基于博弈视角的绿色供应链政府补贴政策研究
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摘要
随着全球自然资源的日益紧张,人们环保意识的逐渐加强,以循环经济和可持续发展为原则的绿色供应链成为了当今学术界与企业界共同关注的焦点。企业有效地实施绿色供应链管理不仅可以为企业带来明显的经济效益,强化企业的竞争优势,同时也可以促进生态环境优化,实现社会经济的可持续发展。但是我国目前正处于经济转型的特殊时期,企业实施绿色供应链管理的早期投入将导致企业的投入产出失衡,进而削弱实施绿色供应链的意愿,因此政府有必要针对相关企业给予适当的财政补贴,以促进其有效开展绿色供应链管理。那么政府如何选择和确定绿色供应链的最优补贴政策,这是目前亟待解决的重要问题。
针对这一问题,本文结合我国绿色供应链发展的特点,借鉴国内外相关研究成果与实践经验,以博弈论和最优化理论为工具,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法,构建并分析了多种情形的绿色供应链政企博弈模型,并在此基础上,探讨了政府针对不同对象的最优补贴政策,为政府制定相关环保法律法规提供借鉴。
本论文的研究内容主要有：首先阐述了绿色供应链管理理论产生背景与相关定义,定性分析了绿色供应链管理体系结构,构建了绿色供应链管理的框架模型,对后续的研究工作奠定基础。其次,系统地分析了产品差异化的内涵,建立了基于产品绿色效用差异的Stackelberg政企博弈模型,讨论了针对绿色产品的政府最优补贴政策。再者,阐述了绿色供应链中零售商的营销模式,构建了零售市场演化博弈模型,研究了零售市场营销策略,提出了政府对绿色营销零售商实施补贴的条件。另外,重点阐述了绿色供应链闭环运作的回收方式；建立了生产商负责回收背景下的绿色供应链模型,讨论了政府对生产商实施回收补贴政策的有效性。最后,构建了基于第三方负责回收的由Cournot竞争的零售商、生产商、第三方回收商和政府组成的多级绿色供应链博弈模型,对比分析了不同的政府管制策略对社会福利的影响以及一些关键因素对供应链成员利润的影响。研究结果对政府环境政策的制定有一定的借鉴意义。
本文的创新点主要体现在以下几个方面：
(1)基于产品差异化理论以及Stackelberg博弈理论,结合政府补贴、产品绿色效用水平和消费者偏好等因素,建立了政府、普通产品生产商和绿色产品生产商之间的Stackelberg政企博弈模型。在此基础上,运用逆向归纳法,得到绿色供应链中绿色产品与普通产品的需求函数；分析核心企业的最优生产策略；并最终得出政府针对绿色产品生产商的最优补贴政策。最后通过相关数值算例,探讨了在该绿色供应链中政府补贴政策与社会总福利的关系。
(2)基于Hotelling模型,结合了绿色供应链零售市场中零售商势力、消费者偏好等因素,构建了绿色供应链中不同势力零售商的空间差异模型,分析了绿色供应链中双寡头零售商不同营销策略组合下的收益情况。在此基础上,应用演化博弈中的复制者动态方程,探讨零售市场在多种情形下的演化稳定状态,从而提出政府对零售市场绿色营销实施补贴的适用条件和最优补贴政策。
(3)建立了生产商负责回收背景下的绿色供应链政企博弈模型。分别对比了该绿色供应链在四种情形下的最优均衡决策结果。该四种情形为：生产商不实施回收再制造情形、生产商实施回收再制造情形、政府采用基于回收量补贴政策情形和政府采用基于回收率补贴政策情形。从而得出生产商负责回收背景下绿色供应链中政府的最优补贴政策。
(4)建立了第三方负责回收背景下,由Cournot竞争的零售商、生产商、第三方回收商和政府组成的多级绿色供应链博弈模型。探讨了基于收益共享契约的生产商与零售商之间的协调问题。在此基础上基于KKT最优化理论,得出政府的最优补贴与征税政策。最后通过相关数值算例分析了生产商负责回收的绿色供应链中,产品的边际环境成本对供应链利润和社会总福利的影响,以及政府的相关政策与社会总福利之间的关系。
With the global natural resources increasingly tense the environment conception increasing, in the field of supply chain management, green supply chain that based on cycle-economics and sustainable economic theory becomes the focus of academic world and enterprises. The enterprises implement green supply chain management effectively can bring tremendous economy benefit and strengthen its competition advantage, so as to protect the environment and achieve sustainable development of social economy. However, because our country is in the special course of economic transition, the implement cost of green supply chain management lead to the imbalance of input output, furthermore, it weakened their implementation willingness of the green supply chain. So it is necessary for government to give proper financial subsidies in order to accelerate the application and promotion. Then how to choose and determine the optimal subsidy strategy for green supply chain is urgent to be solved.
