城市轨道交通与常规公交换乘协调性研究
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摘要
交通一体化是城市客运交通的发展趋势。一体化的客运系统要在运能上适应不同层次客运的需要，必须以各交通方式之间的协调衔接为前提。轨道交通与常规公交的合理衔接是交通一体化的关键环节，要充分发挥轨道交通的骨干作用及其整体效益，除了其本身合理的路网布局和建设规模外，与地面常规公共交通的有效衔接显得尤为重要。
本文针对国内各大城市纷纷建设城市轨道交通系统，发展综合客运交通体系时对轨道交通枢纽内的接驳换乘规划考虑较少，易造成乘客换乘不方便，轨道交通效率低下这一问题进行研究。以城市轨道交通枢纽为平台，探讨城市轨道交通与常规公交接驳换乘的规划原则、程序及方法，并对轨道交通枢纽换乘效率进行评价，作为未来轨道交通枢纽规划及换乘服务改善的参考。
论文首先对城市交通枢纽的分类和枢纽在交通网络中的作用进行研究，并对城市轨道交通枢纽接驳换乘设施加以分析说明。然后，根据常规公交接驳设施布局原则，分析影响布局的因素，探讨常规公交车站在轨道交通枢纽处的布局模式。
论文在分析影响接驳换乘规模因素和比较说明常规公交接驳换乘客流量预测方法的基础上，对常规公交接驳换乘规模进行分级，并简要的计算常规公交停车位需求。最后，采用数据包络分析方法(EDA)对轨道枢纽的换乘效率进行评价，运用输入输出指标体系和DEA评价模型，给出换乘效率、输入冗余率和输出亏空率以及运行有效性的评价分析方法，并以广州地铁枢纽为实例进行换乘效率评价。
Transportation integration is the trend in urban passenger transport development. To meet the needs of different levels of passenger transport, the capacity of the integrated passenger transport system must have the cooperated joining of every transport mode as its prerequisite. The transport integration hinges on the reasonable joining of urban rail transportation and conventional public transit. In addition to the logical rail network arrangement and construction scale, the effective joining with conventional land public transit is especially important in order for the urban rail transportation to function as a backbone and to increase a total benefit.
What is focused on in this paper is the fact that the planning of feeder and transfer in mass transit hubs is not fully taken into account, which results in the inconvenience for the passengers to transfer and the lower efficiency of urban rail transportation, when integrated passenger transport system and urban rail transportation system are developed continuously in many large cities in our country. Based on the urban transit hub, the planning principles, procedures and methods of transfer between the urban rail transportation station and conventional public transit are discussed, and the benefit in the process of this transfer is evaluated as a reference for subway station planning and transfer service improvement in the future.
First, the categories of the urban rail transportation hubs and their functions in traffic systems, as well as the feeder and transfer facilities, are analyzed and described. Then, according to the principles of conventional public transit facilities planning, the factors affecting the planning are considered and the layout pattern of conventional public transit stop in the urban rail transportation hubs is discussed.
In the basis of analyzing the factors influencing the feeder and transfer scale and comparatively explaining the method to prognosticate
the volume of passengers using conventional urban mass transmit during the process of feeder and transfer, its scale is classified and the need for parking space of conventional mass transmit mode is calculated in brief. Finally, the Data Envelopment Analysis (EDA) is adopted to evaluate the transfer efficiency of the mass transit hub, the evaluate and analytic method for transfer efficiency, import redundant ratio, export deficit ratio and operational effectiveness is presented using import and export indexes and EDA evaluation model, and Guangzhou mass transit hub is taken as an example to be assessed in transfer efficiency.
