文化创意产业及其政策探析
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摘要
创意相伴人类而生,本意是指“原创性、独创性、创造力”的意思,它包含着创新的全部内容和竞争的密码,是未来财富的重要来源。创意引领的新型体验经济发展成为文化创意产业,建立了一条在新的全球经济、技术与文化交流的背景下适应经济发展的新格局,构建了新的经济核心要素和产业结构的通道。文化创意产业在西方发达国家的出现和发展是以三次技术革命为动力的,每一次技术革命都使产业获得一次飞跃,第三次以互联网为代表的数字信息技术革命使文化创意产业从传统文化产业中获得升华和勃兴。英国政府最早在1998年确立创意产业的概念,即“源自个人创意、技巧及才华,通过知识产权的开发及运用,具有创造财富和就业潜力的行业。”在我国,将其称为文化创意产业更适合当前国情。从产业定位和运作模式来看,文化创意产业已经超越了传统的文化产业,它的主要特征体现在八个方面:(1)“创意为王”的精神的特质;(2)高技术和高智力含量;(3)生产的自主性;(4)很强的产业融合性;(5)产业集群化;(6)产业风险性高;(7)创意产品具有高附加值;(8)创意产品具有差异性。其中,创意生产技术是复杂性技术,这种复杂性技术具有相互交叉、相互融合的特点,且更趋向于创新,它在生产的每一个领域都为创新提供了新目标、新内容、新空间,其结果是创造出无穷无尽的新技术、新产业和新的就业岗位,为经济和社会发展提供取之不尽的动力源泉;文化创意产业集群化使产业从低端到高端形成一个完整的产业链,对产业竞争力的提升发挥着重要作用。由科学技术和文化艺术等引发的知识产权问题在文化创意产业中显得非常突出,它是人们的智力活动成果,是一种权利,也是一种财产,是一种资源,还是一种信息。文化创意产业能适应和满足社会和个人的多种需要,主要反映在经济功能、政治功能和社会功能三大方面。文化创意产业的运行机制分为“投入—生产—营销—消费”四个环节,它的运行遵循双重价值规律,即经济价值规律和社会价值规律,这是政府调控文化创意产业的基本依据。
     文化创意产业的发展离不开一整套规范行业与部门运作的行为准则,这些行为准则是通过国家相关政策来实现的。文化创意产业政策是国家根据创意经济与社会发展的要求和一定历史时期内文化创意产业发展的现状和变动趋势,以市场机制为基础,规划、干预和引导文化创意产业形成和发展的政策系统。文化创意产业政策与其他公共政策一样,有着自己的主体和客体,有着自己的制定、执行、评估和终止过程。其核心问题在于对创意大规模商业化的促进和推动作用;其政策目标是引导社会资源在产业部门之间以及文化创意产业内部实现优化配置,促进国民经济和社会文化的持续、协调和健康发展。通过我国与发达国家文化创意产业的比较,指出我国在资金实力、科技水平、创意人才、市场运作能力、创新能力和市场竞争能力上的差距。我国文化创意产业政策的制定可以借鉴发达国家的成功经验,将其纳入构建和谐社会的重要内容,在产业实践的基础上逐步推动产业结构的战略性调整,促进文化创意产业集群化发展,广辟产业的投资融资渠道,加快文化创意人才的引进和培养,完善知识产权保护制度,从而提高文化创意产业的国际竞争力,保障文化创意产业的可持续发展和国家文化安全。
It is true that the human beings are born to own the power of creativity, which also means "novelty, independence and originality". This term also includes the meaning of innovation and the power of competition. Therefore, creativity could be regarded as one of the main source of fortune in the future. With the rapid development of economic globalization and culture exchange, the new creativity-oriented experiencing economy has grown into a new culture and creativity industry, which also finds a new way for the development of economic elements and industrial structures to meet the new requirement of economic development. The developments of Culture and Creative Industries in western countries are impelled by the three industrial revolutions, which may cause greater achievements in industry than the former one. With the development of digital information technology as its features, the third industrial revolution caused great changes in the conventional cultural industry and the rise of Culture and Creative Industries.
     The concept of the industry of originality was firstly put up in the UK in 1998, which was defined as "the industry rooted from the individual creativity and talents, which may create fortunes and working positions through the exploration and access of IPR". However, it is believed to be more suitable to be called "Culture and Creative Industries" in China. From the perspectives of industrial orientation and operation, it is clear that Culture and Creative Industries has surpassed the traditional cultural industry, which could be concluded as following:(1) The "originality-oriented" spiritual characteristics; (2) The use of high-tech and high-talents; (3) The self-independence of production; (4) The great systematization in industries; (5) The concentration of industries; (6) The high risks of the industries; (7) The high value of the creative production; (8) The differences among creative productions. The Culture and Creative Technology is complicate and featured as overlapping and systemizing, which focus more and more on origination. The result of the development of creative industries is the developing of new targets, new contents and new space for industry, which means the emerging of new technology, industries and new employments. All of these results may offer endless developing energy for the development of economy and society. The concentration of Culture and Creative Industries has formed a complete chain of industries, which plays an important role in the growing of competitive power in industries. The issue of IPR in the field of Sciences and Arts has become more apparent due to the development of Culture and Creative Industries because these are the results of human talents. These results could be considered as a kind of right and fortune, and resource and information. Culture and Creative Industries could meet the needs from both individuals and society, which may be presented as the economic function, political function and social function, etc. The operating principle could be concluded as the steps of "investment-production-sale-consuming". Therefore, it may also be influenced by the elements such as social-system, technique, policy and talents, etc.The basic regulations of the development of Culture and Creative Industries lies with the law of value in products and society, which is also the basic methodology for the government to control it.
     Culture and Creative Industries could never develop without a set of principles in its field, which are formulated by the government under the requirement of history and the development of economy and society. In order to embody the functions of programming, participating and guiding, the marketing system may be regarded as the basis and the changing tendencies of cultural industry may also be taken into consideration. As other public policies, there are also subjects and objects for the policy of Culture and Creative Industries and the progress of drawing, execution, assessment and termination as well. The focus of the policies lies with the propelling power to the commercial development, with the purpose to realize the optimization of the arrangement of social resources among different industrial departments. Based on the comparison between the domestic and foreign industries of cultural originality, the author pointed out in this thesis the differences from the aspects of financial, technology, marketing, novelty, talents and competition. The experiences of the developed countries could be borrowed into the development of domestic culture creativity industry and the construction of harmonious society in the future. However, the strategic adjustment in industrial structures, the application of concentrations and systemizing in Culture and Creative Industries, the broadening of financial investment, the protection of IPR, the training of the talents and the capability of international competition are the elements to be considered in order to carry out the sustainable development and the national security for Culture and Creative Industries.
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