基于GPS的典型几何特征数字化建模及规范设计研究
摘要
随着信息技术和自动化技术的不断发展,传统的基于经验的公差设计,已不能适应制造业发展的需要,因此迫切需要实现公差数字化设计,但由于公差是实现产品功能、协调其技术经济性的关键指标参数,而公差设计则是一个典型的多因素综合影响的复杂过程,如：产品的功能、结构、工艺、装配、检验、材料及应用条件特征等因素均直接影响着公差的确定,因此目前尚没有统一的公差规范设计方法,以至于设计、制造和检验的过程中缺乏统一的标准。为了解决这些问题,新一代GPS集几何产品技术和计量认证为一体,提出了特征,要素,表面模型,对偶性等新的理论,这些理论为解决基于功能的公差数字化设计提供了新的方法。其中规范表面模型是指导公差设计的纽带,规范操作算子是实现公差设计的途径,两者对实现产品的规范设计过程与测量认证过程的对偶性奠定了基础。
本文在新一代GPS标准体系下,研究典型几何特征数字化建模及规范设计,主要做了以下几个方面的工作：
第一,对GPS的基础理论进行了深入地研究。分析了特征、要素、恒定度、恒定类、表面模型之间的区别和联系,讨论了对偶性原理在产品生命全周期中的作用,综述了新一代GPS理论在产品制造业中的作用。
第二,基于SDT理论研究了几何公差带的三维公差域建模方法,并基于新一代GPS规范了的典型形状公差(直线度、平面度、圆度、圆柱度)和典型位置公差(如平行度)的数学定义,建立了典型几何公差域的数学模型,实现了要素的定义、描述和规范的数学表达统一
第三,基于蒙特卡洛理论和曲面拟合技术研究了典型几何公差的虚拟仿真模拟,构造了典型几何特征轮廓的肤面模型；研究了材料、加工工艺、结构等对肤面模型的影响,建立了典型几何特征肤面模型的修约规则：研究了有平面度、空间直线度、圆柱度规范要求的典型几何特征肤面模型生成方法。
第四,基于GPS的典型几何特征规范设计研究。基于新一代GPS的操作和算子技术对所建立的肤面模型进行了规范操作,得到模型的系列特征值,并基于概率统计法得到了产品的规范特征值,用来指导公差设计。
第五,开发了原型系统。以CATIA为平台,以VB为开发工具开发了典型几何特征数字化建模及其规范设计的原型系统,并进行了实例分析,验证了系统的有效性。该系统可以实现对平面度、素线直线度、空间直线度、圆柱度等特征的规范表面模型的建立和规范设计。
With the developing of information and automation technology, Traditional tolerance design which is based on experience can not meet the needs of manufacturing development. So the digital design of tolerance is desperately needed, but because of that tolerance is the key parameter which realizes functions and coordinate the technical with economic of the products and tolerance design is a typical progress which can be influenced by multi-factors, for example:the function,struncture,processing,assembly,inspection,material and so on.
Because of the above impact factors, at present there is no a uniform normative design method. As a result there is a lack of unified standard in the course of design, manufacture and inspection. With the aim to solve these problems, the new generation of GPS is a system which integrates normative design and measurement authentication. It offers theories about the features, elements, skin model and duality. These theories helps to solve the problems of digital design of tolerance based on the function of the product. Normative model is the bond of guiding the tolerance design; normative operator is the approach to realize the digital design of tolerance; the both provide the basic of realizing duality of normative design and measurement authentication.
In the thesis, digital modeling and normative design of typical geometric features based on GPS are studied the main work is as follows:
Firstly, Research on The basic related theory of GPS. The difference and relationship between features, elements, skin model and duality are analyzed. Then, the important role of duality which is played in the product life cycle is discussed, the duality in the design and measurement attestation is studied, and the important roles of GPS in the manufacturing are summarized.
Secondly, based on the theory of SDT, the dimensional tolerances domain modeling of geometric tolerance zone is researched, then based on the new generation of GPS, typical shape tolerances(straightness, flatness, roundness, cylindricity) and position tolerance are(parallelism) specificity, establishing typical geometric tolerance domain digital model, realizing the unified mathematical expression of the definition and description of the elements.