本文针对国内各大城市纷纷建设城市轨道交通系统，发展综合客运交通体系时对轨道交通枢纽内的接驳换乘规划考虑较少，易造成乘客换乘不方便，轨道交通效率低下这一问题进行研究。以城市轨道交通枢纽为平台，探讨城市轨道交通与常规公交接驳换乘的规划原则、程序及方法，并对轨道交通枢纽换乘效率进行评价，作为未来轨道交通枢纽规划及换乘服务改善的参考。
论文首先对城市交通枢纽的分类和枢纽在交通网络中的作用进行研究，并对城市轨道交通枢纽接驳换乘设施加以分析说明。然后，根据常规公交接驳设施布局原则，分析影响布局的因素，探讨常规公交车站在轨道交通枢纽处的布局模式。
论文在分析影响接驳换乘规模因素和比较说明常规公交接驳换乘客流量预测方法的基础上，对常规公交接驳换乘规模进行分级，并简要的计算常规公交停车位需求。最后，采用数据包络分析方法(EDA)对轨道枢纽的换乘效率进行评价，运用输入输出指标体系和DEA评价模型，给出换乘效率、输入冗余率和输出亏空率以及运行有效性的评价分析方法，并以广州地铁枢纽为实例进行换乘效率评价。
Transportation integration is the trend in urban passenger transport development. To meet the needs of different levels of passenger transport, the capacity of the integrated passenger transport system must have the cooperated joining of every transport mode as its prerequisite. The transport integration hinges on the reasonable joining of urban rail transportation and conventional public transit. In addition to the logical rail network arrangement and construction scale, the effective joining with conventional land public transit is especially important in order for the urban rail transportation to function as a backbone and to increase a total benefit.
What is focused on in this paper is the fact that the planning of feeder and transfer in mass transit hubs is not fully taken into account, which results in the inconvenience for the passengers to transfer and the lower efficiency of urban rail transportation, when integrated passenger transport system and urban rail transportation system are developed continuously in many large cities in our country. Based on the urban transit hub, the planning principles, procedures and methods of transfer between the urban rail transportation station and conventional public transit are discussed, and the benefit in the process of this transfer is evaluated as a reference for subway station planning and transfer service improvement in the future.
First, the categories of the urban rail transportation hubs and their functions in traffic systems, as well as the feeder and transfer facilities, are analyzed and described. Then, according to the principles of conventional public transit facilities planning, the factors affecting the planning are considered and the layout pattern of conventional public transit stop in the urban rail transportation hubs is discussed.
In the basis of analyzing the factors influencing the feeder and transfer scale and comparatively explaining the method to prognosticate
the volume of passengers using conventional urban mass transmit during the process of feeder and transfer, its scale is classified and the need for parking space of conventional mass transmit mode is calculated in brief. Finally, the Data Envelopment Analysis (EDA) is adopted to evaluate the transfer efficiency of the mass transit hub, the evaluate and analytic method for transfer efficiency, import redundant ratio, export deficit ratio and operational effectiveness is presented using import and export indexes and EDA evaluation model, and Guangzhou mass transit hub is taken as an example to be assessed in transfer efficiency.
引文
[1] 马德芹，蔺安林．地下铁道与轻轨交通．西南交通大学出版社，2003：1-84
[2] 孙章，何宗华，徐金祥．城市轨道交通概论．中国铁道出版社，2000：1-249
[3] 周干峙等．发展我国大城市交通的研究．中国建筑工业出版社，1997：5-34
[4] 北京市城市规划设计研究院，北京市科学技术情报研究所课题组．世界大城市交通研究．北京科学技术出版社，1991：4-62
[5] 同济大学．城市规划原理．中国建筑工业出版社，1991：52-64
[6] 郭志勇．城市轨道交通枢纽换乘协调研究．华中科技大学，硕士论文．2001：1-75
[7] Demetsky. M.J.,L.A. Hoel, M. R.Virkler. A Transit Station Design Pro-cess. TRR. 662.1978
[8] Korf J.L., M.J. Demetsky. Analysis of Rapid Transit Access Mode Choice. TRR. 81?, 1981
[9] Bates E.G.. A Study of Passenger Transfer Facilities. TRR.662. 1978
[10] Ian S.J. Dickins. Park and Ride Facilities on Light Rail Transit Systems. Transportation 18:23-36, 1991.
