经济开放对我国工资差距的影响研究
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摘要
随着我国对外开放程度的加深,经济开放与工资差距之间的关系越来越被学者关注,成为国际经济学领域的一大研究热点。很多学者从经济开放的不同角度,譬如商品贸易、服务贸易或外商直接投资等,探讨了经济开放对我国工资差距的影响情况。这些研究不仅完善了相关的理论体系,而且对我国贸易政策和收入分配政策的调整提供了较好的指导作用。在讨论经济开放对工资差距的作用时,多数学者往往是分别探讨贸易自由化或外商直接投资对工资差距的影响,缺乏系统性的分析。另外,作为经济开放的一大核心要素,知识产权保护在整个经济贸易体系中所扮演的角色不容忽视,而较少学者把知识产权保护这一因素纳入经济开放对工资差距影响的研究体系中。基于此,本文考虑了经济开放的三个方面：商品贸易、外商直接投资和知识产权保护,分别考察它们对我国技能劳动力与非技能劳动力间工资差距的影响机理和作用大小,对如何缩小工资差距得到一些有益的启发。
本文通过采用文献研究、数理分析和实证分析相结合的方法,阐述了经济开放作用于工资差距的理论基础,描述了我国商品贸易、外商直接投资、知识产权保护和工资差距的发展现状,推导了产业内贸易、FDI和知识产权保护等因素与工资差距的函数关系,分析了经济开放影响工资差距的重要经验事实。通过对新古典贸易理论、新贸易理论和外商直接投资对工资差距影响相关理论的梳理和归纳,为整篇文章的分析提供了理论依据。通过对我国商品贸易、外商直接投资、知识产权保护和工资差距现状的描述发现,在我国商品贸易、外商直接投资以及知识产权保护力度持续快速增长的时期,我国的行业间工资差距和同一行业内的技能劳动力与非技能劳动力间的工资差距也在逐渐扩大。本文后续的章节通过理论模型和计量检验分别研究了产业内贸易、外商直接投资和知识产权保护对技能劳动力与非技能劳动力间工资差距的影响,主要得出以下几点结论：
(1)在垄断竞争市场上,产业内贸易对相对工资差距的影响主要依赖于产品的产出技能替代弹性(技能型劳动力相对雇佣量的变化率／产出的变化率)。当产品的产出技能替代弹性大于0时,产业内贸易将会扩大相对工资差距；反之,将会缩小相对工资差距。通过以中美工业制成品为例对该结论进行检验的结果表明,我国工业制成品的产业技能替代弹性大于0,中美工业制成品产业内贸易扩大了我国制造业的相对工资差距。
(2)外商直接投资主要通过就业效应、人力资本积累效应、技术溢出效应和拉动贸易效应等四条渠道作用于工资差距。通过利用1995-2008年中国28个省份、自治区和直辖市的面板数据实证分析发现,FDI有助于缩小我国的工资差距。加大对外资的引入力度仍是我们需要坚持的政策。
(3)技术溢出效应是进口和FDI对工资差距的重要影响渠道,而且进口和FDI的技术溢出效应均是技能偏向型的,技术溢出将会增加对技能劳动力的需求及其工资水平,造成工资差距拉大。与此同时,知识产权保护是影响进口和FDI技术溢出的重要制度因素,知识产权保护可以通过影响进口和FDI技术溢出间接作用于工资差距。通过计量检验发现,进口贸易产生的技术溢出和FDI产生的技术溢出均扩大了我国的工资差距。知识产权保护与进口技术溢出的协同效应扩大了我国工资差距,知识产权保护与FDI技术溢出的协同效应则缩小了我国工资差距。
(4)知识产权保护可以直接影响工资差距。当知识产权保护力度加大时,若与技能劳动力匹配的技术知识产权保护程度的增加幅度大于与非技能劳动力匹配的技术知识产权保护增加幅度时,工资差距将会扩大；反之,工资差距将会缩小。实证研究表明,知识产权保护对我国工资差距的影响系数显著为正。鉴于此,我们不仅要重视与技能劳动力匹配的技术专利保护,还应该加强与非技能劳动力匹配的技术专利保护,这不仅可以促进我国技术进步,而且有助于缩小技能劳动力与非技能劳动力之间的工资差距。
With the deepening of trade liberalization, the relationship between economic openness and wage gap is concerned by more and more scholars, which becomes a hotspot in the field of international economics. From different perspectives, such as merchandise trade, service trade and foreign direct investment, many scholars studied the impact of opening on China's wage gap through theoretical models and empirical analysis. These studies not only improve the theoretical system, but also provide a very good guidance for the adjustments of our trade policy and income distribution policy. With the discussion of economic openness on the wage gap, the majority only investigated the impact of trade liberalization or foreign direct investment on the wage gap, lacking of systematic analysis.In addition, as a core element of trade, intellectual property issues have caught more and more attention. The role of intellectual property protection in the economy can not be ignored, but less considered intellectual property protection when they studied the impact of openness on the wage gap. Based on this, this dissertation considers three major elements of economic openness:trade liberalization, foreign direct investment and intellectual property protection, so as to achieve a comprehensive study of the influence mechanism of economic openness on the wage gap, and get some useful inspiration on how to reduce the wage gap.