Aiming at this problem, this paper referred developed country's research results and practical experience; combined with the development characteristics of our country's green supply chain, used game theory and optimization theory, adopted method which combined qualitative and quantitative analysis, constructed government-company game model under different situation, at this basis, discussed the optimal subsidy strategy according to different objects, also provided reference for government making relative environmental protection law.
The main research contents were:expatiated the background and related definitions of green supply chain theory, qualitative analyzed the architecture of green supply chain, constructed the green supply chain management framework model, set up the foundation for subsequent research. Secondly, this article systematically analyzed the connotation of product differentiation; built government-company Stackelberg game model based on the difference of green utility; discussed the government's optimal subsidy policy for green production. Furthermore, this paper described retailer's marketing mode in green supply chain, built the retail market's evolution game model, analyzed the marketing strategy for retail market, and proposed the applicable conditions for government to carry out subsidy policy for green retailers. Moreover, this paper focused on the recycling patters of closed-loop supply chains, built up the green supply chain model in the background of manufacturers charging for the recycling, discussed the validity of government's subsidy for the manufacturers who carry out recycle. Finally, the article constructed multi-stage game model for green supply chain which was composed by manufacturer, Cournot competition retailer, third-party recycler and government, contrast analyzed different government regulation policy's impacts on the social welfare, and some key factors impacts on the profits of supply chain members. The research result can be a reference for the making of government's environmental policy.
The research innovation of this paper can be list as follows:
(1) Based on product differentiation and classical game theory, combined with factors such as:government subsidies, level of product's green utility, product completion, customers preference of green utility, built up the Stackelberg government-company game model between common product manufacturer, green product manufacturer and the government, use retrograde induction method to analyze the demand function of green product and common product in the green supply chain, so as to the manufacturer's optimal decision and the government's optimal subsidy strategy.
(2) Combined with customer's preference and the retailer's forces, this paper constructed space difference model for those retailers who had different forces in the green supply chain based on Hotelling model, analyzed the income of various combination of duopolistic retailer's marketing strategy, obtained the stable state of duopolistic retail market's revolution in the green supply chain, thus put forward the applicable condition of the government regulation in retail market under green supply chain management.
(3) In order to research the issue of government subsidy in the green supply chain that the manufacturer take-back, introduced the government subsidy factor, this paper built green supply chain government-company game model. Used this model, this paper compared the optimal equilibrium decision results in the green supply chain under four cases:the manufacturer didn't implement recycling and remanufacturing, the manufacturer implemented recycling and remanufacturing, the government adopted subsidy strategy that based on recovery amount, the government adopted subsidy strategy that based on recovery ratio, then, the government's optimal subsidy policy in manufacturer take-back green supply chain was obtained.