[11] 姜帆．城市轨道交通与其它交通方式衔接的研究．北方交通大学学报．2001，25卷4期
[12] 姜帆．关于轨道交通需求预测与城市客运交通枢纽关系的研究．交通运输系统工程与信息．2001，1卷4期
[13] 王秋平，李峰．城市其他客运交通换乘轨道交通协调探讨．西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2003，35卷2期
[14] 覃煜，晏克非，赵童．城市综合客运交通体系中换乘研究．长沙交通学院学报．2000，16卷2期
[15] 覃煜，晏克非，赵童．铁路客运与市内公交衔接协调性的评价分析．武汉交通科技大学学报．2000，16卷2期
[16] 覃煜，晏克非．轨道交通枢纽换乘效率DEA非均一评价模型．长安大学学报(自然科学版)．2002，22卷4期
[17] 唐富藏，张有恒，都市大众捷运系统接运系统规划设计．运输计画季刊．1982，11卷4期
[18]林志盈．台北都会区捷运系统车站规划概述．中国工程师学会工程会刊．1990，63卷11期
[19]曾平毅．捷运车站邻近地区交通设施规划之研究．(台湾)国立交通大学交通运输研究所，硕士论文．1988
[20]许朝宗．捷运车站转乘设施规划之研究-以高雄都会区大众捷运系统为例．(台湾)国立成功大学交通管理研究所，硕士论文．1992
[21]吴炯炎．木栅线捷运系统车站转乘服务之检讨研究． (台湾)国立交通大学交通运输研究所，硕士论文．1997
[22]倪文杰，张卫国．现代汉语辞海．中国人民出版社，1994：563
[23]郑祖武等．现代城市交通．人民交通出版社，1998：1-311
[24]叶霞飞，顾保南．城市轨道交通规划与设计．中国铁道出版社，1999：1-221
[25]陈延煌，左大晶，程为．捷运系统车站设施之规划设计．台北市政府捷运工程局，1989
[26]Benz, G.P. Application of the Time-Space Concept to a Transportation Terminal Waiting and Circulation Area TRR. 1054, 1986
[27]Cervero Robert and Gotham Roger. Urban Transportation—COMMUT-ING. Journal of the American Planning Association, spring 1995
[28]小町直亮，香港地下铁旅客设备． 日本铁道设施协会志，1987，9期
[29]祖田圭介．旅客车站配线评价．日本铁道设施协会志，1987，9期
[30](德)VDV规划委员会．公共交通工具的换乘枢纽点设计．上海同济城市规划设计研究院，2003：3-42
[31]Meyer R. John, Kain F. John. The Urban Transportation Problem. Ca-mbridge(mass) Harvard university Press. 1965
[32]Mark C. Walkek. Planning and Design of On Street Light Rail Transit Stations. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1361. P31-37
[33]Mott Mac Donald Limited, Mass Transit System Underground Stations Platform Design Standards Study, 1997
[34]P. Knoppers and T. Muller. Optimized Transfer Opportunities in Public Transport. Transportation Science, Vol. 29, No. 1, Febr uary 1995
[35](苏)克埃．亚历山大，恩阿．鲁德涅娃． 城市快速轨道交通． 中国城市规划设计研究院交通所，中国城市规划设计研究院情报所，1999：1-141
[36]车丽彬． 公共文通换乘枢纽的规划设计理论与技术方法研究．武汉城市建设学院，硕士论文．1999
[37]陆化普，朱军，王建伟． 城市轨道交通规划的研究与实践． 中国水利水电出版社，2001
[38]王有为．城市公共交通枢纽规划研究．西安建筑科技大学，硕士论文．2001：1-80
[39]单静涛，李东，叶远春等．城市交通枢纽交通换乘分析与客流组织评价研究．http://www.chinautc.com/organization/2001/024．asp
[40]李旭宏等，道路交通规划．东南大学出版社． 1997：195-211
[41]M. Gendreau, G. Lapor & J.A. Mesa. Locating Rapid Transit Lines. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 1995,29(2): 91-157
[42]Lam, William. H.K and Hai_Jun Huang. A Comined Trip Distribution and Assignment Model for Mulitple User Classes. Transportation Research. Vol26B, No4, 1992:33-38
[43]张致祥．捷运淡水线公车转乘设施之检讨．(台湾)国立交通大学交通运输研究所，硕士论文．2001