Through the combination of literature, mathematical analysis and empirical analysis, this dissertation elaborates the theoretical basis of economic openness on the wage gap, describes the development of China's merchandise trade, foreign direct investment, intellectual property rights protection and industry wage gap, derives the functional relationships between the intra-industry trade, FDI, intellectual property protection and the industry wage gap, and analyzes the empirical fact that economic openness has affected the industry wage gap.By the comb and induction of neo-classical trade theory, new trade theory and the theory of foreign direct investment affecting the wage gap, we find the theoretical mechanism about the economic openness on the wage gap, providing a theoretical basis for the analysis of the entire article. By the status quo description of China's merchandise trade, foreign direct investment, intellectual property protection and the industry wage gap, we find that during the period of the rapid growth of China's foreign trade, foreign direct investment, intellectual property protection intensity, China's wage gaps between industries and within the same industry are also expanding. these facts provide a realistic support for the study.The fourth, five, six and seven chapter study respectively the impact of intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment and intellectual property protection on the industrial wage gap through theoretical models and econometric test, mainly drawing the following conclusions:
(1) In markets characterized by monopolistic competition, the relationship between intra-industry trade and the relative wage gap depends on the output elasticity of substitution (the percentage change in the ratio of high-skilled to low-skilled labor demanded brought about by a percent change in output). If the output elasticity of substitution is positive, intra-industry trade will expand the relative wage gap; otherwise, intra-industry trade will reduce the relative wage gap. Then we verify the conclusion on the basis of China-U.S. intra-industry trade of manufactured goods through quantitative analysis, we find that the output elasticity of substitution of manufactured goods is positive, China-U.S. intra-industry trade expands the relative wage gap.
(2)Foreign direct investment affects the wage gap mainly through four channels:the employment effect, the human capital accumulation effect, the technology spillover effect and the pulling trade effect. Through the panel data, we find that the coefficient of FDI on the industry wage gap is significantly negative, FDI is narrowing the wage gap. We need to adhere to the policy of increasing the fdi intensity.
(3)Technology spillover effect is an important channel of import or FDI affecting the wage gap, the technology spillovers of import and FDI are skill biased, they will increase the demand for skilled labor directly, thereby increasing the wage level of skilled labor resulting in the expansion of the wage gap. At the same time, intellectual property protection is an important institutional factor affecting the technology spillover, the intellectual property protection can affect the wage gap indirectly through the technology spillovers of import and FDI. By quantitative analysis, we find that the technology spillovers of import and FDI are expanding China's industrial relative wage gap. The synergies of intellectual property protection and import technology spillover have expanded the wage gap in China, but the synergies of intellectual property protection and FDI technology spillover have narrowed the wage gap in China.