(4) To evaluate the government's optimal subsidy and taxation strategy in the third-party take-back green supply chain, this article established the multi-stage green supply chain that composed by manufacturer under Cournot competition, retailer, third-party collector and the government. By using this model, this paper discussed the supply chain coordination issues under benefit-sharing contract, and applied KKT optimization theory to find out the government's environmental regulation strategy. Finally, through the numerical examples analysis of relative industries, investigated the relationship between social welfare and government's regulation by using the sensitivity of numbers, compared the influence on supply chain members'profit that came from the products'marginal environmental cost.
针对这一问题,本文结合我国绿色供应链发展的特点,借鉴国内外相关研究成果与实践经验,以博弈论和最优化理论为工具,采用定性分析与定量分析相结合的研究方法,构建并分析了多种情形的绿色供应链政企博弈模型,并在此基础上,探讨了政府针对不同对象的最优补贴政策,为政府制定相关环保法律法规提供借鉴。
本论文的研究内容主要有：首先阐述了绿色供应链管理理论产生背景与相关定义,定性分析了绿色供应链管理体系结构,构建了绿色供应链管理的框架模型,对后续的研究工作奠定基础。其次,系统地分析了产品差异化的内涵,建立了基于产品绿色效用差异的Stackelberg政企博弈模型,讨论了针对绿色产品的政府最优补贴政策。再者,阐述了绿色供应链中零售商的营销模式,构建了零售市场演化博弈模型,研究了零售市场营销策略,提出了政府对绿色营销零售商实施补贴的条件。另外,重点阐述了绿色供应链闭环运作的回收方式；建立了生产商负责回收背景下的绿色供应链模型,讨论了政府对生产商实施回收补贴政策的有效性。最后,构建了基于第三方负责回收的由Cournot竞争的零售商、生产商、第三方回收商和政府组成的多级绿色供应链博弈模型,对比分析了不同的政府管制策略对社会福利的影响以及一些关键因素对供应链成员利润的影响。研究结果对政府环境政策的制定有一定的借鉴意义。
本文的创新点主要体现在以下几个方面：
(1)基于产品差异化理论以及Stackelberg博弈理论,结合政府补贴、产品绿色效用水平和消费者偏好等因素,建立了政府、普通产品生产商和绿色产品生产商之间的Stackelberg政企博弈模型。在此基础上,运用逆向归纳法,得到绿色供应链中绿色产品与普通产品的需求函数；分析核心企业的最优生产策略；并最终得出政府针对绿色产品生产商的最优补贴政策。最后通过相关数值算例,探讨了在该绿色供应链中政府补贴政策与社会总福利的关系。
(2)基于Hotelling模型,结合了绿色供应链零售市场中零售商势力、消费者偏好等因素,构建了绿色供应链中不同势力零售商的空间差异模型,分析了绿色供应链中双寡头零售商不同营销策略组合下的收益情况。在此基础上,应用演化博弈中的复制者动态方程,探讨零售市场在多种情形下的演化稳定状态,从而提出政府对零售市场绿色营销实施补贴的适用条件和最优补贴政策。
(3)建立了生产商负责回收背景下的绿色供应链政企博弈模型。分别对比了该绿色供应链在四种情形下的最优均衡决策结果。该四种情形为：生产商不实施回收再制造情形、生产商实施回收再制造情形、政府采用基于回收量补贴政策情形和政府采用基于回收率补贴政策情形。从而得出生产商负责回收背景下绿色供应链中政府的最优补贴政策。
(4)建立了第三方负责回收背景下,由Cournot竞争的零售商、生产商、第三方回收商和政府组成的多级绿色供应链博弈模型。探讨了基于收益共享契约的生产商与零售商之间的协调问题。在此基础上基于KKT最优化理论,得出政府的最优补贴与征税政策。最后通过相关数值算例分析了生产商负责回收的绿色供应链中,产品的边际环境成本对供应链利润和社会总福利的影响,以及政府的相关政策与社会总福利之间的关系。
With the global natural resources increasingly tense the environment conception increasing, in the field of supply chain management, green supply chain that based on cycle-economics and sustainable economic theory becomes the focus of academic world and enterprises. The enterprises implement green supply chain management effectively can bring tremendous economy benefit and strengthen its competition advantage, so as to protect the environment and achieve sustainable development of social economy. However, because our country is in the special course of economic transition, the implement cost of green supply chain management lead to the imbalance of input output, furthermore, it weakened their implementation willingness of the green supply chain. So it is necessary for government to give proper financial subsidies in order to accelerate the application and promotion. Then how to choose and determine the optimal subsidy strategy for green supply chain is urgent to be solved.