[44]Alan J. Horowitz and Nick A. Thompson. Generic Objectives for Evaluation of Intermodal Passenger Transfer Facilities. TRR 1503, 1995
[45]盛昭瀚，朱乔，等．DEA理论、方法与应用．科学出版社，1996
[46]Golany B., and Y. Roll. An Application Procedure for DEA. OMEGA, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1989
[47]Bowlin, W.F., Evaluating Me Efficiency of US Air Force Real Property Maintenance Activities. Journal of Operational Research Society. Vol. 38, No. 2,1987
[48]Banker, K.D., A. Charnes, W.W. Copper, J. Swarts and D.A. rhomas. An Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis with some of Its Models. Texas: Center for Cybernetic Studies, University of Texas, 1989
[49]Norman. M, and Stoker. B., Data Envelopment Analysis: The Assessment of Performance. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991
[50]广州市中心区交通项目领导小组办公室，上海同济道路与交通工程技术开发公司．广州市公共交通改善设施方案第四子项——广州市交通衔接实施方案报告．广州市建设委员会，2000
[2] 孙章，何宗华，徐金祥．城市轨道交通概论．中国铁道出版社，2000：1-249
[3] 周干峙等．发展我国大城市交通的研究．中国建筑工业出版社，1997：5-34
[4] 北京市城市规划设计研究院，北京市科学技术情报研究所课题组．世界大城市交通研究．北京科学技术出版社，1991：4-62
[5] 同济大学．城市规划原理．中国建筑工业出版社，1991：52-64
[6] 郭志勇．城市轨道交通枢纽换乘协调研究．华中科技大学，硕士论文．2001：1-75
[7] Demetsky. M.J.,L.A. Hoel, M. R.Virkler. A Transit Station Design Pro-cess. TRR. 662.1978
[8] Korf J.L., M.J. Demetsky. Analysis of Rapid Transit Access Mode Choice. TRR. 81?, 1981
[9] Bates E.G.. A Study of Passenger Transfer Facilities. TRR.662. 1978
[10] Ian S.J. Dickins. Park and Ride Facilities on Light Rail Transit Systems. Transportation 18:23-36, 1991.
[11] 姜帆．城市轨道交通与其它交通方式衔接的研究．北方交通大学学报．2001，25卷4期
[12] 姜帆．关于轨道交通需求预测与城市客运交通枢纽关系的研究．交通运输系统工程与信息．2001，1卷4期
[13] 王秋平，李峰．城市其他客运交通换乘轨道交通协调探讨．西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版)．2003，35卷2期
[14] 覃煜，晏克非，赵童．城市综合客运交通体系中换乘研究．长沙交通学院学报．2000，16卷2期
[15] 覃煜，晏克非，赵童．铁路客运与市内公交衔接协调性的评价分析．武汉交通科技大学学报．2000，16卷2期
[16] 覃煜，晏克非．轨道交通枢纽换乘效率DEA非均一评价模型．长安大学学报(自然科学版)．2002，22卷4期
[17] 唐富藏，张有恒，都市大众捷运系统接运系统规划设计．运输计画季刊．1982，11卷4期
[18]林志盈．台北都会区捷运系统车站规划概述．中国工程师学会工程会刊．1990，63卷11期
[19]曾平毅．捷运车站邻近地区交通设施规划之研究．(台湾)国立交通大学交通运输研究所，硕士论文．1988
[20]许朝宗．捷运车站转乘设施规划之研究-以高雄都会区大众捷运系统为例．(台湾)国立成功大学交通管理研究所，硕士论文．1992
[21]吴炯炎．木栅线捷运系统车站转乘服务之检讨研究． (台湾)国立交通大学交通运输研究所，硕士论文．1997
[22]倪文杰，张卫国．现代汉语辞海．中国人民出版社，1994：563
[23]郑祖武等．现代城市交通．人民交通出版社，1998：1-311
[24]叶霞飞，顾保南．城市轨道交通规划与设计．中国铁道出版社，1999：1-221
[25]陈延煌，左大晶，程为．捷运系统车站设施之规划设计．台北市政府捷运工程局，1989
