没有明显关系，1500r／min负荷特性下各掺混比混合燃料CO排放在小负荷时差别不大，大负荷时明显降低，且与掺混比没有关系；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的NO_X排放要比柴油的高，并随掺混比的增加而增加；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料在外特性下碳烟排放降低且随掺混比的增加而减少，1500r／min负荷特性下，在小负荷时，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的碳烟排放基本不变，随着负荷的增加，生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的碳烟排放降低，且随掺混比的增加而降低。
(3)在ZH1105W型单缸柴油机上对生物柴油、柴油及不同比例生物柴油-柴油混合燃料的燃烧特性进行了较为全面的对比试验研究。研究结果表明：生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的滞燃期比柴油的略有缩短；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的峰值燃烧压力在不同的工况下表现出不同的规律性；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的峰值压力升高率在中小负荷时比柴油的高，在大负荷时要比柴油的低；生物柴油及其与柴油混合燃料的峰值瞬时燃烧放热率在中小负荷时比柴油的高；在大负荷时，生物柴油的最大瞬时燃烧放热率要比柴油的低；生物柴油掺混比例的增加有助于循环等容度的提高。
*(4)首次对生物柴油掺水微乳化的配制和机理进行了研究，定量地研究了乙醇体积比例、乳化剂及其添加量与生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料最大掺水量的关系。随着乙醇比例的增加，微乳化燃料最大掺水量增加；使用表面活性剂可以进一步增加最大掺水量；随着表面活性剂添加量的增加，最大掺水量增加；S、G和L三种油溶性表面活性剂中G的掺水量最高；S、G和L三种油溶性表面活性剂和水溶性表面活性剂T复配效果没有单一油溶性表面活性剂效果好。定义了微乳化燃料最大掺水量以及乳化剂微乳化效率两个概念。系统地研究了生物柴油-乙醇-水微乳化燃料的形成机理，认为形成生物柴油-乙醇-水微乳化燃料的必要条件是生物柴油和乳化剂所有亲水基和乙醇的羟基通过氢键作用于水(液滴)的力不小于相应的拉普拉斯压力梯度。
*(5)首次对柴油机燃用生物柴油掺水微乳化燃料的性能和燃烧特性进行了研究。发动机燃用微乳化燃料发出的功率和扭矩低于生物柴油。微乳化燃料有效燃油消耗率增加，有效能量消耗率降低，提高了燃料经济性。微乳化燃料能够同时降低生物柴油的烟度和NO_X排放，两种微乳化燃料之间仍然符合trade-off关系。微乳化燃料滞燃期延长且燃烧提前结束，提高了中、高负荷循环等容度。微乳化燃料在小负荷时峰值压力和峰值放热率低，随着负荷的增加而迅速增加且明显高于生物柴油。
*(6)首次对降低生物柴油氮氧化合物排放进行了研究，并提出了降低生物柴油氮氧化合物排放的一种微乳化燃料优化配方。R20W0．5在动力性下降不多的前提下，可以降低有效能量消耗率并有效降低NO_X和烟度排放，是R20基础燃料的最佳掺水配方。
The paper is granted and supported by China westem transportation construction projects.Physical and chemical characteristics, spraying、combustion and emission performance ofbiodiesel、diesel and biodiesel-diesel mixture are compared. Combustion and emissiondisciplines of fuels are determined. According to high NO_X emission caused by biodiesel,water is joined in biodiesel to form micro-emulsion fuel for the NO_X condition. Advantages ofmicro-emulsion are discussed compared with emulsion, and then precondition ofmicro-emulsion is confirmed. Biodiesel-water micro-emulsion fuel preparation and itsformation mechanism are studied and analyzed. Quantitative relationship between maximalwater capacity and polar flux ethanol and different emulsifiers for biodiesel micro-emulsionfuel is found. Two formula biodiesel micro-emulsion fuels are chosed, combustion andemission performances of the fuels are compared with biodiesel and relative rules areascertained. Results solute the NO_X emission problem effectively. Accordingly, the paperprovides academic and experimental base for new environmental and economical altemativefuels.
Major contents and innovation points(marked with ~*) are reflected and listed in thefollowing:
(1) Physical and chemical characteristics and spraying quality are compared. Results indicate:viscosity of biodiesel is high and liquidity is poor. At the injection pressure of 24.8MPa, thespraying angle of biodiesel is lower than that of diesel; when the diameter is smaller than 42micron, amount proportion of biodiesel is lower than that of diesel; at the same accumulativevolume proportion, diameter of biodiesel is larger than that of diesel; all character diametersof biodiesel are larger than those of diesel correspondingly. High viscosity results in the poorspraying condition of biodiesel.