(4)Intellectual property protection can affect the wage gap directly. When the rise rate of intellectual property protection of the technical knowledge to match the skilled labor is greater than the rise rate of the technical knowledge protection to match the unskilled labor, the wage gap will be expanded; otherwise, the wage gap will be reduced. Intellectual property protection in China has significantly expanded the industrial relative wage gap. In view of this, when strengthening the technology patent protection matched to the skilled labors, we should also strengthen the technology patent protection matched to the unskilled labors, which can not only promote China's technological progress, but also help to narrow the wage gap between skilled labor and unskilled labor.
本文通过采用文献研究、数理分析和实证分析相结合的方法,阐述了经济开放作用于工资差距的理论基础,描述了我国商品贸易、外商直接投资、知识产权保护和工资差距的发展现状,推导了产业内贸易、FDI和知识产权保护等因素与工资差距的函数关系,分析了经济开放影响工资差距的重要经验事实。通过对新古典贸易理论、新贸易理论和外商直接投资对工资差距影响相关理论的梳理和归纳,为整篇文章的分析提供了理论依据。通过对我国商品贸易、外商直接投资、知识产权保护和工资差距现状的描述发现,在我国商品贸易、外商直接投资以及知识产权保护力度持续快速增长的时期,我国的行业间工资差距和同一行业内的技能劳动力与非技能劳动力间的工资差距也在逐渐扩大。本文后续的章节通过理论模型和计量检验分别研究了产业内贸易、外商直接投资和知识产权保护对技能劳动力与非技能劳动力间工资差距的影响,主要得出以下几点结论：
(1)在垄断竞争市场上,产业内贸易对相对工资差距的影响主要依赖于产品的产出技能替代弹性(技能型劳动力相对雇佣量的变化率／产出的变化率)。当产品的产出技能替代弹性大于0时,产业内贸易将会扩大相对工资差距；反之,将会缩小相对工资差距。通过以中美工业制成品为例对该结论进行检验的结果表明,我国工业制成品的产业技能替代弹性大于0,中美工业制成品产业内贸易扩大了我国制造业的相对工资差距。
(2)外商直接投资主要通过就业效应、人力资本积累效应、技术溢出效应和拉动贸易效应等四条渠道作用于工资差距。通过利用1995-2008年中国28个省份、自治区和直辖市的面板数据实证分析发现,FDI有助于缩小我国的工资差距。加大对外资的引入力度仍是我们需要坚持的政策。
(3)技术溢出效应是进口和FDI对工资差距的重要影响渠道,而且进口和FDI的技术溢出效应均是技能偏向型的,技术溢出将会增加对技能劳动力的需求及其工资水平,造成工资差距拉大。与此同时,知识产权保护是影响进口和FDI技术溢出的重要制度因素,知识产权保护可以通过影响进口和FDI技术溢出间接作用于工资差距。通过计量检验发现,进口贸易产生的技术溢出和FDI产生的技术溢出均扩大了我国的工资差距。知识产权保护与进口技术溢出的协同效应扩大了我国工资差距,知识产权保护与FDI技术溢出的协同效应则缩小了我国工资差距。
(4)知识产权保护可以直接影响工资差距。当知识产权保护力度加大时,若与技能劳动力匹配的技术知识产权保护程度的增加幅度大于与非技能劳动力匹配的技术知识产权保护增加幅度时,工资差距将会扩大；反之,工资差距将会缩小。实证研究表明,知识产权保护对我国工资差距的影响系数显著为正。鉴于此,我们不仅要重视与技能劳动力匹配的技术专利保护,还应该加强与非技能劳动力匹配的技术专利保护,这不仅可以促进我国技术进步,而且有助于缩小技能劳动力与非技能劳动力之间的工资差距。
With the deepening of trade liberalization, the relationship between economic openness and wage gap is concerned by more and more scholars, which becomes a hotspot in the field of international economics. From different perspectives, such as merchandise trade, service trade and foreign direct investment, many scholars studied the impact of opening on China's wage gap through theoretical models and empirical analysis. These studies not only improve the theoretical system, but also provide a very good guidance for the adjustments of our trade policy and income distribution policy. With the discussion of economic openness on the wage gap, the majority only investigated the impact of trade liberalization or foreign direct investment on the wage gap, lacking of systematic analysis.In addition, as a core element of trade, intellectual property issues have caught more and more attention. The role of intellectual property protection in the economy can not be ignored, but less considered intellectual property protection when they studied the impact of openness on the wage gap. Based on this, this dissertation considers three major elements of economic openness:trade liberalization, foreign direct investment and intellectual property protection, so as to achieve a comprehensive study of the influence mechanism of economic openness on the wage gap, and get some useful inspiration on how to reduce the wage gap.