[26]Benz, G.P. Application of the Time-Space Concept to a Transportation Terminal Waiting and Circulation Area TRR. 1054, 1986
[27]Cervero Robert and Gotham Roger. Urban Transportation—COMMUT-ING. Journal of the American Planning Association, spring 1995
[28]小町直亮，香港地下铁旅客设备． 日本铁道设施协会志，1987，9期
[29]祖田圭介．旅客车站配线评价．日本铁道设施协会志，1987，9期
[30](德)VDV规划委员会．公共交通工具的换乘枢纽点设计．上海同济城市规划设计研究院，2003：3-42
[31]Meyer R. John, Kain F. John. The Urban Transportation Problem. Ca-mbridge(mass) Harvard university Press. 1965
[32]Mark C. Walkek. Planning and Design of On Street Light Rail Transit Stations. TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD 1361. P31-37
[33]Mott Mac Donald Limited, Mass Transit System Underground Stations Platform Design Standards Study, 1997
[34]P. Knoppers and T. Muller. Optimized Transfer Opportunities in Public Transport. Transportation Science, Vol. 29, No. 1, Febr uary 1995
[35](苏)克埃．亚历山大，恩阿．鲁德涅娃． 城市快速轨道交通． 中国城市规划设计研究院交通所，中国城市规划设计研究院情报所，1999：1-141
[36]车丽彬． 公共文通换乘枢纽的规划设计理论与技术方法研究．武汉城市建设学院，硕士论文．1999
[37]陆化普，朱军，王建伟． 城市轨道交通规划的研究与实践． 中国水利水电出版社，2001
[38]王有为．城市公共交通枢纽规划研究．西安建筑科技大学，硕士论文．2001：1-80
[39]单静涛，李东，叶远春等．城市交通枢纽交通换乘分析与客流组织评价研究．http://www.chinautc.com/organization/2001/024．asp
[40]李旭宏等，道路交通规划．东南大学出版社． 1997：195-211
[41]M. Gendreau, G. Lapor & J.A. Mesa. Locating Rapid Transit Lines. Journal of Advanced Transportation. 1995,29(2): 91-157
[42]Lam, William. H.K and Hai_Jun Huang. A Comined Trip Distribution and Assignment Model for Mulitple User Classes. Transportation Research. Vol26B, No4, 1992:33-38
[43]张致祥．捷运淡水线公车转乘设施之检讨．(台湾)国立交通大学交通运输研究所，硕士论文．2001
[44]Alan J. Horowitz and Nick A. Thompson. Generic Objectives for Evaluation of Intermodal Passenger Transfer Facilities. TRR 1503, 1995
[45]盛昭瀚，朱乔，等．DEA理论、方法与应用．科学出版社，1996
[46]Golany B., and Y. Roll. An Application Procedure for DEA. OMEGA, Vol. 17, No. 3, 1989
[47]Bowlin, W.F., Evaluating Me Efficiency of US Air Force Real Property Maintenance Activities. Journal of Operational Research Society. Vol. 38, No. 2,1987
[48]Banker, K.D., A. Charnes, W.W. Copper, J. Swarts and D.A. rhomas. An Introduction to Data Envelopment Analysis with some of Its Models. Texas: Center for Cybernetic Studies, University of Texas, 1989
[49]Norman. M, and Stoker. B., Data Envelopment Analysis: The Assessment of Performance. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991
[50]广州市中心区交通项目领导小组办公室，上海同济道路与交通工程技术开发公司．广州市公共交通改善设施方案第四子项——广州市交通衔接实施方案报告．广州市建设委员会，2000