(2) At different speeds and loads, engine performances and emissions using biodiesel、dieseland their mixture are compared. Results indicate: power output of biodiesel and itsdifferent-ratio mixtures with diesel are lower than that of diesel. Specific fuel consumption ofbiodiesel and its different-ratio mixtures with diesel is higher than that of diesel both at fullload condition and at 1500r/min condition, it increases with the addment of biodiesel ratio and the differences between the fuels and diesel decrease with the increasement of load. Specificenergy consumption of biodiesel and its different-ratio mixtures with diesel has no relationwith biodiesel ratio at full load: when the speed is low, the energy consumption of the fuels ishigher than that of diesel. With the increasement of speed, the differences of energyconsumption between the fuels and diesel decrease. When the speed reaches 2000r/min,energy consumption of the fuels is lower than that of diesel. At 1500r/min, energyconsumption of the fuels is higher than that of diesel, it increases with the addment ofbiodiesel ratio, and the differences between the fuels and diesel decrease with theincreasement of load. Compared with diesel, HC emission of biodiesel and its different-ratiomixtures with diesel decreases at full load having no relation with biodiesel ratio and at1500r/min it decreases with the increasement of biodiesel ratio; CO emission of biodiesel andits different-ratio mixtures with diesel decreases at full load having no relation with biodieselratio, at small load of 1500r/min it varies little and at big load of 1500r/min it decreasesobviously having no relation with biodiesel ratio; NO_X emission of biodiesel and itsdifferent-ratio mixtures with diesel is higher than that of diesel, and it increases with theincreasement of biodiesel ratio; smoke emission of biodiesel and its different-ratio mixtureswith diesel is lower than that of diesel at full load and it decreases with the increasement ofbiodiesel ratio, at small load of 1500r/min smoke emission of biodiesel and its different-ratiomixtures with diesel maintains invariable, at big load of 1500r/min smoke emission decreasesand it decreases with the increasement of biodiesel ratio.
(3) At different speeds and loads, combustion performances of biodiesel、diesel and theirmixture are compared. Results indicate: ignition delay period of biodiesel and itsdifferent-ratio mixtures with diesel is shorter than that of diesel; peak pressure of biodieseland its different-ratio mixtures with diesel represents different rules; peak pressure increaseratio is higher than that of diesel at small and middle loads and is lower at big loads; peak heatrelease ratio of biodiesel and its different-ratio mixtures with diesel is higher than that ofdiesel at small and middle loads and is lower at big loads; increasement of biodiesel ratioconduces to the improvement of cycle constant volume degree.
*(4) Preparation and mechanism of biodiesel and water micro-emulsion fuel are firstlystudied, and relationship between ethanol ratio、different addments for different emulsifiers and maximal water volume for biodiesel-water micro-emulsion fuel is studied quantitatively.With the increasement of ethanol proportion, maximal water volume increases; usingemulsifier can also increases the maximal water volume; with the increasement of emulsifierquality, the maximal water volume increases; the maximal water volume of G is the largestamong S、G and L; effection of complex emulsifier is worse than single emulsifier. Twoconcepts are determined: maximal water volume for micro-emulsion fuel and micro-emulsionefficiency. Formation mechanism of micro-emulsion fuels is studied systematically. It isconsidered that necessary condition for biodiesel-ethanol-water micro-emulsion is thathydrogen bond effection of hydrophilic groups in biodiesel and emulsifier and hydroxyl ofethanol on water is no less than corresponding Laplace pressure gradient.
*(5) Performances and combustion characteristics of biodiesel and water micro-emulsionfuels are studied firstly on diesel engine. Power and torque of micro-emulsion fuels are lowerthan those of biodiesel. Specific fuel consumption of micro-emulsion fuel increases andspecific energy consumption decreases, accordingly fuel economy improves. Micro-emulsionfuel can decrease both the smoke and NO_X emission, the two micro-emulsion fuels accordwith the trade-off relationship. Ignition delay period prolongs and the end time advances,accordingly cycle constant volume degree of micro-emulsion fuel increases at middle and bigloads. At small loads, peak pressure and peak heat release ratio of micro-emulsion fuels arelower than those of biodiesel, with the increasement of loads, they increase fastly and they arehigher than those of biodiesel.
*(6) NO_X emission control of biodiesel is firstly studied and a formula of micro-emulsionfuel is given for NO_X control. At the precondition that power reduces not that much, R20W0.5can decrease effective energy consumption and decrease NO_X and smoke emission,accordingly it is considered as the best formula for R20 base fuel.
引文
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