Thirdly, based on the Monte Carlo theory and Surface fitting technology, virtual simulation of typical geometric tolerance is studied, then skin models of typical contours of geometric features are constructed; the influences of materials, processing technology, the structure on the skin surface is researched, rules for rounding of skin models of typical geometric features are established; generation method of skin model which has normative requirements of flatness, spatial straightness and cylindricity.
Fourthly, normative design is studied. According to the different characteristics, Normative operators are realized in VB based the skin models established, characteristic values are given, in the last, Probability and statistics methods are used to obtain normative characteristic values, which guides tolerance design Lastly, the development for prototype system. With VB in CATIA the prototype system of digital model of typical features and normative design is developed. Then.An application is given to illustrate the functions of the software.
本文在新一代GPS标准体系下,研究典型几何特征数字化建模及规范设计,主要做了以下几个方面的工作：
第一,对GPS的基础理论进行了深入地研究。分析了特征、要素、恒定度、恒定类、表面模型之间的区别和联系,讨论了对偶性原理在产品生命全周期中的作用,综述了新一代GPS理论在产品制造业中的作用。
第二,基于SDT理论研究了几何公差带的三维公差域建模方法,并基于新一代GPS规范了的典型形状公差(直线度、平面度、圆度、圆柱度)和典型位置公差(如平行度)的数学定义,建立了典型几何公差域的数学模型,实现了要素的定义、描述和规范的数学表达统一
第三,基于蒙特卡洛理论和曲面拟合技术研究了典型几何公差的虚拟仿真模拟,构造了典型几何特征轮廓的肤面模型；研究了材料、加工工艺、结构等对肤面模型的影响,建立了典型几何特征肤面模型的修约规则：研究了有平面度、空间直线度、圆柱度规范要求的典型几何特征肤面模型生成方法。
第四,基于GPS的典型几何特征规范设计研究。基于新一代GPS的操作和算子技术对所建立的肤面模型进行了规范操作,得到模型的系列特征值,并基于概率统计法得到了产品的规范特征值,用来指导公差设计。
第五,开发了原型系统。以CATIA为平台,以VB为开发工具开发了典型几何特征数字化建模及其规范设计的原型系统,并进行了实例分析,验证了系统的有效性。该系统可以实现对平面度、素线直线度、空间直线度、圆柱度等特征的规范表面模型的建立和规范设计。
With the developing of information and automation technology, Traditional tolerance design which is based on experience can not meet the needs of manufacturing development. So the digital design of tolerance is desperately needed, but because of that tolerance is the key parameter which realizes functions and coordinate the technical with economic of the products and tolerance design is a typical progress which can be influenced by multi-factors, for example:the function,struncture,processing,assembly,inspection,material and so on.
Because of the above impact factors, at present there is no a uniform normative design method. As a result there is a lack of unified standard in the course of design, manufacture and inspection. With the aim to solve these problems, the new generation of GPS is a system which integrates normative design and measurement authentication. It offers theories about the features, elements, skin model and duality. These theories helps to solve the problems of digital design of tolerance based on the function of the product. Normative model is the bond of guiding the tolerance design; normative operator is the approach to realize the digital design of tolerance; the both provide the basic of realizing duality of normative design and measurement authentication.
In the thesis, digital modeling and normative design of typical geometric features based on GPS are studied the main work is as follows:
Firstly, Research on The basic related theory of GPS. The difference and relationship between features, elements, skin model and duality are analyzed. Then, the important role of duality which is played in the product life cycle is discussed, the duality in the design and measurement attestation is studied, and the important roles of GPS in the manufacturing are summarized.
Secondly, based on the theory of SDT, the dimensional tolerances domain modeling of geometric tolerance zone is researched, then based on the new generation of GPS, typical shape tolerances(straightness, flatness, roundness, cylindricity) and position tolerance are(parallelism) specificity, establishing typical geometric tolerance domain digital model, realizing the unified mathematical expression of the definition and description of the elements.