Aiming at this problem, this paper referred developed country's research results and practical experience; combined with the development characteristics of our country's green supply chain, used game theory and optimization theory, adopted method which combined qualitative and quantitative analysis, constructed government-company game model under different situation, at this basis, discussed the optimal subsidy strategy according to different objects, also provided reference for government making relative environmental protection law.
The main research contents were:expatiated the background and related definitions of green supply chain theory, qualitative analyzed the architecture of green supply chain, constructed the green supply chain management framework model, set up the foundation for subsequent research. Secondly, this article systematically analyzed the connotation of product differentiation; built government-company Stackelberg game model based on the difference of green utility; discussed the government's optimal subsidy policy for green production. Furthermore, this paper described retailer's marketing mode in green supply chain, built the retail market's evolution game model, analyzed the marketing strategy for retail market, and proposed the applicable conditions for government to carry out subsidy policy for green retailers. Moreover, this paper focused on the recycling patters of closed-loop supply chains, built up the green supply chain model in the background of manufacturers charging for the recycling, discussed the validity of government's subsidy for the manufacturers who carry out recycle. Finally, the article constructed multi-stage game model for green supply chain which was composed by manufacturer, Cournot competition retailer, third-party recycler and government, contrast analyzed different government regulation policy's impacts on the social welfare, and some key factors impacts on the profits of supply chain members. The research result can be a reference for the making of government's environmental policy.
The research innovation of this paper can be list as follows:
(1) Based on product differentiation and classical game theory, combined with factors such as:government subsidies, level of product's green utility, product completion, customers preference of green utility, built up the Stackelberg government-company game model between common product manufacturer, green product manufacturer and the government, use retrograde induction method to analyze the demand function of green product and common product in the green supply chain, so as to the manufacturer's optimal decision and the government's optimal subsidy strategy.
(2) Combined with customer's preference and the retailer's forces, this paper constructed space difference model for those retailers who had different forces in the green supply chain based on Hotelling model, analyzed the income of various combination of duopolistic retailer's marketing strategy, obtained the stable state of duopolistic retail market's revolution in the green supply chain, thus put forward the applicable condition of the government regulation in retail market under green supply chain management.
(3) In order to research the issue of government subsidy in the green supply chain that the manufacturer take-back, introduced the government subsidy factor, this paper built green supply chain government-company game model. Used this model, this paper compared the optimal equilibrium decision results in the green supply chain under four cases:the manufacturer didn't implement recycling and remanufacturing, the manufacturer implemented recycling and remanufacturing, the government adopted subsidy strategy that based on recovery amount, the government adopted subsidy strategy that based on recovery ratio, then, the government's optimal subsidy policy in manufacturer take-back green supply chain was obtained.
(4) To evaluate the government's optimal subsidy and taxation strategy in the third-party take-back green supply chain, this article established the multi-stage green supply chain that composed by manufacturer under Cournot competition, retailer, third-party collector and the government. By using this model, this paper discussed the supply chain coordination issues under benefit-sharing contract, and applied KKT optimization theory to find out the government's environmental regulation strategy. Finally, through the numerical examples analysis of relative industries, investigated the relationship between social welfare and government's regulation by using the sensitivity of numbers, compared the influence on supply chain members'profit that came from the products'marginal environmental cost.
引文
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