Through the combination of literature, mathematical analysis and empirical analysis, this dissertation elaborates the theoretical basis of economic openness on the wage gap, describes the development of China's merchandise trade, foreign direct investment, intellectual property rights protection and industry wage gap, derives the functional relationships between the intra-industry trade, FDI, intellectual property protection and the industry wage gap, and analyzes the empirical fact that economic openness has affected the industry wage gap.By the comb and induction of neo-classical trade theory, new trade theory and the theory of foreign direct investment affecting the wage gap, we find the theoretical mechanism about the economic openness on the wage gap, providing a theoretical basis for the analysis of the entire article. By the status quo description of China's merchandise trade, foreign direct investment, intellectual property protection and the industry wage gap, we find that during the period of the rapid growth of China's foreign trade, foreign direct investment, intellectual property protection intensity, China's wage gaps between industries and within the same industry are also expanding. these facts provide a realistic support for the study.The fourth, five, six and seven chapter study respectively the impact of intra-industry trade, foreign direct investment and intellectual property protection on the industrial wage gap through theoretical models and econometric test, mainly drawing the following conclusions:
(1) In markets characterized by monopolistic competition, the relationship between intra-industry trade and the relative wage gap depends on the output elasticity of substitution (the percentage change in the ratio of high-skilled to low-skilled labor demanded brought about by a percent change in output). If the output elasticity of substitution is positive, intra-industry trade will expand the relative wage gap; otherwise, intra-industry trade will reduce the relative wage gap. Then we verify the conclusion on the basis of China-U.S. intra-industry trade of manufactured goods through quantitative analysis, we find that the output elasticity of substitution of manufactured goods is positive, China-U.S. intra-industry trade expands the relative wage gap.
(2)Foreign direct investment affects the wage gap mainly through four channels:the employment effect, the human capital accumulation effect, the technology spillover effect and the pulling trade effect. Through the panel data, we find that the coefficient of FDI on the industry wage gap is significantly negative, FDI is narrowing the wage gap. We need to adhere to the policy of increasing the fdi intensity.
(3)Technology spillover effect is an important channel of import or FDI affecting the wage gap, the technology spillovers of import and FDI are skill biased, they will increase the demand for skilled labor directly, thereby increasing the wage level of skilled labor resulting in the expansion of the wage gap. At the same time, intellectual property protection is an important institutional factor affecting the technology spillover, the intellectual property protection can affect the wage gap indirectly through the technology spillovers of import and FDI. By quantitative analysis, we find that the technology spillovers of import and FDI are expanding China's industrial relative wage gap. The synergies of intellectual property protection and import technology spillover have expanded the wage gap in China, but the synergies of intellectual property protection and FDI technology spillover have narrowed the wage gap in China.
(4)Intellectual property protection can affect the wage gap directly. When the rise rate of intellectual property protection of the technical knowledge to match the skilled labor is greater than the rise rate of the technical knowledge protection to match the unskilled labor, the wage gap will be expanded; otherwise, the wage gap will be reduced. Intellectual property protection in China has significantly expanded the industrial relative wage gap. In view of this, when strengthening the technology patent protection matched to the skilled labors, we should also strengthen the technology patent protection matched to the unskilled labors, which can not only promote China's technological progress, but also help to narrow the wage gap between skilled labor and unskilled labor.
引文
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