Thirdly, based on the Monte Carlo theory and Surface fitting technology, virtual simulation of typical geometric tolerance is studied, then skin models of typical contours of geometric features are constructed; the influences of materials, processing technology, the structure on the skin surface is researched, rules for rounding of skin models of typical geometric features are established; generation method of skin model which has normative requirements of flatness, spatial straightness and cylindricity.
Fourthly, normative design is studied. According to the different characteristics, Normative operators are realized in VB based the skin models established, characteristic values are given, in the last, Probability and statistics methods are used to obtain normative characteristic values, which guides tolerance design Lastly, the development for prototype system. With VB in CATIA the prototype system of digital model of typical features and normative design is developed. Then.An application is given to illustrate the functions of the software.
引文
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[2]赵凤霞,张琳娜,常永昌等.现代产品几何技术规范(GPS)的数字化理论基础[J].机械强度,2004,26(6)：652-655.
[3]张琳娜,赵凤霞,李晓沛等.现代产品几何技术规范(GPS)体系的理论基础及关键技术研究[J].机械强度,2004,26(6)：547-551.
[4]崔凤喜,李晓沛,张琳娜.现代产品几何规范GPS技术标准研究与制定[J].中国标准化,2006,06：14-17.
[5]P Bennich. Chains of Standards— New Concept in GPS Standards.Manufacturing review, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers,1994,7(1):29-38
[6]Yonehara Makikio,Matsui Tsutomu, Evaluation method of surface texture by surface roughness based on geometrical product specifications (GPS), Mater. Trans. April 2004, 1019-1026
[7]P.Chiabert, M.oriando. About a CAT model consistent with ISO/TC 213 last issues. Journal of Materials Processing Technology2004(157-158):61-66
[8]Hu,J.Peng,Y, Development of a function oriented computer aided tolerancing (FOCAT) system, Proc Inst Mech Eng Part B J Eng Manuf,, July 2011
[9]Bials S.Partyka Z:From"Jiont Harmonisation Group" to the new Technical Committee ISO/TC 213.Normalizacja,1997,151-162.
[10]蒋向前.新一代GPS标准理论与应用[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2007.
[11]Dantan, J.Y.; Bruyere, J.; Baudouin, C.; Mathieu, L. Geometrical Specification Model for Gear-Expression, Metrology and Analysis.CIRP Ann Manuf Technol 2007(56): 517-520
[12]Hillyard C. Dimensions and Tolerances in Shape Design. University of Cambridge, UK Ph. D.Dissertation,1978.
[13]赵凤霞,张琳娜,李晓沛.新一代GPS语言中的要素恒定类特征及其应用[J].标准介绍与贯彻,2005,4-8.
[14]张琳娜,崔凤喜,李晓沛等.新一代GPS标准体系的构成及关键技术[J].中国标准化,2004.12,45-48.
[15]ISO/TS 12181-2 Geometrical product specifications (GPS) —oundness Part 2:Rules and procedures for the assessment of deviation from roundness.
[16]ISO/TS 12180-2 Geometrical product specifications (GPS)—ylindricity Part 2:Rules and procedures for the assessment of deviation from cylindrical form.
[17]ISO/TS 12781-2:2003 Geometrical Product Specification (GPS)—latness—Part2: Specification Operators.
[18]Xu, Yuanping,Xu, Zhijie, Jiang, Xiangqian, Scott, Paul. Developing a knowledge-based system for complex geometrical product specification (GPS) data manipulation, Knowl Based Syst 2011(24):10-22.
[19]Durakbasa, N.M; Osanna, P.H; Afjehi-Sadat, A. A general approach to workpiece characterization in the frame of GPS (Geometrical Product Specification and Verification) International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture 2001(41):2147-2151
[20]“现代产品几何规范(GPS)技术标准研究与制订”课题进展http://www.gsiic.com.cn/Article/200404/20040424021925_451.html
[21]Shah, J.J.Y, Y., Zhang, B-C. Dimensinn and tolerance modeling and transfonnations in feature based design and manufacturing. Journal of intelligent Manufacturing.1988,9(5):475-488
[22]张琳娜,常永昌,赵凤霞等.现代产品几何技术规范GPS中基于对偶性的操作技术及其应用[J].机械强度,2005,27(5)：656-660.
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